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Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type...
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Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2022) | Viewed by 26316

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Matti Uusitupa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
Interests: diabetes; metabolism; insulin resistance; nutritional medicine; abdominal obesity; lipid metabolism; metabolic diseases; glucose metabolism; nutrigenetics; nutrigenomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ursula Schwab

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
Interests: clinical nutrition; dietary interventions; glucose metabolism; lipid metabolism; low-grade inflammation; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; nutrigenetics; nutrigenomics; nutrition therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide due to a rapid increase of type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that the prevalence of diabetes will exceed 700 million during the next 20 years. The three main risk factors of type 2 diabetes are overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits. Type 2 diabetes has been considered to have a strong genetic background, and currently over 500 genetic markers have been identified that are associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a heterogenous disease in terms of phenotype and genotype. Both insulin secretion defect and insulin resistance are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Controlled long-term intervention trials have shown that type 2 diabetes is preventable in many prediabetic people by weight reduction, increasing physical activity and healthy dietary choices. Nevertheless, less is known about the interaction between dietary components and genetic variants that are involved in the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nutrigenomic studies have shown that gene expression (e.g., in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue) may be modified by changing, for example, the quality of fatty acids or carbohydrate content in the diet, suggesting dietary factors affect the function of genes in body tissues. Nutrigenetic studies examining gene–diet interactions in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic individuals are commonly based on former observational or intervention studies. In these studies, the putative impact of genetic markers has been examined in post-hoc/secondary analyses. Results show that responses in glucose and lipid metabolism or even type 2 diabetes risk may be different depending on genetic background. Nutrigenetic studies examining the impact of key dietary components in preselected genetic groups in humans have been less common due to the demanding study design. In a way, these studies form a golden standard when it comes to nutrigenetics. Ultimately, examining in dietary studies the genetic impact on relevant clinical end points in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes may lead to more personalized dietary advice providing genetic markers which substantially modify dietary responses.

Herewith, we encourage the researchers to submit relevant manuscripts to this Special Issue of Nutrients.

Prof. Dr. Matti Uusitupa
Dr. Ursula Schwab
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • type 2 diabetes
  • prediabetes
  • genetic background
  • diet
  • gene–diet interaction
  • nutrigenetics
  • nutrigenomics

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Towards Individually Tailored Diets in Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes?
by Matti Uusitupa and Ursula Schwab
Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122649 - 6 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1338
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogenous disease regarding its phenotype and genotype [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)

Research

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10 pages, 1147 KiB  
Article
Lifestyle Intervention Guided by Group and Internet-Based Counseling in the T2D-GENE Trial Supports Its Applicability and Feasibility
by Ursula Schwab, Maria Lankinen, Matti Uusitupa and Markku Laakso
Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071787 - 6 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1845
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be prevented or postponed by lifestyle modifications as shown by previous intervention studies. In most of these studies, participants have received resource-demanding individual counseling. In the 3-year T2D-GENE trial with lifestyle intervention, we investigated whether a less resource-demanding [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) can be prevented or postponed by lifestyle modifications as shown by previous intervention studies. In most of these studies, participants have received resource-demanding individual counseling. In the 3-year T2D-GENE trial with lifestyle intervention, we investigated whether a less resource-demanding form of group and internet-based counseling is feasible and effective in preventing T2D in people with an increased risk for T2D. Altogether, 628 middle-aged to elderly men either with a high number or low number of T2D risk alleles were recruited. Five to seven group sessions were organized during the intervention, in addition to information and activities delivered via the web portal, and weekly monitoring of body weight and physical activity. Four-day food records with personal feedback were documented five times during the study. Of the 549 participants completing the study, over 90% participated in the group sessions and kept the food records. The four self-feedback tasks delivered during the second and the third years of the study were completed by 80–89% of the participants. In conclusion, a group and web portal-based lifestyle intervention is applicable for middle-aged to elderly men as a lifestyle modification aiming to prevent T2D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)
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19 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Glycated Proteins, Glycine, Acetate, and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids May Act as New Biomarkers to Predict the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Analyses of a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Francisco Canet, Jacob J. Christensen, Victor M. Victor, Kristin S. Hustad, Inger Ottestad, Amanda Rundblad, Thomas Sæther, Knut Tomas Dalen, Stine M. Ulven, Kirsten B. Holven and Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen
Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235165 - 5 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3212
Abstract
Food protein or food-derived peptides may regulate blood glucose levels; however, studies have shown inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to characterize subgroups of individuals with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to investigate the cardiometabolic effects of [...] Read more.
Food protein or food-derived peptides may regulate blood glucose levels; however, studies have shown inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to characterize subgroups of individuals with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to investigate the cardiometabolic effects of fish protein in the same subgroups. We first divided participants into high insuliniAUC and low insuliniAUC subjects based on their insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) levels after a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and secondly based on whether they had received 5.2 g salmon fish protein or placebo for 8 weeks, in a previously conducted randomized controlled trial (RCT). We then profiled these groups by analyzing plasma metabolomics and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression. Compared to the low insuliniAUC group, the high insuliniAUC group had higher plasma concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and glycated proteins (GlycA) and lower concentrations of glycine and acetate. After intervention with fish protein compared to placebo, however, only acetate was significantly increased in the low insuliniAUC group. In conclusion, we identified metabolic biomarkers known to be associated with T2D; also, intervention with fish protein did not affect cardiometabolic risk markers in subgroups with increased risk of T2D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)
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12 pages, 850 KiB  
Article
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future
by Markku Laakso and Lilian Fernandes Silva
Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153201 - 4 Aug 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10264
Abstract
Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D [...] Read more.
Diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Currently, approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) have diabetes, and the total number of people with diabetes is continuously increasing. Diabetes includes several subtypes. About 80% of all cases of diabetes are type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D is a polygenic disease with an inheritance ranging from 30 to 70%. Genetic and environment/lifestyle factors, especially obesity and sedentary lifestyle, increase the risk of T2D. In this review, we discuss how studies on the genetics of diabetes started, how they expanded when genome-wide association studies and exome and whole-genome sequencing became available, and the current challenges in genetic studies of diabetes. T2D is heterogeneous with respect to clinical presentation, disease course, and response to treatment, and has several subgroups which differ in pathophysiology and risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. Currently, genetic studies of T2D focus on these subgroups to find the best diagnoses and treatments for these patients according to the principles of precision medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)
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Review

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17 pages, 355 KiB  
Review
Genetic Risk Factors and Gene–Lifestyle Interactions in Gestational Diabetes
by Tiina Jääskeläinen and Miira M. Klemetti
Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224799 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3641
Abstract
Paralleling the increasing trends of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM) has become a global health challenge with significant public health repercussions. In addition to short-term adverse outcomes, such as hypertensive pregnancy disorders and fetal macrosomia, in the long term, GDM results in excess [...] Read more.
Paralleling the increasing trends of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM) has become a global health challenge with significant public health repercussions. In addition to short-term adverse outcomes, such as hypertensive pregnancy disorders and fetal macrosomia, in the long term, GDM results in excess cardiometabolic morbidity in both the mother and child. Recent data suggest that women with GDM are characterized by notable phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity and that frequencies of adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes are different between physiologic GDM subtypes. However, as of yet, GDM treatment protocols do not differentiate between these subtypes. Mapping the genetic architecture of GDM, as well as accurate phenotypic and genotypic definitions of GDM, could potentially help in the individualization of GDM treatment and assessment of long-term prognoses. In this narrative review, we outline recent studies exploring genetic risk factors of GDM and later type 2 diabetes (T2D) in women with prior GDM. Further, we discuss the current evidence on gene–lifestyle interactions in the development of these diseases. In addition, we point out specific research gaps that still need to be addressed to better understand the complex genetic and metabolic crosstalk within the mother–placenta–fetus triad that contributes to hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)
18 pages, 1971 KiB  
Review
Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Bacteria-Produced Tryptophan Metabolite and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
by Ratika Sehgal, Vanessa D. de Mello, Ville Männistö, Jaana Lindström, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Jussi Pihlajamäki and Matti Uusitupa
Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214695 - 6 Nov 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5467
Abstract
An intricate relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and the human body has recently been extensively investigated. Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, especially, tryptophan derivatives, modulate metabolic and immune functions in health and disease. One of the tryptophan derivatives, indolepropionic acid (IPA), is increasingly [...] Read more.
An intricate relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and the human body has recently been extensively investigated. Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, especially, tryptophan derivatives, modulate metabolic and immune functions in health and disease. One of the tryptophan derivatives, indolepropionic acid (IPA), is increasingly being studied as a marker for the onset and development of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The IPA levels heavily depend on the diet, particularly dietary fiber, and show huge variations among individuals. We suggest that these variations could partially be explained using genetic variants known to be associated with specific diseases such as T2D. In this narrative review, we elaborate on the beneficial effects of IPA in the mitigation of T2D and NAFLD, and further study the putative interactions between IPA and well-known genetic variants (TCF7L2, FTO, and PPARG), known to be associated with the risk of T2D. We have investigated the long-term preventive value of IPA in the development of T2D in the Finnish prediabetic population and the correlation of IPA with phytosterols in obese individuals from an ongoing Kuopio obesity surgery study. The diversity in IPA-linked mechanisms affecting glucose metabolism and liver fibrosis makes it a unique small metabolite and a promising candidate for the reversal or management of metabolic disorders, mainly T2D and NAFLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)
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