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Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application

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A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 July 2023) | Viewed by 28924

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Cinzia Anna Ventura

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Interests: drug delivery; drug/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes; polymeric nanoparticles; cancer diseases; antimicrobial drugs; Alzheimer’s disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Federica De Gaetano

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
Interests: drug delivery; cyclodextrin; drug/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes; nanoparticles; nanostructures; supramolecular chemistry; anticancer therapy; antibacterial therapy; neurodegenerative disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Pharmaceuticals is planning to publish a Special Issue titled “Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application”, and I am cordially inviting you to contribute with communications, research articles or high-quality review papers in this volume.

Cyclodextrins have long received a great deal of interest from the scientific community for their versatility and possibility of application in various fields of science. They are cyclic oligosaccharides produced by the enzymatic degradation of starch and characterized by a hydrophobic internal cavity and a hydrophilic external surface. This architecture allows the possibility to encapsulate various substances, improving their physicochemical properties. Cyclodextrins are the pioneers of supramolecular carriers and are used in the pharmaceutical field for their ability to solubilize lipophilic drugs, enhancing their biological effects. Mixed supramolecular carriers, consisting of cyclodextrins in polymeric nanoparticles or cyclodextrins in liposomes, exhibit improved encapsulation parameters and controlled drug release, compared to the corresponding carrier without the macrocycles. Different chemical modifications can be made on the free hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrins, producing derivatives with greater water solubility than native cyclodextrins and in some cases with excellent mucoadhesive properties able to increase drug permeation through the mucosae. Nanostructured systems based on polymeric cyclodextrins show low toxicity, good bioavailability and biodegradability, and can be used in a wide range of biomedical applications from erodible hydrogels for regenerative medicine to targeted drug and gene delivery.

This Special Issue intends to host research and review papers on the development of novel cyclodextrins-based drug delivery systems performed in the scientific areas of pharmaceutical technology, chemistry, physics, and biology. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to, drug/cyclodextrin interactions, cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles, cyclodextrin in liposomes, cyclodextrins as drugs, cyclodextrin dimers and polymers, biological in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo evaluation of cyclodextrin-based formulations, cyclodextrin/cell interactions, cyclodextrin-based hydrogels, regenerative medicine.

Prof. Dr. Cinzia Anna Ventura
Dr. Federica De Gaetano
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceuticals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

drug delivery
inclusion complexes
polymeric cyclodextrins
nanostructurated carriers
polyrotaxanes
nanosponges
chemical-physical characterization
in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo evaluation
theranostic
regenerative medicine
gene delivery

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclodextrin’s Effect on Permeability and Partition of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride

by Tatyana Volkova, Olga Simonova and German Perlovich

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16071022 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1322 | Correction

Abstract

Cyclodextrin-based delivery systems have been intensively used to improve the bioavailability of drugs through the modification of their pharmaceutically relevant properties, such as solubility, distribution and membrane permeation. The present work aimed to disclose the influence of HP-β-CD and SBE-β-CD on the distribution and permeability of nortriptyline hydrochloride (NTT•HCl), a tricyclic antidepressant drug. To this end, the distribution coefficients in the 1-octanol/buffer and n-hexane/buffer model systems and the coefficients of permeability through the cellulose membrane and lipophilic PermeaPad barrier were determined at several cyclodextrin concentrations. The results demonstrated a dramatic decrease in both the distribution and the permeability coefficients as the cyclodextrin concentration rose, with the decrease being more pronounced in SBE-β-CD due to the charge–charge attraction and electrostatic interactions between NTT and SBE-β-CD. It is these interactions that were shown to be responsible for the greater value of the constant of NTT’s association with SBE-β-CD than that with HP-β-CD. The findings of this study revealed similar trends in the 1-octanol/buffer 6.8 pH distribution and permeability through the PermeaPad barrier in the presence of CDs. These results were attributed to the determinative role of the distribution coefficient (serving as a descriptor) in permeation through the PermeaPad barrier modeling the lipophilic nature of biological barriers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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18 pages, 5846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Analysis and Molecular Modelling of Cyclodextrin-Formulated Propofol and Its Sodium Salt to Improve Drug Solubility, Stability and Pharmacokinetics (Cytogenotoxicity)

by Benedikt Wilhelms, Jens Broscheit and Sergey Shityakov

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(5), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050667 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic in clinical practice, but its use is limited by its water-insoluble nature and associated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations. Therefore, researchers have been searching for alternative formulations to lipid emulsion to address the remaining side effects. In this study, novel formulations for propofol and its sodium salt Na-propofolat were designed and tested using the amphiphilic cyclodextrin (CD) derivative hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The study found that spectroscopic and calorimetric measurements suggested complex formation between propofol/Na-propofolate and HPβCD, which was confirmed by the absence of an evaporation peak and different glass transition temperatures. Moreover, the formulated compounds showed no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity compared to the reference. The molecular modeling simulations based on molecular docking predicted a higher affinity for propofol/HPβCD than for Na-propofolate/HPβCD, as the former complex was more stable. This finding was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In conclusion, the CD-based formulations of propofol and its sodium salt may be a promising option and a plausible alternative to conventional lipid emulsions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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13 pages, 8452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanochemical Properties of Mucoadhesive Tablets Based on PVP/HPβCD Electrospun Nanofibers as Local Delivery of Polygoni cuspidati Extract for Treating Oral Infections

by Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska, Daria Szymanowska and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(4), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040579 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

This study investigated the ability of PVP/HPβCD-based electrospun nanofibers to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble polydatin and resveratrol, the main active components of Polygoni cuspidati extract. To make a solid unit dosage form that would be easier to administer, extract-loaded nanofibers were ground. SEM examination was used to analyze the nanostructure of the fibers, and the results of the cross-section of the tablets showed that they had maintained their fibrous structure. The release of the active compounds (polydatin and resveratrol) in the mucoadhesive tablets was complete and prolonged in time. Additionally, the possibility of staying on the mucosa for a prolonged time has also been proven for both tablets from PVP/HPβCD-based nanofibers and powder. The appropriate physicochemical properties of the tablets, along with the proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of P. cuspidati extract, highlight the particular benefits of the mucoadhesive formulation for use as a drug delivery system for periodontal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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17 pages, 4654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimisation of a Greener-Approach for the Synthesis of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for the Solubility Enhancement of Domperidone, a BCS Class II Drug

by Mohit Vij, Neha Dand, Lalit Kumar, Pankaj Wadhwa, Shahid Ud Din Wani, Wael A. Mahdi, Sultan Alshehri, Prawez Alam and Faiyaz Shakeel

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16040567 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

BCS class II molecules suffer from low oral bioavailability because of their poor permeability and sub-optimal aqueous solubility. One of the approaches to enhance their bioavailability is using cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. This study aimed to optimise and evaluate the feasibility of a microwave-assisted approach to synthesise nanosponges and improve domperidone’s solubility and drug delivery potential. In the production process, microwave power level, response speed, and stirring speed were optimised using the Box-Behnken approach. Ultimately, the batch with the smallest particle size and highest yield was chosen. The optimised method of synthesis of the nanosponges resulted in a product yield of 77.4% and a particle size of 195.68 ± 2.16 nm. The nanocarriers had a drug entrapment capacity of 84 ± 4.2% and a zeta potential of −9.17± 0.43 mV. The similarity and the difference factors demonstrated proof-of-concept, showing that the drug release from the loaded nanosponges is significantly greater than the plain drug. Additionally, spectral and thermal characterisations, such as FTIR, DSC, and XRD, confirmed the entrapment of the drug within the nanocarrier. SEM scans revealed the porous nature of the nanocarriers. Microwave-assisted synthesis could be used as a better and greener approach to synthesise these nanocarriers. It could then be utilised to load drugs and improve their solubility, as seen in the case of domperidone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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15 pages, 7515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Evaluation of Diosmin-Loaded Diphenylcarbonate-Cross-Linked Cyclodextrin Nanosponges for Breast Cancer Therapy

by Md. Khalid Anwer, Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed, Mohammed F. Aldawsari, Muzaffar Iqbal and Vinay Kumar

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010019 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

In the current study, diosmin (DSM)-loaded beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based nanosponges (NSPs) using diphenylcarbonate (DPC) as a cross-linker were prepared. Four different DSM-loaded NSPs (D-NSP1-NSP4) were developed by varying the molar ratio of β-CD: DCP (1:15–1:6). Based on preliminary evaluations, NSPs (D-NSP3) were optimized for size (412 ± 6.1 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) (0.259), zeta potential (ZP) (−10.8 ± 4.3 mV), and drug loading (DL) (88.7 ± 8.5%), and were further evaluated by in vitro release, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro antioxidant studies. The NSPs (D-NSP3) exhibited improved free radical scavenging activity (85.58% at 100 g/mL) compared to pure DSM. Dissolution efficiency (%DE) was enhanced to 71.50% (D-NSP3) from plain DSM (58.59%). The D-NSP3 formulation followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model and had an n value of 0.529 indicating a non-Fickian and controlled release by diffusion and relaxation. The D-NSP3 showed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer, as evidenced by caspase 3, 9, and p53 activities. According to the findings, DSM-loaded NSPs might be a promising therapy option for breast cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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12 pages, 2891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation of Multicomponent Chrysin-Hydroxy Propyl β Cyclodextrin-Poloxamer Inclusion Complex Using Spray Dry Method: Physicochemical Characterization to Cell Viability Assessment

by Syed Sarim Imam, Sultan Alshehri, Wael A. Mahdi, Ahmed M. Alotaibi, Moath H. Alhwaifi, Afzal Hussain, Mohammad A. Altamimi and Wajhul Qamar

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(12), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15121525 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1624

Abstract

The work aimed to enhance chrysin (CHR) water solubility, dissolution, and in vitro antibacterial as well as cell viability. Chrysin binary, as well as ternary inclusion complex, were prepared using the spray drying method. The influence of an auxiliary component (poloxamer; PLX) was also assessed after being incorporated into the chrysin HP βCD complex (CHR-BC) and formed as a chrysin ternary complex (CHR-TC). The phase solubility investigation was carried out in order to assess the complexation efficiency and stability constant. The samples were assessed for the dissolution test, physicochemical evaluation, antibacterial activity, and cell viability tests were also assessed. The results of the phase solubility investigation showed that the stability constant for the binary system (268 M⁻¹) was lower than the ternary system (720 M⁻¹). The complex stability was validated by the greater stability constant value. The dissolution results showed that pure CHR had a limited release of 32.55 ± 1.7% in 60 min, while prepared CHR-TC and CHR-BC both demonstrated maximum CHR releases of 99.03 ± 2.34% and 71.95 ±2.1%, respectively. The dissolution study’s findings revealed that the release of CHR was much improved over that of pure CHR. A study using a scanning electron microscope showed that CHR-TC contains more agglomerated and amorphous components. The higher conversion of crystalline CHR into an amorphous form is responsible for the structural alterations that are observed. After complexation, the distinctive peaks of pure CHR changed due to the complexation with HP βCD and PLX. The antimicrobial and cell viability results revealed improved antimicrobial activity as well as a lower IC50 value than pure CHR against the tested anticancer cell line (MCF7). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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22 pages, 5236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-grafted-poly(acrylic acid)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Semi-Interpenetrating Matrices of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate

by Nyla Ajaz, Anum Abbas, Rabia Afshan, Muhammad Irfan, Syed Haroon Khalid, Sajid Asghar, Muhammad Usman Munir, Waleed Y. Rizg, Kamlah Ali Majrashi, Sameer Alshehri, Mohammed Alissa, Mohammed Majrashi, Deena M. Bukhary, Ghulam Hussain, Fauzia Rehman and Ikram Ullah Khan

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(11), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111399 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2990

Abstract

In this paper, we fabricated semi-interpenetrating polymeric network (semi-IPN) of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-grafted-poly(acrylic acid)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (HP-β-CD-g-poly(AA)/PVP) by the free radical polymerization technique, intended for colon specific release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP). Different proportions of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), acrylic acid (AA), and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) were reacted along with ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator and methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker to develop a hydrogel system with optimum swelling at distal intestinal pH. Initially, all formulations were screened for swelling behavior and AP-8 was chosen as optimum formulation. This formulation was capable of releasing a small amount of drug at acidic pH (1.2), while a maximum amount of drug was released at colonic pH (7.4) by the non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed successful grafting of components and development of semi-IPN structure without any interaction with DSP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the thermal stability of developed semi-IPN. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed reduction in crystallinity of DSP upon loading in the hydrogel. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images revealed a rough and porous hydrogel surface. The toxicological evaluation of semi-IPN hydrogels confirmed their bio-safety and hemocompatibility. Therefore, the prepared hydrogels were pH sensitive, biocompatible, showed good swelling, mechanical properties, and were efficient in releasing the drug in the colonic environment. Therefore, AP-8 can be deemed as a potential carrier for targeted delivery of DSP to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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20 pages, 2314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan/Cyclodextrin Nanospheres for Potential Nose-to-Brain Targeting of Idebenone

by Federica De Gaetano, Nicola d’Avanzo, Antonia Mancuso, Anna De Gaetano, Giuseppe Paladini, Francesco Caridi, Valentina Venuti, Donatella Paolino and Cinzia Anna Ventura

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(10), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15101206 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2726

Abstract

Idebenone (IDE) is a powerful antioxidant that is potentially active towards cerebral diseases, but its low water solubility and fast first pass metabolism reduce its accumulation in the brain, making it ineffective. In this work, we developed cyclodextrin-based chitosan nanospheres (CS NPs) as potential carriers for nose-to-brain targeting of IDE. Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) was used as a polyanion for chitosan (CS) and as a complexing agent for IDE, permitting its encapsulation into nanospheres (NPs) produced in an aqueous solution. Overloading NPs were obtained by adding the soluble IDE/hydroxypropyl-β-CD (IDE/HP-β-CD) inclusion complex into the CS or SBE-β-CD solutions. We obtained homogeneous CS NPs with a hydrodynamic radius of about 140 nm, positive zeta potential (about +28 mV), and good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, particularly for overloaded NPs. A biphasic release of IDE, finished within 48 h, was observed from overloaded NPs, whilst non-overloaded CS NPs produced a prolonged release, without a burst effect. In vitro biological studies showed the ability of CS NPs to preserve the antioxidant activity of IDE on U373 culture cells. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated the ability of CS NPs to interact with the excised bovine nasal mucosa, improving the permeation of the drug and potentially favoring its accumulation in the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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23 pages, 7108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Nifedipine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and Nifedipine-methyl-β-cyclodextrin: The Development of Orodispersible Tablets

by Emma Adriana Ozon, Marian Novac, Daniela Gheorghe, Adina Magdalena Musuc, Mirela Adriana Mitu, Iulian Sarbu, Valentina Anuta, Adriana Rusu, Simona Petrescu, Irina Atkinson and Dumitru Lupuliasa

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(8), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15080993 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3075

Abstract

The novelty in this study is the development of new orodispersible tablets containing nifedipine (NIF) as the active ingredient. Initially, the formation of inclusion complexes between nifedipine and two derivatives of beta-cyclodextrin, namely, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), was established. Inclusion complexes of nifedipine were prepared by different procedures: kneading, coprecipitation and lyophilization methods, using a 1:1 molar ratio among the drug and cyclodextrin compounds. A physical mixture was also developed for comparison, with the same molar ratio. The physicochemical and structural properties of these obtained complexes were subsequently analysed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction techniques. The lyophilization method of preparation leads to obtaining the complete inclusion of nifedipine in the used cyclodextrin cavity, for both the derivative cyclodextrins. After that, preformulation studies and manufacturing of orodispersible tablets containing NIF-HP-β-CD and NIF-Me-β-CD, respectively, inclusion complexes were advanced. The obtained findings show that only F3 (which contains NIF-HP-β-CD) and F6 (which contains NIF-Me-β-CD) have a suitable flowability for the direct compression materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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Review

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20 pages, 1155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives as Drug Stability Modifiers

by Virginia Aiassa, Claudia Garnero, Ariana Zoppi and Marcela R. Longhi

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(8), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16081074 - 28 Jul 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2636

Abstract

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that contain a relatively hydrophobic central cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface. They are widely used to form non-covalent inclusion complexes with many substances. Although such inclusion complexes typically exhibit higher aqueous solubility and chemical stability than pure drugs, it has been shown that CDs can promote the degradation of some drugs. This property of stabilizing certain drugs while destabilizing others can be explained by the type of CD used and the structure of the inclusion complex formed. In addition, the ability to form complexes of CDs can be improved through the addition of suitable auxiliary substances, forming multicomponent complexes. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect that binary and multicomponent complexes have on the chemical and physical stability of complexed drugs. The objective of this review is to summarize the studies on the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of complexes with CDs on drugs that exhibit stability problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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21 pages, 1499 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Current Overview of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanocarriers for Enhanced Antifungal Delivery

by Hay Man Saung Hnin Soe, Phyo Darli Maw, Thorsteinn Loftsson and Phatsawee Jansook

Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15(12), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15121447 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3437

Abstract

Fungal infections are an extremely serious health problem, particularly in patients with compromised immune systems. Most antifungal agents have low aqueous solubility, which may hamper their bioavailability. Their complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) could increase the solubility of antifungals, facilitating their antifungal efficacy. Nanoparticulate systems are promising carriers for antifungal delivery due to their ability to overcome the drawbacks of conventional dosage forms. CD-based nanocarriers could form beneficial combinations of CDs and nanoparticulate platforms. These systems have synergistic or additive effects regarding improved drug loading, enhanced chemical stability, and enhanced drug permeation through membranes, thereby increasing the bioavailability of drugs. Here, an application of CD in antifungal drug formulations is reviewed. CD-based nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, and in situ gels, enhancing antifungal activity in a controlled-release manner and possessing good toxicological profiles, are described. Additionally, the examples of current, updated CD-based nanocarriers loaded with antifungal drugs for delivery by various routes of administration are discussed and summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery System and Its Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application)

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