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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 31157

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Thomas Roeder

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Guest Editor

Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
Interests: metabolic disorder; dietary restriction; disease model; lifespan; lung diseases; microbiome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dietary restriction (DR) is one of the few natural interventions that can lead to a longer and more healthy life. DR is an umbrella term for various forms of nutritional intervention, including caloric reduction, the reduction of macronutrients, and the temporal limitation of food intake. In this Special Issue of Nutrients, particular attention will be paid to studies using these different forms of DR to extend the life or health span. A main focus of this Special Issue of Nutrients will be on human studies, but studies employing cell culture systems or informative animal models are also welcome. Furthermore, mechanistic studies addressing those signaling pathways and effector systems that are of central importance to transducing DR into a longer life or those employing potential DR mimetics will also be considered.

Prof. Dr. Thomas Roeder
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dietary restriction
caloric restriction
time-restricted food intake
recurrent diet
protein restriction
starvation-mimicking diet
mTOR signaling
insulin signaling
sirtuins

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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19 pages, 1837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Validation of Nutrient State-Dependent Serum Protein Mediators of Human CD4⁺ T Cell Responsiveness

by Kim Han, Komudi Singh, Matthew J. Rodman, Shahin Hassanzadeh, Yvonne Baumer, Rebecca D. Huffstutler, Jinguo Chen, Julián Candia, Foo Cheung, Katherine E. R. Stagliano, Mehdi Pirooznia, Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley and Michael N. Sack

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051492 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

Intermittent fasting and fasting mimetic diets ameliorate inflammation. Similarly, serum extracted from fasted healthy and asthmatic subjects’ blunt inflammation in vitro, implicating serum components in this immunomodulation. To identify the proteins orchestrating these effects, SOMAScan technology was employed to evaluate serum protein levels in healthy subjects following an overnight, 24-h fast and 3 h after refeeding. Partial least square discriminant analysis identified several serum proteins as potential candidates to confer feeding status immunomodulation. The characterization of recombinant IGFBP1 (elevated following 24 h of fasting) and PYY (elevated following refeeding) in primary human CD4⁺ T cells found that they blunted and induced immune activation, respectively. Furthermore, integrated univariate serum protein analysis compared to RNA-seq analysis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified the induction of IL1RL1 and MFGE8 levels in refeeding compared to the 24-h fasting in the same study. Subsequent quantitation of these candidate proteins in lean versus obese individuals identified an inverse regulation of serum levels in the fasted subjects compared to the obese subjects. In parallel, IL1RL1 and MFGE8 supplementation promoted increased CD4⁺ T responsiveness to T cell receptor activation. Together, these data show that caloric load-linked conditions evoke serological protein changes, which in turn confer biological effects on circulating CD4⁺ T cell immune responsiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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17 pages, 3495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preconditioning with Short-Term Dietary Restriction Attenuates Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Hypertrophy Induced by Chronic Pressure Overload

by Miyuki Kobara, Nessa Naseratun, Hiroe Toba and Tetsuo Nakata

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030737 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and associated heart failure are becoming a more prevalent and critical public health issue with the aging of society, and are exacerbated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dietary restriction (DR) markedly inhibits senescent changes; however, prolonged DR is difficult. We herein investigated whether preconditioning with short-term DR attenuates chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and associated oxidative stress. Male c57BL6 mice were randomly divided into an ad libitum (AL) diet or 40% restricted diet (DR preconditioning, DRPC) group for 2 weeks prior to ascending aortic constriction (AAC), and all mice were fed ad libitum after AAC surgery. Two weeks after surgery, pressure overload by AAC increased LV wall thickness in association with LV diastolic dysfunction and promoted myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in the AL+AAC group. Oxidative stress in cardiac tissue and mitochondria also increased in the AL+AAC group in association with increments in cardiac NADPH oxidase-derived and mitochondrial ROS production. LV hypertrophy and associated cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress were significantly attenuated in the DRPC+AAC group. Moreover, less severe mitochondrial oxidative damage in the DRPC+AAC group was associated with the suppression of mitochondrial permeability transition and cardiac apoptosis. These results indicate that chronic pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in association with cardiac and mitochondrial oxidative damage were attenuated by preconditioning with short-term DR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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12 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associating Intake Proportion of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein with All-Cause Mortality in Korean Adults

by Yu-Jin Kwon, Hye Sun Lee, Ju-Young Park and Ji-Won Lee

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103208 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8116

Abstract

Determining the ideal ratio of macronutrients for increasing life expectancy remains a high priority in nutrition research. We aim to investigate the association between carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake and all-cause mortality in Koreans. This cohort study investigated 42,192 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) linked with causes of death data (2007–2015). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using the multivariable Cox proportional regression model after adjusting for confounders. We documented 2110 deaths during the follow-up period. Time to exceed 1% of the all-cause mortality rate was longest in participants with 50–60% carbohydrate, 30–40% fat, and 20–30% protein intake. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was 1.313 (1.031–1.672, p = 0.0272) for <50% carbohydrate intake, 1.322 (1.116–1.567, p = 0.0013) for ≥60% carbohydrate intake, 1.439 (1.018–2.035, p = 0.0394) for <30% fat intake, and 3.255 (1.767–5.997, p = 0.0002) for ≥40% fat intake. There was no significant association between protein intake proportion and all-cause mortality. We found a U-shaped association between all-cause mortality and carbohydrate intake as well as fat intake, with minimal risk observed at 50–60% carbohydrate and 30–40% fat intake. Our findings suggest current Korean dietary guidelines should be revised to prolong life expectancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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15 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Furbellow (Brown Algae) Extract Increases Lifespan in Drosophila by Interfering with TOR-Signaling

by Yang Li, Renja Romey-Glüsing, Navid Tahan Zadeh, Jakob von Frieling, Julia Hoffmann, Patricia Huebbe, Iris Bruchhaus, Gerald Rimbach, Christine Fink and Thomas Roeder

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041172 - 22 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

Algal products are well known for their health promoting effects. Nonetheless, an in depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still only fragmentary. Here, we show that aqueous furbelow extracts (brown algae, Saccorhiza polyschides) lengthen the life of both sexes of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster substantially, if used as nutritional additives to conventional food. This life prolonging effect became even more pronounced in the presence of stressors, such as high-fat dieting of living under drought conditions. Application of the extracts did not change food intake, excretion, or other major physiological parameters. Nevertheless, effects on the intestinal microbiota were observed, leading to an increased species richness, which is usually associated with healthy conditions. Lifespan extension was not observed in target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient animals, implying that functional TOR signaling is necessary to unfold the positive effects of brown algae extract (BAE) on this important trait. The lack of life lengthening in animals with deregulated TOR signaling exclusively targeted to body fat showed that this major energy storage organ is instrumental for transmitting these effects. In addition, expression of Imaginal morphogenesis protein-Late 2 (Imp-L2), an effective inhibitor of insulin signaling implies that BAE exerts their positive effects through interaction with the tightly interwoven TOR- and insulin-signaling systems, although insulin levels were not directly affected by this intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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13 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Contrast to Dietary Restriction, Application of Resveratrol in Mice Does not Alter Mouse Major Urinary Protein Expression

by Kathrin Pallauf, Ilka Günther, Dawn Chin and Gerald Rimbach

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030815 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3744

Abstract

Resveratrol (RSV) supplementation in mice has been discussed as partly mimicking the beneficial effects of dietary restriction (DR). However, data on putative benefits from resveratrol application in mice and other model organisms including humans is contradictory. Mouse major urinary proteins (MUPs) are a family of proteins that are expressed in rodent liver and secreted via urine. Impacting (mating) behavior and pheromone communication, they are severely down-regulated upon DR. We carried out two studies in C57BL/6Rj mice where RSV was either supplemented via diet or injected intraperitoneally for 8 weeks. Contrary to −40% DR, RSV did not decrease total MUP protein expression or Mup (amongst others Mup3, Mup5, Mup6, Mup15, and Mup20) mRNA levels in mouse liver when compared to ad-libitum (AL)-fed controls. Since inhibitory glucocorticoid response elements can be found in Mup promoters, we also measured glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels in nuclear hepatic extracts. Consistent with differential MUP expression, we observed more nuclear GR in DR mice than in RSV-supplemented and AL control mice with no difference between RSV and AL. These findings point to the notion that, in mice, RSV does not mimic DR in terms of differential MUP expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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21 pages, 5253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Micronutrient Blend Mimics Calorie Restriction Transcriptomics in Multiple Tissues of Mice and Increases Lifespan and Mobility in C. elegans

by Eva Serna, Angela Mastaloudis, Patricia Martorell, Steven M. Wood, Shelly N. Hester, Mark Bartlett, Tomas A. Prolla and Jose Viña

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020486 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4489

Abstract

Background: We previously described a novel micronutrient blend that behaves like a putative calorie restriction mimetic. The aim of this paper was to analyze the beneficial effects of our micronutrient blend in mice and C. elegans, and compare them with calorie restriction. Methods: Whole transcriptomic analysis was performed in the brain cortex, skeletal muscle and heart in three groups of mice: old controls (30 months), old + calorie restriction and old + novel micronutrient blend. Longevity and vitality were tested in C. elegans. Results: The micronutrient blend elicited transcriptomic changes in a manner similar to those in the calorie-restricted group and different from those in the control group. Subgroup analysis revealed that nuclear hormone receptor, proteasome complex and angiotensinogen genes, all of which are known to be directly related to aging, were the most affected. Furthermore, a functional analysis in C. elegans was used. We found that feeding C. elegans the micronutrient blend increased longevity as well as vitality. Conclusions: We describe a micronutrient supplement that causes similar changes (transcriptomic and promoting longevity and vitality) as a calorie restriction in mice and C. elegans, respectively, but further studies are required to confirm these effects in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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10 pages, 3940 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

Adolescent Dietary Habit-induced Obstetric and Gynecologic Disease (ADHOGD) as a New Hypothesis—Possible Involvement of Clock System

by Tomoko Fujiwara, Masanori Ono, Michihiro Mieda, Hiroaki Yoshikawa, Rieko Nakata, Takiko Daikoku, Naomi Sekizuka-Kagami, Yoshiko Maida, Hitoshi Ando and Hiroshi Fujiwara

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051294 - 2 May 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4068

Abstract

There are growing concerns that poor dietary behaviors at young ages will increase the future risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. We found that female college students who skipped breakfast had higher incidences of dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation, suggesting that meal skipping affects ovarian and uterine functions. Since dysmenorrhea is more prevalent in those with a past history of dieting, we proposed a novel concept that inadequate dietary habits in adolescence become a trigger for the subsequent development of organic gynecologic diseases. Since inadequate feeding that was limited during the non-active phase impaired reproductive functions in post-adolescent female rats, we hypothesize that circadian rhythm disorders due to breakfast skipping disrupts the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, impairs the reproductive rhythm, and leads to ovarian and uterine dysfunction. To explain how reproductive dysfunction is memorized from adolescence to adulthood, we hypothesize that the peripheral clock system also plays a critical role in the latent progression of reproductive diseases together with the central system, and propose naming this concept “adolescent dietary habit-induced obstetric and gynecologic disease (ADHOGD)”. This theory will contribute to analyzing the etiologies of and developing prophylaxes for female reproductive diseases from novel aspects. In this article, we describe the precise outline of the above hypotheses with the supporting evidence in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Restriction and Lifespan)

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