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Nutrients
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Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management
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Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2023) | Viewed by 21457

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Claudia Vetrani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Endocrinology Unit, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
Interests: type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; nutrition; diabetes management; diabetes prevention; diabetes comorbidities; insulin resistance
Dr. Chiara Graziadio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Endocrinology, AOU Federico II, Napoli, Italy
Interests: obesity; nutritional epidemiology; clinical trials; obesity-related cardiovascular diseases; diet and type 2 diabetes; thyroid ultrasonography; thyroid diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luigi Barrea

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, Isola F2, 80143 Napoli, Italy
2. Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Unit of Endocrinology, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
Interests: metabolic endocrinology; metabolism; nutritional and metabolic diseases; nutrition; clinical endocrinology; clinical nutrition; human nutrition; body composition analysis; dietetics; body composition; bariatric surgery; insulin resistance; anthropometric measurements
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Insulin resistance is the impairment of the physiological response to insulin stimulation in many target tissues. Mounting evidence demonstrates that insulin resistance paves the way for several diseases—that is, severe obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, emerging evidence suggests a role also in overlooked diseases, such as mental disorders. Alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and secretion could be the main targets in order to address the prevention and management of these diseases.

Therefore, this Special Issue will focus comprehensively on all determinants of insulin resistance, including genetic and epigenetic factors, hormones, inflammation, and environmental factors (diet, physical activity, and endocrine disruptors).

We encourage investigators to contribute either original research articles or review articles focusing on the variety of molecular mechanisms as well as therapeutic strategies that can influence insulin resistance.

Dr. Claudia Vetrani
Dr. Chiara Graziadio
Dr. Luigi Barrea
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • insulin resistance
  • insulin sensitivity/secretion
  • insulin-resistance complications and related diseases
  • endocrine disruptors
  • inflammation
  • obesity
  • diet and dietary approach
  • nutraceuticals/functional foods
  • physical activity

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
The Mediterranean Diet: Effects on Insulin Resistance and Secretion in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity
by Claudia Vetrani, Ludovica Verde, Annamaria Colao, Luigi Barrea and Giovanna Muscogiuri
Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214524 - 25 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3888
Abstract
High adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it is less clear whether the different MD food items might influence specific biological functions related to glucose tolerance, i.e., insulin resistance (IR) and/or secretion [...] Read more.
High adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it is less clear whether the different MD food items might influence specific biological functions related to glucose tolerance, i.e., insulin resistance (IR) and/or secretion (IS). Thus, this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between adherence to MD and IR, insulin sensitivity, and IS in individuals with overweight/obesity. Participants (62 individuals; 7M/55F; mean age 49 ± 15 years; mean BMI 35.8 ± 6.7 kg/m²) underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. These parameters were used for the calculation of validated IR indices (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Homeostatic Model Assessment for β-cell function (HOMA-β)), as well as insulin sensitivity indices (insulin sensitivity index (ISI), oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS)). MD adherence was gauged using the PREDIMED questionnaire. Bivariate correlations were used to highlight the association between OGTT-derived indices and MD adherence (PREDIMED score) or specific foodstuffs related to MD. Despite there being no significant differences in BMI, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), the high MD adherence group presented lower HOMA-IR (p = 0.022) and higher ISI (p = 0.033) compared to other groups. High MD adherence was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR (r = −0.400; p = 0.004) and directly correlated with ISI (r = 0.296, p = 0.039). Fish consumption, a key component of MD, exhibited significant associations: it was directly correlated to ISI (r = 0.394, p = 0.005) and inversely related to HOMA-IR (r = −0.327, p = 0.019) and β-cell function (r = −0.489, p < 0.001). In conclusion, a high MD adherence, and in particular the consumption of fish, is associated with a decreased IR in individuals with overweight/obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)
15 pages, 3655 KiB  
Article
Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients
by Tianyu Li, Peizhi Wang, Xiaozeng Wang, Zhenyu Liu, Zheng Zhang, Yongzhen Zhang, Zhifang Wang, Yingqing Feng, Qingsheng Wang, Xiaogang Guo, Xiaofang Tang, Jingjing Xu, Ying Song, Yan Chen, Na Xu, Yi Yao, Ru Liu, Pei Zhu, Yaling Han and Jinqing Yuan
Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122808 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2498
Abstract
Limited evidence exists on the combined and mediating effects of systemic inflammation on the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). This secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort included 4419 diabetic CCS patients. [...] Read more.
Limited evidence exists on the combined and mediating effects of systemic inflammation on the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). This secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort included 4419 diabetic CCS patients. Triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were applied to evaluate insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, respectively. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac event (MACE). Associations of TyG and hsCRP with cardiovascular events were estimated using Cox regression. A mediation analysis was performed to assess whether hsCRP mediates the relationship between TyG and cardiovascular events. Within a median 2.1-year follow-up period, 405 MACEs occurred. Patients with high levels of TyG and hsCRP experienced the highest MACE risk (hazard ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.24–2.70, p = 0.002) compared to individuals with low levels of both markers. HsCRP significantly mediated 14.37% of the relationship between TyG and MACE (p < 0.001). In diabetic CCS patients, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation synergically increased the risk of cardiovascular events, and systemic inflammation partially mediated the association between insulin resistance and clinical outcomes. Combining TyG and hsCRP can help identify high-risk patients. Controlling inflammation in patients with insulin resistance may bring added benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)
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Review

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18 pages, 704 KiB  
Review
The Molecular Mechanisms of the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis
by Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo, Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Elius Paz-Cruz, Sebastián Chapela, Martha Montalván, Tania Morales-López, Daniel Simancas-Racines and Ana Karina Zambrano
Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163585 - 15 Aug 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3261
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative condition resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons. This neuronal loss leads to motor and non-motor neurological symptoms. Most PD cases are idiopathic, and no cure is available. Recently, it has been proposed that insulin resistance (IR) [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative condition resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons. This neuronal loss leads to motor and non-motor neurological symptoms. Most PD cases are idiopathic, and no cure is available. Recently, it has been proposed that insulin resistance (IR) could be a central factor in PD development. IR has been associated with PD neuropathological features like α-synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy. These features are related to impaired neurological metabolism, neuronal death, and the aggravation of PD symptoms. Moreover, pharmacological options that involve insulin signaling improvement and dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic strategies have been under development. These drugs could prevent the metabolic pathways involved in neuronal damage. All these approaches could improve PD outcomes. Also, new biomarker identification may allow for an earlier PD diagnosis in high-risk individuals. This review describes the main pathways implicated in PD development involving IR. Also, it presents several therapeutic options that are directed at insulin signaling improvement and could be used in PD treatment. The understanding of IR molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative development could enhance PD therapeutic options and diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)
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19 pages, 1128 KiB  
Review
Signals for Muscular Protein Turnover and Insulin Resistance in Critically Ill Patients: A Narrative Review
by Sebastián P. Chapela, Daniel Simancas-Racines, Martha Montalvan, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Alison Simancas-Racines, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Luigi Barrea, Gerardo Sarno, Pablo I. Martínez, María J. Reberendo, Natalia D. Llobera and Carlos A. Stella
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051071 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2950
Abstract
Sarcopenia in critically ill patients is a highly prevalent comorbidity. It is associated with a higher mortality rate, length of mechanical ventilation, and probability of being sent to a nursing home after the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Despite the number of calories and [...] Read more.
Sarcopenia in critically ill patients is a highly prevalent comorbidity. It is associated with a higher mortality rate, length of mechanical ventilation, and probability of being sent to a nursing home after the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Despite the number of calories and proteins delivered, there is a complex network of signals of hormones and cytokines that affect muscle metabolism and its protein synthesis and breakdown in critically ill and chronic patients. To date, it is known that a higher number of proteins decreases mortality, but the exact amount needs to be clarified. This complex network of signals affects protein synthesis and breakdown. Some hormones regulate metabolism, such as insulin, insulin growth factor glucocorticoids, and growth hormone, whose secretion is affected by feeding states and inflammation. In addition, cytokines are involved, such as TNF-alpha and HIF-1. These hormones and cytokines have common pathways that activate muscle breakdown effectors, such as the ubiquitin–proteasome system, calpain, and caspase-3. These effectors are responsible for protein breakdown in muscles. Many trials have been conducted with hormones with different results but not with nutritional outcomes. This review examines the effect of hormones and cytokines on muscles. Knowing all the signals and pathways that affect protein synthesis and breakdown can be considered for future therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)
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15 pages, 546 KiB  
Review
Epigenetics in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus: New Insights
by Rosario Suárez, Sebastián P. Chapela, Ludwig Álvarez-Córdova, Estefanía Bautista-Valarezo, Yoredy Sarmiento-Andrade, Ludovica Verde, Evelyn Frias-Toral and Gerardo Sarno
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040811 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7914
Abstract
A long-term complication of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D have been described as having epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics is the post-transcriptional modification of DNA or associated factors containing genetic information. These environmentally-influenced modifications, maintained during cell division, [...] Read more.
A long-term complication of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D have been described as having epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics is the post-transcriptional modification of DNA or associated factors containing genetic information. These environmentally-influenced modifications, maintained during cell division, cause stable changes in gene expression. Epigenetic modifications of T2D are DNA methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, and phosphorylation at the lysine residue at the amino terminus of histones, affecting DNA, histones, and non-coding RNA. DNA methylation has been shown in pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver. Furthermore, epigenetic changes have been observed in chronic complications of T2D, such as diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy. Recently, a new drug has been developed which acts on bromodomains and extraterminal (BET) domain proteins, which operate like epigenetic readers and communicate with chromatin to make DNA accessible for transcription by inhibiting them. This drug (apabetalone) is being studied to prevent major adverse cardiovascular events in people with T2D, low HDL cholesterol, chronic kidney failure, and recent coronary events. This review aims to describe the relationship between obesity, long-term complications such as T2D, and epigenetic modifications and their possible treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin Resistance and Related Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management)
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