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Optics
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Optical Diagnostics in Engineering
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Optical Diagnostics in Engineering

A special issue of Optics (ISSN 2673-3269). This special issue belongs to the section "Engineering Optics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 27157

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. David S. Nobes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
10-281 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, T6G 1H9, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: optical diagnostics; laser/particle based measurement techniques; fluid mechanics; thermo-fluids; thermal energy systems
Dr. Reza Sabbagh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
10-203 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, T6G 1H9, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Interests: optical measurements; flow modeling, centrifugal filtration and separation; electrokinetic driven flows; biomedical flows; uncertainty analysis; image processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advances in a wide range of optical technologies has minimized the requirements for development of platforms and the cost associated for optical diagnostics. Combined with the growth in algorithms and imaging devices, multidimensional and high spatial and temporal resolution measurements are now possible. These factors have attracted researchers to implement optical diagnostics as a main tool in their research across a wide range of engineering areas. This includes not only those using a laser but any kind of diagnostics that is involves in an optical measurement.

This special issue “Optical Diagnostics in Engineering” is focused on unique and novel implementations of optical diagnostics to perform measurements in challenging engineering applications rather than just the application of the equipment to address a technical problem. We encourage you to submit high quality works that discuss the design and development of innovative optical measurement systems, experimental systems that incorporate optical diagnostics into their design, measurement procedures or diagnostics algorithms, data processing and analyzing methods that relate to engineering. The submission could discuss in lab setups and facilities but also installations and applications of optical diagnostics in remote or off-site locations. The motivation is to promote understanding related to improving optical methodologies used in optical measurements by documenting and passing on the nuances of your optical system design and experimental setup. The special issue also provides room for discussing the results of novel investigations.

If your techniques and facilities you have developed fit this area, the new open access journal Optics, is now accepting submissions for the special issue on “Optical Diagnostics in Engineering”. The Editorial Board would like to encourage you to submit your 10-12 page articles to this journal.

This Special Issue invites contributions in the following topics (but is not limited to them):

  • Design / development / optimization of an optical measurement setup
  • Design / development / optimization of an experimental system that incorporates optics
  • Application of an optical system to measure multiple parameters in a single setup
  • Innovative solutions for calibration of optical devices
  • Real time measurement challenges and data analysis
  • Tuning the optical devices and optical noise detection/removing and optimization of illumination source
  • Novel methodologies in uncertainty analysis of the optical diagnostics techniques
  • Techniques for scaling up/down of the optical test rigs and equipment (nano to macro scales)
  • Multidisciplinary methodologies to improve optical measurements, analysis and interpretation

Example techniques could include:

  • Particle image velocimetry (PIV)
  • Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV)
  • Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF)
  • Positron-emission tomography (PET)
  • Particle size distribution (PSD)
  • Digital image correlation (DIC)
  • Computed tomography (CT)

Fiber optics  

Prof. Dr. David S. Nobes
Dr. Reza Sabbagh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Optics is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Optical measurement system design
  • Experiment design for incorporation of optics
  • Setup and calibration procedures
  • Data evaluation
  • Optical procedures and processing algorithms
  • Optics in multidisciplinary applications

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 13511 KiB  
Article
Optical Measurements on Thermal Convection Processes inside Thermal Energy Storages during Stand-By Periods
by Henning Otto, Christian Resagk and Christian Cierpka
Optics 2020, 1(1), 155-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010011 - 29 Apr 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3173
Abstract
Thermal energy storages (TES) are increasingly important for storing energy from renewable energy sources. TES that work with liquid storage materials are used in their most efficient way by stratifying the storage fluid by its thermal density gradient. Mixing of the stratification layers [...] Read more.
Thermal energy storages (TES) are increasingly important for storing energy from renewable energy sources. TES that work with liquid storage materials are used in their most efficient way by stratifying the storage fluid by its thermal density gradient. Mixing of the stratification layers during stand-by periods decreases the thermal efficiency of the TES. Tank sidewalls, unlike the often poorly heat-conducting storage fluids, promote a heat flux from the hot to the cold layer and lead to thermal convection. In this experimental study planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and background-oriented schlieren (BOS) temperature measurements are performed in a model experiment of a TES to characterise the influence of the thermal convection on the stratification and thus the storage efficiency. The PIV results show two vertical, counter-directed wall jets that approach in the thermocline between the stratification layers. The wall jet in the hot part of the thermal stratification shows compared to the wall jet in the cold region strong fluctuations in the vertical velocity, that promote mixing of the two layers. The BOS measurements have proven that the technique is capable of measuring temperature fields in thermally stratified storage tanks. The density gradient field as an intermediate result during the evaluation of the temperature field can be used to indicate convective structures that are in good agreement to the measured velocity fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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19 pages, 4468 KiB  
Article
On the Impact of Subaperture Sampling for Multispectral Scalar Field Measurements
by Christopher J. Clifford and Brian S. Thurow
Optics 2020, 1(1), 136-154; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010010 - 19 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2608
Abstract
The novel 3D imaging and reconstruction capabilities of plenoptic cameras are extended for use with continuous scalar fields relevant to reacting flows. This work leverages the abundance of perspective views in a plenoptic camera with the insertion of multiple filters at the aperture [...] Read more.
The novel 3D imaging and reconstruction capabilities of plenoptic cameras are extended for use with continuous scalar fields relevant to reacting flows. This work leverages the abundance of perspective views in a plenoptic camera with the insertion of multiple filters at the aperture plane. The aperture is divided into seven regions using off-the-shelf components, enabling the simultaneous capture of up to seven different user-selected spectra with minimal detriment to reconstruction quality. Since the accuracy of reconstructed features is known to scale with the available angular information, several filter configurations are proposed to maintain the maximum parallax. Three phantoms inspired by jet plumes are simulated onto an array of plenoptic cameras and reconstructed using ASART+TV with a variety of filter configurations. Some systematic challenges related to the non-uniform distribution of views are observed and discussed. Increasing the number of simultaneously acquired spectra is shown to incur a small detriment to the accuracy of reconstruction, but the overall loss in quality is significantly less than the gain in spectral information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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22 pages, 5322 KiB  
Article
Volumetric Calibration Refinement of a Multi-Camera System Based on Tomographic Reconstruction of Particle Images
by Christoph Bruecker, David Hess and Bo Watz
Optics 2020, 1(1), 114-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010009 - 3 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4150
Abstract
The calibration of a multi-camera system for volumetric measurements is a basic requirement of reliable 3D measurements and object tracking. In order to refine the precision of the mapping functions, a new, tomographic reconstruction-based approach is presented. The method is suitable for Volumetric [...] Read more.
The calibration of a multi-camera system for volumetric measurements is a basic requirement of reliable 3D measurements and object tracking. In order to refine the precision of the mapping functions, a new, tomographic reconstruction-based approach is presented. The method is suitable for Volumetric Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), where small particles, drops or bubbles are illuminated and precise 3D position tracking or velocimetry is applied. The technique is based on the 2D cross-correlation of original images of particles with regions from a back projection of a tomographic reconstruction of the particles. The off-set of the peaks in the correlation maps represent disparities, which are used to correct the mapping functions for each sensor plane in an iterative procedure. For validation and practical applicability of the method, a sensitivity analysis has been performed using a synthetic data set followed by the application of the technique on Tomo-PIV measurements of a jet-flow. The results show that initial large disparities could be corrected to an average of below 0.1 pixels during the refinement steps, which drastically improves reconstruction quality and improves measurement accuracy and reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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17 pages, 5314 KiB  
Article
Micro- and Macro-Scale Measurement of Flow Velocity in Porous Media: A Shadow Imaging Approach for 2D and 3D
by Reza Sabbagh, Mohammad Amin Kazemi, Hirad Soltani and David S. Nobes
Optics 2020, 1(1), 71-87; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010006 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4319
Abstract
Flow measurement in porous media is a challenging subject, especially when it comes to performing a three-dimensional (3D) velocimetry at the micro scale. Volumetric flow measurement techniques such as defocusing and tomographic imaging generally involve rigorous procedures, complex experimental setups, and multi-part data [...] Read more.
Flow measurement in porous media is a challenging subject, especially when it comes to performing a three-dimensional (3D) velocimetry at the micro scale. Volumetric flow measurement techniques such as defocusing and tomographic imaging generally involve rigorous procedures, complex experimental setups, and multi-part data processing procedures. However, detailed knowledge of the flow pattern at the pore and subpore scales is important in interpreting the phenomena that occur inside the porous media and understanding the macro-scale behaviors. In this work, the flow of an oil inside a porous medium is measured at the pore and subpore scales using refractive index matching (RIM) and shadowgraph imaging techniques. At the macro scale, flow is measured using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method in two dimensions (2D) to confirm the volumetric nature of the flow and obtain the overall flow pattern in the vicinity of the flow entrance and at the far field. At the micro scale, the three-dimensional (3D) flow within an arbitrary volume of the porous medium was quantified using 2D particle-tracking velocimetry (PTV) utilizing the law of conservation of mass. Using the shadowgraphy method and a single camera makes the flow measurement much less complex than the approaches using laser light sheets or multiple cameras with multiple viewing angles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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19 pages, 9633 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Evaporation-Induced Instabilities Using Volumetric Scanning Particle Image Velocimetry
by Mohammad Amin Kazemi, Janet A. W. Elliott and David S. Nobes
Optics 2020, 1(1), 52-70; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010005 - 16 Feb 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3680
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) flow below the interface of an evaporating liquid at a low pressure is visualized and quantified using scanning particle image velocimetry. The technique presented highlights the use of a single camera and a relatively fast moving laser sheet to image [...] Read more.
The three-dimensional (3D) flow below the interface of an evaporating liquid at a low pressure is visualized and quantified using scanning particle image velocimetry. The technique presented highlights the use of a single camera and a relatively fast moving laser sheet to image the flow for an application where using more than one camera is difficult. The technique allows collection of the full three-dimensional velocity vector map over the whole liquid volume. The out-of-plane component of the velocity has been determined using two different processing approaches: (i) deriving the full vector from a 3D cross-correlation of the particle volumes and (ii) applying the continuity equation to determine out-of-plane velocities from the calculated in-plane velocity vector fields. The results obtained from both methods showed good agreement with each other. The 3D velocity field reveals the existence of a torus shaped vortex below the evaporating meniscus that was induced by the exposure of the cold liquid to the warmer solid walls. The velocity data also shows that the maximum velocity occurs below the interface, not at the interface which highlights that the observed vortex is not driven by thermocapillary forces that usually govern the flow during evaporation at smaller scales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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12 pages, 1001 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Stereo PIV and MPS3 Wall-Shear Stress Measurements in Turbulent Channel Flow
by Esther Mäteling, Michael Klaas and Wolfgang Schröder
Optics 2020, 1(1), 40-51; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010004 - 6 Jan 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3219
Abstract
An extended experimental method is presented in which the micro-pillar shear-stress sensor (MPS 3 ) and high-speed stereo particle-image velocimetry measurements are simultaneously performed in turbulent channel flow to conduct concurrent time-resolved measurements of the two-dimensional wall-shear stress (WSS) distribution and the velocity [...] Read more.
An extended experimental method is presented in which the micro-pillar shear-stress sensor (MPS 3 ) and high-speed stereo particle-image velocimetry measurements are simultaneously performed in turbulent channel flow to conduct concurrent time-resolved measurements of the two-dimensional wall-shear stress (WSS) distribution and the velocity field in the outer flow. The extended experimental setup, which involves a modified MPS 3 measurement setup and data evaluation compared to the standard method, is presented and used to investigate the footprint of the outer, large-scale motions (LSM) onto the near-wall small-scale motions. The measurements were performed in a fully developed, turbulent channel flow at a friction Reynolds number R e τ = 969 . A separation between large and small scales of the velocity fluctuations and the WSS fluctuations was performed by two-dimensional empirical mode decomposition. A subsequent cross-correlation analysis between the large-scale velocity fluctuations and the large-scale WSS fluctuations shows that the streamwise inclination angle between the LSM in the outer layer and the large-scale footprint imposed onto the near-wall dynamics has a mean value of Θ ¯ x = 16.53 ∘ , which is consistent with the literature relying on direct numerical simulations and hot-wire anemometry data. When also considering the spatial shift in the spanwise direction, the mean inclination angle reduces to Θ ¯ x z = 13.92 ∘ . Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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17 pages, 4192 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Five Organic Dyes in Ethanol and Butanol for Two-Color Laser-Induced Fluorescence Ratio Thermometry
by Yogeshwar Nath Mishra, Ajeth Yoganantham, Matthias Koegl and Lars Zigan
Optics 2020, 1(1), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt1010001 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4967
Abstract
In this article, we compare absorption and temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra of five organic dyes for 2c-LIF (two-color laser-induced fluorescence) thermometry in ethanol and butanol. The dyes fluorescein, eosin Y, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, and sulforhodamine 101 individually mixed in ethanol and butanol were [...] Read more.
In this article, we compare absorption and temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra of five organic dyes for 2c-LIF (two-color laser-induced fluorescence) thermometry in ethanol and butanol. The dyes fluorescein, eosin Y, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, and sulforhodamine 101 individually mixed in ethanol and butanol were studied at liquid temperatures of 25–65 °C. The self-absorption spectral bands are analyzed along with intensity ratios and the respective sensitivities for one-dye and two-dye 2c-LIF thermometry are deduced. For one-dye 2c-LIF, rhodamine B showed the highest sensitivity of 2.93%/°C and 2.89%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. Sulforhodamine 101 and rhodamine 6G showed the least sensitivities of 0.51%/°C and 1.24%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. For two-dye 2c-LIF, rhodamine B/sulforhodamine 101 exhibited the highest temperature sensitivities of 2.39%/°C and 2.54%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. The dye pair eosin Y/sulforhodamine 101 showed the least sensitivities of 0.15%/°C and 0.27%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Diagnostics in Engineering)
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