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About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease
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About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 14833

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. César-B. Gutiérrez Martín

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Health, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
Interests: veterinary pathology; microbiology; porcine respiratory disease complex; antimicrobial resistance; vaccines; immune response; immunohistochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pork is the most consumed meat all over the world, and pig production is a significant economic activity in many countries. In this context, porcine respiratory disorders are one of the most relevant health problems for pig farmers, and mainly the nosological entity called porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis is one of the secondary bacterial infectious agents frequently detected in PRDC which, although usually being part of the commensal microbiota in the upper respiratory tract of pigs, can gain access to the bloodstream and result in a sepsis named Glässer’s disease, characterized by pneumonia and polyserositis. This systemic disease affects young pigs mainly in the growth period, causing large economic losses, especially in intensive livestock, because of mortality but also as a result of food ineffective conversion and the expenses derived from the use of antibiotics.

G. (H.) parasuis and/or Glässer’s disease have gained importance in recent years and are highly topical, as is shown by the over 500 investigations published in the last three decades or by the over 300 reported in the most recent one. Despite major steps being achieved on this pathogen and/or Glässer’s disease in this time, there are still many unresolved key issues that hamper the development of effective control measures.

In this context, the Pathogens journal will launch a Special Issue devoted to “Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis and Glässer’s disease”, in which all the latest information related to any topic of this small rod and/or the disorder caused by it will be welcomed. Therefore, investigators who are actively working in these fields are encouraged to share their findings and insights so that we may collectively identify a way forward to advance Glässer’s disease control.

Prof. Dr. César-B. Gutiérrez Martín
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Glaeserella (Haemophilus) parasuis
  • Glässer’s disease
  • molecular typing
  • virulence factors
  • experimental models
  • pathogenicity
  • epidemiology
  • immunology and immunogenetics
  • diagnostics
  • vaccines
  • prevention
  • treatment antimicrobial agents, disinfectants

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1634 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Outer membrane protein P2 (OmpP2) of Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis Isolates in Central State of Peninsular Malaysia
by Chee Yien Lee, Hui Xin Ong, Chew Yee Tan, Suet Ee Low, Lai Yee Phang, Jyhmirn Lai, Peck Toung Ooi and Michelle Wai Cheng Fong
Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020308 - 12 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1918
Abstract
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, is an economically significant pathogen commonly associated with serofibrinous polyserositis, arthritis, fibrinous bronchopneumonia and/or meningitis. This study is the first attempt to molecularly characterize and provide a detailed overview of the genetic variants of [...] Read more.
Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis, the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, is an economically significant pathogen commonly associated with serofibrinous polyserositis, arthritis, fibrinous bronchopneumonia and/or meningitis. This study is the first attempt to molecularly characterize and provide a detailed overview of the genetic variants of G. parasuis present in Malaysia, in reference to its serotype, virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters (vtaA) gene and outer membrane protein P2 (OmpP2) gene. The G. parasuis isolates (n = 11) from clinically sick field samples collected from two major pig producing states (Selangor and Perak) were selected for analysis. Upon multiplex PCR, the majority of the isolates (eight out of 11) were identified to be serotype 5 or 12, and interestingly, serotypes 3, 8 and 15 were also detected, which had never been reported in Malaysia prior to this. Generally, virulent vtaA was detected for all isolates, except for one, which displayed a nonvirulent vtaA. A phylogenetic analysis of the OmpP2 gene revealed that the majority of Malaysian isolates were clustered into genotype 1, which could be further divided into Ia and Ib, while only one isolate was clustered into genotype 2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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11 pages, 1510 KiB  
Article
Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiling of Glaesserella parasuis Isolated from Diseased Swine in Brazil
by Givago Faria Ribeiro Silva, Luisa Zanolli Moreno, Carlos Emílio Cabrera Matajira, Ana Paula Santos Silva, Kawany Miyazaki Araújo, Vasco Túlio Moura Gomes, Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa, Maria Inês Zanolli Sato and Andrea Micke Moreno
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121443 - 30 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1992
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is one of the major pathogens in swine intensive production systems. To date, 15 serovars have been described, and the prevalence of these serotypes in different geographical regions has been identified by several methods. G. parasuis outbreaks could be controlled with [...] Read more.
Glaesserella parasuis is one of the major pathogens in swine intensive production systems. To date, 15 serovars have been described, and the prevalence of these serotypes in different geographical regions has been identified by several methods. G. parasuis outbreaks could be controlled with vaccination if it were not for serovar diversity and limited cross-serovar protection; consequently, antibiotic therapy continues to be necessary for infection control. Here, we present the isolation, identification, serotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of G. parasuis from diseased swine in Brazil. A total of 105 G. parasuis strains, originating from nine different Brazilian states, were evaluated, and serotypes 4 and 5 were found to be the most prevalent (27.6% and 24.8% respectively). Aminoglycosides, florfenicol, tiamulin, and β-lactams were tested, and they presented lower resistant rates against G. parasuis strains. The highest resistance rates were observed against tylosin (97.1%), sulfadimethoxine (89.5%), danofloxacin (80%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), enrofloxacin (54.3%), and clindamycin (50.5%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 89.5% of tested strains, and a total of sixty resistance profiles were identified. The cluster analysis of resistance patterns showed no correlation with the isolation year or G. parasuis serotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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16 pages, 3594 KiB  
Article
Studying the Interaction of Neutrophils and Glaesserella Parasuis Indicates a Serotype Independent Benefit from Degradation of NETs
by Marta C. Bonilla, Simon Lassnig, Andrea Obando Corella, Rabea Imker, Peter Valentin-Weigand, Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede, Anne-Marie Luther, Isabel Hennig-Pauka and Nicole de Buhr
Pathogens 2022, 11(8), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080880 - 4 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2085
Abstract
Glaesserella (G.) parasuis is one of the most important porcine pathogens causing Glaesser’s disease. Neutrophil granulocytes are the major counteracting cell type of the innate immune system, which contribute to the host defense by phagocytosis or the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). [...] Read more.
Glaesserella (G.) parasuis is one of the most important porcine pathogens causing Glaesser’s disease. Neutrophil granulocytes are the major counteracting cell type of the innate immune system, which contribute to the host defense by phagocytosis or the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recently, NET-formation has been shown to facilitate the survival of bacteria from the Pasteurellaceae family. However, the interaction of NETs and G. parasuis is unclear so far. In this study, we investigated the interplay of three G. parasuis serotypes with porcine neutrophils. The production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils after G. parasuis infection varied slightly among the serotypes but was generally low and not significantly influenced by the serotypes. Interestingly, we detected that independent of the serotype of G. parasuis, NET formation in neutrophils was induced to a small but significant extent. This phenomenon occurred despite the ability of G. parasuis to release nucleases, which can degrade NETs. Furthermore, the growth of Glaesserella was enhanced by external DNases and degraded NETs. This indicates that Glaesserella takes up degraded NET components, supplying them with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), as this benefit was diminished by inhibiting the 5′-nucleotidase, which metabolizes NAD. Our results indicate a serotype-independent interaction of Glaesserella with neutrophils by inducing NET-formation and benefiting from DNA degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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14 pages, 3113 KiB  
Article
TbpBY167A-Based Vaccine Can Protect Pigs against Glässer’s Disease Triggered by Glaesserella parasuis SV7 Expressing TbpB Cluster I
by Simone Ramos Prigol, Rafaela Klein, Somshukla Chaudhuri, Gabriela Paraboni Frandoloso, João Antônio Guizzo, César Bernardo Gutiérrez Martín, Anthony Bernard Schryvers, Luiz Carlos Kreutz and Rafael Frandoloso
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070766 - 4 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2133
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), one of the most important diseases afflicting pigs in the nursery phase. We analyzed the genetic and immunological properties of the TbpB protein naturally expressed by 27 different clinical isolates of G. parasuis [...] Read more.
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), one of the most important diseases afflicting pigs in the nursery phase. We analyzed the genetic and immunological properties of the TbpB protein naturally expressed by 27 different clinical isolates of G. parasuis that were typed as serovar 7 and isolated from pigs suffering from GD. All the strains were classified as virulent by LS-PCR. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated high similarity within the amino acid sequence of TbpB from 24 clinical strains all belonging to cluster III of TbpB, as does the protective antigen TbpBY167A. Three G. parasuis isolates expressed cluster I TbpBs, indicating antigenic diversity within the SV7 group of G. parasuis. The antigenic analysis demonstrated the presence of common epitopes on all variants of the TbpB protein, which could be recognized by an in vitro analysis using pig IgG induced by a TbpBY167A-based vaccine. The proof of concept of the complete cross-protection between clusters I and III was performed in SPF pigs immunized with the TbpBY167A-based vaccine (cluster III) and challenged with G. parasuis SV7, strains LM 360.18 (cluster I). Additionally, pigs immunized with a whole-cell inactivated vaccine based on G. parasuis SV5 (Nagasaki strain) did not survive the challenge performed with SV7 (strain 360.18), demonstrating the absence of cross-protection between these two serovars. Based on these results, we propose that a properly formulated TbpBY167A-based vaccine may elicit a protective antibody response against all strains of G. parasuis SV7, despite TbpB antigenic diversity, and this might be extrapolated to other serovars. This result highlights the promising use of the TbpBY167A antigen in a future commercial vaccine for GD prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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13 pages, 1530 KiB  
Article
Identification of Glaesserella parasuis and Differentiation of Its 15 Serovars Using High-Resolution Melting Assays
by Simone Scherrer, Fenja Rademacher, Roger Stephan and Sophie Peterhans
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070752 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2512
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, which is associated with polyserositis and arthritis and has a significant impact on the economy of the pig production industry. For the optimal surveillance of this pathogen, as well as for the investigation of [...] Read more.
Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, which is associated with polyserositis and arthritis and has a significant impact on the economy of the pig production industry. For the optimal surveillance of this pathogen, as well as for the investigation of G. parasuis-associated diseases, it is crucial to identify G. parasuis at the serovar level. In this work, we designed and developed new high-resolution melting (HRM) approaches, namely, the species-specific GPS-HRM1 and two serovar-specific HRM assays (GPS-HRM2 and GPS-HRM3), and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the assays. The HRM assays demonstrated good sensitivity, with 12.5 fg–1.25 pg of input DNA for GPS-HRM1 and 125 fg–12.5 pg for GPS-HRM2 and GPS-HRM3, as well as a specificity of 100% for the identification of all recognized 15 G. parasuis serovars. Eighteen clinical isolates obtained between 2014 and 2022 in Switzerland were tested by applying the developed HRM assays, which revealed a heterogeneous distribution of serovars 2, 7, 4, 13, 1, and 14. The combination with virulence marker vtaA (virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters) allows for the prediction of potentially virulent strains. The assays are simple to execute and enable a reliable low-cost approach, thereby refining currently available diagnostic tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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19 pages, 740 KiB  
Article
Temporal Patterns of Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance and Coinfecting Pathogens in Glaesserella parasuis Strains Isolated from Diseased Swine in Germany from 2006 to 2021
by Isabeau Wiencek, Maria Hartmann, Jörg Merkel, Sara Trittmacher, Lothar Kreienbrock and Isabel Hennig-Pauka
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070721 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2118
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (Gps) causes high economic losses in pig farms worldwide. So far no vaccine provides cross-protection for different serotypes, so antibiotic treatment is widely used to cope with this pathogen. In this study, routine diagnostic data from 2046 pigs with Gps related [...] Read more.
Glaesserella parasuis (Gps) causes high economic losses in pig farms worldwide. So far no vaccine provides cross-protection for different serotypes, so antibiotic treatment is widely used to cope with this pathogen. In this study, routine diagnostic data from 2046 pigs with Gps related diseases sent for necropsy to a German laboratory in the time period 2006–2021 were analysed retrospectively. In the time period 2018–2021, the most frequent serotypes (ST) detected were ST4 (30%) and ST13 (22%). A comparison of the reference period 2006–2013 prior to obligatory routine recording of antimicrobial usage in livestock with the period 2014–2021 resulted in a statistically significant decrease of frequencies of resistant Gps isolates for ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, tiamulin and tilmicosin. While in 2006–2013 all isolates were resistant for tetracyclin and cephalothin, frequencies of resistant isolates decreased in the second time period to 28% and 62%, respectively. Parallel to the reduction of antimicrobial usage, during recent years a reduction in resistant Gps isolates has been observed, so only a low risk of treatment failure exists. Most frequently, pigs positive for Gps were also positive for S.suis (25.4%), PRRSV-EU (25.1%) and influenza virus (23%). The viral pathogens may act as potential trigger factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue About Glaesserella (Haemophilus) Parasuis and Glässer’s Disease)
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