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Pathogens
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Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection
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Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 24401

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Meng-Shiou Lee

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 406, Taiwan
Interests: poultry virus; protein-protein interaction; virus-like particles; protein engineering; diagnosis; herbal medicine; anti-parasite

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection is occurs to a great extent in the poultry industry. CAV infections typically lead to bone marrow aplasia and lymphoid tissue destruction in young chickens, resulting in severe anemia, lymphorgan atrophy, immunosuppression, and secondary infections by other viruses, and even decrease the efficacy of vaccines after immunization. Increased studies have also showed the CAV infection may promote other pathogens that prolong infection in the chicken. Therefore, it is urgently needed to investigate pathogenicity, the mechanism of host–virus interaction, strategies for control infection, and new methods on vaccine development, viral diagnostic technology, and other novel systems for the propagation of CAV for the application on biologics production.

This Special Issue will provide an update on the investigation of CAV infection for more effective disease control. More importantly, some promising strategies that are being developed for the control of viral infection will be highlighted. Taken together, this Special Issue will also serve as a platform for leading researchers to present and discuss the future directions of our pursuit for control of CAV infection.

Dr. Meng-shiou Lee
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Chicken anemia virus
  • Gyrovirus
  • Anelloviridae
  • Immunosuppression
  • Secondary infections
  • Vaccine development
  • Host–virus interaction
  • Protein–protein interaction
  • Adjuvants
  • diagnosis
  • herbal medicine
  • epidemiology molecular characterization
  • molecular characterization

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 2420 KiB  
Article
Establishment of an In Vitro Model of Persistent Chicken Anemia Virus Infection
by Hieu Van Dong, Giang Thi Huong Tran, Dai Quang Trinh, Yohei Takeda, Haruko Ogawa and Kunitoshi Imai
Pathogens 2020, 9(10), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100842 - 15 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3331
Abstract
Persistent infection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in chickens has been suspected to result in immunosuppression and exogenous virus contamination within vaccine production. However, no direct evidence for persistent CAV infection has thus far been obtained. In this study, we aimed to establish [...] Read more.
Persistent infection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in chickens has been suspected to result in immunosuppression and exogenous virus contamination within vaccine production. However, no direct evidence for persistent CAV infection has thus far been obtained. In this study, we aimed to establish an in vitro model of persistent CAV infection. CAV-infected MDCC-MSB1 (MSB1) cells, a Marek’s disease virus-transformed continuous cell line, were cultured in the presence of both CAV and CAV neutralizing antibody (NA). Cell viability, expression of viral antigens, viral DNA, and recovery of CAV were examined by acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, immunofluorescence measurement, real-time PCR, and viral isolation, respectively. The results indicated that CAV was maintained and possibly replicated in CAV-infected cells cultured in the presence of NA, without affecting host cell viability. It was also shown that persistently infectious CAV induced cell death again after removing NA. The persistent infection of CAV in MSB1 cells was not related to viral gene mutation. In summary, we have herein established a novel model of persistent CAV infection in MSB1 cells cultured in the presence of NA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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13 pages, 49611 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) Virus-Like Particles and Chicken Interleukin-12 for Vaccine Development Using a Baculovirus Expression System
by Ta-Yuan Tseng, Yee-Chen Liu, Yu-Chen Hsu, Poa-Chun Chang, Ming-Kun Hsieh, Jui-Hung Shien and Shan-Chia Ou
Pathogens 2019, 8(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040262 - 23 Nov 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4757
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is a poultry disease that causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Commercially available CIA vaccines are derived from wild-type chicken anemia viruses (CAVs) by serial passage in cells or chicken embryos. However, these vaccinal viruses are [...] Read more.
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is a poultry disease that causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Commercially available CIA vaccines are derived from wild-type chicken anemia viruses (CAVs) by serial passage in cells or chicken embryos. However, these vaccinal viruses are not completely attenuated; therefore, they can be transmitted vertically and horizontally, and may induce clinical symptoms in young birds. In this study, we sought to eliminate these issues by developing a subunit vaccine exploiting the CAV structural proteins, engineering recombinant baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells that contained both the viral protein 1 (VP1) and VP2 of CAV. Moreover, we produced single-chain chicken interleukin-12 (chIL-12) in the same system, to serve as an adjuvant. The recombinant VP1 was recognized by chicken anti-CAV polyclonal antibodies in Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, and the bioactivity of the recombinant chIL-12 was confirmed by stimulating interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in chicken splenocytes. Furthermore, the ability of the recombinant VP1 to generate self-assembling virus-like particles (VLPs) was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with VLPs and co-administered the recombinant chIL-12 induced high CAV-specific antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. Taken together, the VLPs produced by the baculovirus expression system have the potential to be a safe and effective CIA vaccine. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of recombinant chIL-12 as an adjuvant for poultry vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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13 pages, 1301 KiB  
Article
Genetic Analysis of Avian Gyrovirus 2 Variant-Related Gyrovirus Detected in Farmed King Ratsnake (Elaphe carinata): The First Report from China
by Qianqian Wu, Xin Xu, Qinxi Chen, Jun Ji, Yunchao Kan, Lunguang Yao and Qingmei Xie
Pathogens 2019, 8(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040185 - 12 Oct 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3323
Abstract
Avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2), which is similar to chicken infectious anemia virus, is a new member of the genus Gyrovirus. AGV2 has been detected not only in chicken but also in human tissues and feces. This study analyzed 91 samples (8 from [...] Read more.
Avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2), which is similar to chicken infectious anemia virus, is a new member of the genus Gyrovirus. AGV2 has been detected not only in chicken but also in human tissues and feces. This study analyzed 91 samples (8 from liver tissue and 83 from fecal samples) collected from king ratsnakes (Elaphe carinata) from 7 separate farms in Hubei and Henan, China, for AGV2 DNA using PCR. The results demonstrated a low positive rate of AGV2 (6.59%, 6/91) in the snakes, and all the positive samples were collected from the same farm. The AGV2 strain HB2018S1 was sequenced, and its 2376 nt genome comprised three partially overlapping open reading frames: VP1, VP2, and VP3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HB2018S1 and NX1506-1 strains from chickens in China belong to the same clade and that they have a nucleotide identity as high as 99.5%. Additionally, recombination analysis showed that HB2018S1 might originate from the recombination of viruses similar to those detected in chickens and a ferret. A total of 10 amino acid mutation sites (44(R/K), 74(T/A), 256 (C/R), 279(L/Q), and 373(V/A) in AGV2 VP1; 60(I/T), 125(T/I), 213(D/N), and 215(L/S) in AGV2 VP2; and 83(H/Y) in AGV2 VP3) different from those observed in most reference strains were found in the genome of HB2018S1, indicating that the differences may be related to a transboundary movement among hosts, which needs further elucidation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on an AGV2-infected poikilotherm, suggesting that cross-host transmission of viruses with circular single-stranded DNA genomes would be a public health concern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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11 pages, 1420 KiB  
Article
Oral Inoculation of Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens with Chicken Anemia Virus Induces Dose-Dependent Viremia and Transient Anemia
by Suttitas Tongkamsai, Meng-Shiou Lee, Yi-Lun Tsai, Hsyang-Hsun Chung, Guan-Hua Lai, Jai-Hong Cheng, Ming-Chu Cheng and Yi-Yang Lien
Pathogens 2019, 8(3), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030141 - 7 Sep 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3393
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a very important immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The horizontal spread of CAV in field chickens has been confirmed mainly through oral infection in our published article. Anemia is the main symptom of this [...] Read more.
Chicken infectious anemia caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a very important immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The horizontal spread of CAV in field chickens has been confirmed mainly through oral infection in our published article. Anemia is the main symptom of this disease. Studies by other scientists have shown that infection of CAV in 1-day-old chicks can cause anemia, and the degree of anemia is directly proportional to the dose of infectious virus. However, the pathogenesis of oral inoculation of CAV in older chickens is still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3-weeks-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with different viral doses in oral route would cause anemia, as well as other signs associated with age-resistance. The experimental design was divided into a high-dose inoculated group (106 1050), low-dose inoculated group (103 TCID50), and non-virus inoculated control group, and 12 birds in each group at the beginning of the trial. The packed cell volumes (PCVs), CAV genome copies in tissues, CAV titer in peripheral blood fractions, and serology were evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). Virus replication and spread were estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and viral titration in cell culture, respectively. The results showed that the average PCVs value of the high-dose inoculated group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 14 dpi (p < 0.05), and 44.4% (4/9) of the chickens reached the anemia level (PCVs < 27%). At 21 dpi, the average PCV value rebounded but remained lower than the control group without significant differences. In the low-dose inoculated group, all birds did not reach anemia during the entire trial period. Peripheral blood analysis showed that the virus titer in all erythrocyte, granulocyte and mononuclear cell reached the peak at 14 dpi regardless of the high-dose or low-dose inoculated group, and the highest virus titer appeared in the high-dose inoculated group of mononuclear cell. In the low-dose inoculated group, CAV was detected only at 14 dpi in erythrocyte. Taken together, our results indicate that the older birds require a higher dose of infectious CAV to cause anemia after about 14 days of infection, which is related to apoptosis caused by viral infection of erythrocytes. In both inoculated groups, the viral genome copies did not increase in the bone marrow, which indicated that minimal cell susceptibility to CAV was found in older chickens. In the low-dose inoculated group, only mononuclear cells can still be detected with CAV at 21 dpi in seropositive chickens, indicating that the mononuclear cell is the target cell for persistent infection. Therefore, complete elimination of the CAV may still require the aid of a cell-mediated immune response (CMI), although it has previously been reported to be inhibited by CAV infection. Prevention of early exposure to CAV could be possible by improved hygiene procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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8 pages, 415 KiB  
Article
Persistent Infection with Chicken Anemia Virus in 3-Week-Old Chickens Induced by Inoculation of the Virus by the Natural Route
by Suttitas Tongkamsai, Meng-Shiou Lee, Ming-Chu Cheng, Hso-Chi Chaung, Yi-Lun Tsai and Yi-Yang Lien
Pathogens 2019, 8(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020048 - 12 Apr 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3783
Abstract
Naturally acquired chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in chickens frequently occurs from 3 weeks of age onward after maternally derived antibodies have decayed. The oral inoculation of older chickens with CAV was reported to have negative effects on cell-mediated immune function, and pathological [...] Read more.
Naturally acquired chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in chickens frequently occurs from 3 weeks of age onward after maternally derived antibodies have decayed. The oral inoculation of older chickens with CAV was reported to have negative effects on cell-mediated immune function, and pathological changes were identified. To date, there has been no complete illustration of an immunological and persistent infection. To understand the pathogenesis of persistent CAV infection, an immunological study of CAV-infected 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens was carried out by different routes of inoculation. The weight, packed cell volumes, and organ samples were obtained at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (dpi). Here, we compared hematological, immunological, and sequential pathological evaluations and determined the CAV tissue distribution in different organs. Neither a reduction in weight gain nor anemia was detected in either the inoculated or the control group. The immune-pathological changes were investigated by evaluating the body and thymus weight ratio and specific antibody titer. Delayed recovery of the thymus corresponding to a low antibody response was detected in the orally inoculated group. This is different from what was found in chickens intramuscularly infected with the same dose of CAV. The CAV remaining in a wide range of tissues was examined by viral reisolation into cell culture. The absence of the virus in infected tissues was typically found in the intramuscularly inoculated group. These chickens were immediately induced for a protective antibody response. A few viruses replicating in the thymus were found 21 dpi due to the regression in the antibody titer in the orally inoculated group. Our findings support that a natural infection with CAV may lead to the gradual CAV viral replication in the thymus during inadequate antibody production. The results clearly confirmed that virus-specific antibodies were essential for viral clearance. Under CIA-risk circumstances, administration of the CAV vaccine is important for achieving a sufficient protective immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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Review

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15 pages, 932 KiB  
Review
The Role of Apoptin in Chicken Anemia Virus Replication
by Cynthia Feng, Yingke Liang and Jose G. Teodoro
Pathogens 2020, 9(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040294 - 16 Apr 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4748
Abstract
Apoptin is the Vp3 protein of chicken anemia virus (CAV), which infects the thymocytes and erythroblasts in young chickens, causing chicken infectious anemia and immunosuppression. Apoptin is highly studied for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in human tumor cells and, thus, is [...] Read more.
Apoptin is the Vp3 protein of chicken anemia virus (CAV), which infects the thymocytes and erythroblasts in young chickens, causing chicken infectious anemia and immunosuppression. Apoptin is highly studied for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in human tumor cells and, thus, is a protein of interest in anti-tumor therapy. CAV apoptin is known to localize to different subcellular compartments in transformed and non-transformed cells, depending on the DNA damage response, and the phosphorylation of several identified threonine residues. In addition, apoptin interacts with molecular machinery such as the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to inhibit the cell cycle and induce arrest in G2/M phase. While these functions of apoptin contribute to the tumor-selective effect of the protein, they also provide an important fundamental framework to apoptin’s role in viral infection, pathogenesis, and propagation. Here, we reviewed how the regulation, localization, and functions of apoptin contribute to the viral life cycle and postulated its importance in efficient replication of CAV. A model of the molecular biology of infection is critical to informing our understanding of CAV and other related animal viruses that threaten the agricultural industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection)
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