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Diet, Energy Intake and Body Composition for Health and Performance

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 15381

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Masaharu Kagawa

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Guest Editor

Institute of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan
Interests: anthropometry; body composition assessments; body image; nutrition; public health; sports science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Deborah A Kerr

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Guest Editor

School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Interests: public health; nutrition; anthropometry; body composition; body image; malnutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Satvinder Dhaliwal

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Guest Editor

School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
Interests: chronic disease research and prevention; identification of risk factors for diseases; clinical prediction modelling; cohort studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This special issue covers a broad range of topics to better understand the influence of nutrition and body composition on health and physical performance. Recently, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of innovative and accurate assessments of nutrition, physique, and body composition, and their inter-relationships on health and performance. While simple anthropometric indices such as body mass index (BMI) are commonly used to assess health status of individuals, more comprehensive measures of physique and body composition are now being incorporated into assessments of health and physical performance. All study designs are welcome within the context of nutrition, physique and body composition, with a particular emphasis on innovative assessments and studies examining both nutrition and physique. This includes discussions of methodology and measurement issues to enhance the quality of data on nutrition, physique and body composition.

Dr. Masaharu Kagawa
Prof. Dr. Deborah A Kerr
Prof. Satvinder Dhaliwal
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Dietary intake and assessment
Physique assessment
Body composition
Anthropometry
Eating behaviour
Measurement error
Methodological issues
Advances in methodologies
Body image assessment

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Research

12 pages, 7974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Short-Term “Fat Adaptation with Carbohydrate Restoration” Diet on Metabolic Responses and Exercise Performance in Well-Trained Runners

by Kaixuan Che, Junqiang Qiu, Longyan Yi, Menghui Zou, Zhihui Li, Amelia Carr, Rhiannon M.J. Snipe and Dan Benardot

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13031033 - 23 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5037

Abstract

Periodized carbohydrate availability can enhance exercise capacity, but the effects of short-term fat adaptation carbohydrate restoration (FACR) diets on metabolic responses and exercise performance in endurance athletes have not been conclusively determined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a FACR diet on measures of resting metabolism, exercise metabolism, and exercise performance. Well-trained male runners (n = 8) completed a FACR dietary intervention (five days’ carbohydrate < 20% and fat > 60% energy, plus one-day carbohydrate ≥ 70% energy), and a control high-carbohydrate (HCHO) diet for six days (carbohydrate > 60% energy; fat < 20% energy) in a randomized crossover design. Pre- and post-intervention metabolic measures included resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum fat oxidation rate during exercise (MFO), and maximum fat oxidation intensity (FATmax). Measures of exercise performance included maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), running economy (RE), and 5 km running time trial (5 km-TT). In FACR compared with HCHO, there were significant improvements in FATmax (p = 0.006) and RE (p = 0.048). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between FACR and HCHO in RMR, RQ, VO₂max, or 5 km-TT. Findings suggest that a short-term (six days) FACR diet may facilitate increased fat oxidation and submaximal exercise economy but does not improve 5 km-TT performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Energy Intake and Body Composition for Health and Performance)

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11 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Low Energy Availability among Female and Male Elite Runners Competing at the 26th European Cross-Country Championships

by Filipe Jesus, Inês Castela, Analiza M Silva, Pedro A. Branco and Mónica Sousa

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030873 - 7 Mar 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5101

Abstract

Low energy availability (LEA) causes impaired physiological functioning. Cross-country running is a weight-sensitive sport, making athletes more prone to LEA. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of elite European cross-country athletes at risk of LEA using the LEA in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and to analyze demographic and physical characteristics that are associated with LEA. Athletes ≥ 18 years competing at the 26th European Cross-Country Championships (n = 602) were invited to complete a questionnaire (sociodemographic, training, anthropometric characteristics, and LEAF-Q). A total of 207 valid surveys were collected (83 females, 22.1 (4.0) years, and 124 males, 22.3 (4.1) years), and 16 surveys were excluded. A high prevalence of athletes at risk of LEA (64.3%) was observed, being higher in females than in males (79.5 and 54.0% respectively, p < 0.001). More than half of athletes (54.1%, n = 112) reported bowel movements once a week or more rarely, while 33 female athletes (41.3%) did not report normal menstruation. Overall, cross-country athletes are at high risk of LEA. Moreover, a high prevalence of gastrointestinal and menstrual impairments was reported. Hence, athletes should be followed by multidisciplinary teams to inform, prevent, and treat LEA and its effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Energy Intake and Body Composition for Health and Performance)

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12 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption and Body Composition in Spanish Elite Rowers

by Raúl Domínguez, Rubén López-Domínguez, Álvaro López-Samanes, Pol Gené, José Antonio González-Jurado and Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3871; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123871 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4398

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric characteristics and sport supplement (SS) consumption patterns of heavyweight and lightweight international rowers. Methods: The 13 heavyweights (11 males) and seven lightweights (five males) of the Spanish National Rowing Team were recruited for the study. Body composition was measured by bio-impedance analysis, and the questionnaire used in this investigation was previously validated to assess SS consumption. According to anthropometrics parameters, it was reported that male heavyweight rowers were heavier (p < 0.001) and taller (p < 0.001), but no statistical differences were reported for % body fat (p = 0.104) or % lean body mass (p = 0.161). All rowers reported consumption of at least one SS. Based on the Australian Institute of Sport’s classification, higher medical supplement consumption was observed when comparing heavyweight rowers to lightweight rowers (2.5 ± 1.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5, p = 0.040). There were no differences in the totals of group A (strong scientific evidence for sports scenarios, p = 0.069), group B (emerging scientific support, deserving of further research, p = 0.776), or group C (scientific evidence not supportive of benefit and/or security amongst athletes, p = 0.484). The six most consumed SSs were iron (85%), caffeine (85%), β-alanine (85%), energy bars (85%), vitamin supplements (80%), and isotonic drinks (80%), with no statistical differences between heavyweight and lightweight rowers (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the absence of differences in body composition (expressed as a percentage) do not represent anthropometric disadvantages for heavyweight rowers. In addition, SS consumption was similar between rowers, reporting only higher medical supplement consumption in heavyweight rowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Energy Intake and Body Composition for Health and Performance)

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