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Photonics
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Optical Network and Access Technologies
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Optical Network and Access Technologies

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Communication and Network".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 24150

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shien-Kuei Liaw

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10671 Taiwan
Interests: optical communication; fiber laser and fiber amplifier; fiber sensing; WDM PON; optical wireless communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Chien-Hung Yeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
Interests: optical fiber communication; fiber laser and amplifier; PON access; MMW communication; fiber sensor; optical Li-Fi communications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Owing to the gradual development of various broadband multiservices, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI) applications, IP-based traffic, 4K/8K video, online gaming and social networking, the use of broad bandwidths has also increased in access networks. Hence, to meet the broadband requirements of the end-user, time–division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength–division multiplexing (WDM) and time–wavelength–division multiplexing (TWDM) passive optical network (PON) access techniques have been investigated and deployed worldwide. The development trend of PON networks has been proposed and investigated from 2.5 to 100 Gbit/s for baseband downstream. However, some locations are not suitable for building fiber connections due to the restrictions of their special geographical environments. Therefore, to compensate for this issue, free space optical (FSO) communication technology would be an alternative selection to replace fiber access networks. FSO technology also has several benefits, such as high speed and broad capacity, no need for a license, no electromagnetic interference (EMI), and signal confidentiality. Additionally, FSO capacity integrated in the PON network is also distributed from 1 to 40 Gbit/s. Furthermore, FSO transmission can also be take place in adverse conditions such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and rain. To resolve this concern, radio frequency (RF) and FSO communication can be combined for wireless transmission. Further, using millimeter waves (MMW) of 24 to 100 GHz for the 5G/B5G mobile network has turned into a major wireless access technique in recent years. In wireless connections, thick fog and heavy rain have the greatest impact on FSO and MMW signals, respectively. As a result, integration of baseband, FSO, and MMW signals in the presented PON access architecture would be the expected trend of development.

This Special Issue aims at presenting original state-of-the-art research articles dealing with optical networks and access technologies. Specifically, papers are solicited dealing with optical access technology coupled to various kinds of optical access network scenarios, future PON developments, energy-efficient long-reach optical access, MMW–photonics communication, optical FSO and VLC communications, optical Li-Fi networks, advanced modulation formats for short/long reach applications, Si-photonics components for access applications, reliable and flexible optical network architecture, radio over fiber (ROF) technology, integrations of fiber, MMW and FSO transmission systems, and optical hybrid wired and wireless systems, etc. Researchers are invited to submit their contributions to this Special Issue on, but not limited to, the topics listed above.

Prof. Dr. Shien-Kuei Liaw
Prof. Dr. Chien-Hung Yeh
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • time–division multiplexing
  • wavelength–division multiplexing
  • passive optical network access
  • free space optical
  • fiber access network
  • MMW-photonics communication
  • optical Li-Fi network
  • VLC
  • Si–photonics
  • radio over fiber
  • optical hybrid system

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 2660 KiB  
Article
LBFA: A Load-Balanced and Fragmentation-Aware Resource Allocation Algorithm in Space-Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks
by Shengyu Zhang, Kwan-Lawrence Yeung and Along Jin
Photonics 2021, 8(10), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100456 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2355
Abstract
We consider a space-division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON) that supports super-channels (SChs). A Sch comprises a set of contiguous frequency slots on multiple cores in a multi-core fiber. The problem of finding a lightpath using SChs involves routing, modulation, spectrum and core [...] Read more.
We consider a space-division multiplexing elastic optical network (SDM-EON) that supports super-channels (SChs). A Sch comprises a set of contiguous frequency slots on multiple cores in a multi-core fiber. The problem of finding a lightpath using SChs involves routing, modulation, spectrum and core assignment (RMSCA). To minimize the request blocking probability (RBP), two critical issues must be addressed. First, routing and modulation assignment (RMA) should not cause hotspots, or overutilized links. Second, spectrum and core assignment (SCA) should aim at minimizing fragmentation, or small frequency slot blocks that can hardly be utilized by future requests. In this paper, a pre-computation method is first proposed for better load balancing in RMA. Then an efficient fragmentation-aware SCA is proposed based on a new fragmentation metric that measures both the spectral and spatial fragmentation. With the enhanced RMA and SCA, a joint load-balanced and fragmentation-aware algorithm called LBFA is designed to solve the RMSCA problem. As compared with the existing algorithms, simulation results show that our LBFA provides significant reduction in RBP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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12 pages, 6826 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Time-Frequency Signal Simultaneous Transfer System via a WDM-Based Fiber Link
by Qi Zang, Honglei Quan, Kan Zhao, Xiang Zhang, Xue Deng, Wenxiang Xue, Faxi Chen, Tao Liu, Ruifang Dong and Shougang Zhang
Photonics 2021, 8(8), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8080325 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3085
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based system for simultaneously delivering ultra-stable optical frequency reference, 10 GHz microwave frequency reference, and a one pulse per second (1 PPS) time signal via a 50 km fiber network. For each signal, a [...] Read more.
In this paper, we demonstrate a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based system for simultaneously delivering ultra-stable optical frequency reference, 10 GHz microwave frequency reference, and a one pulse per second (1 PPS) time signal via a 50 km fiber network. For each signal, a unique noise cancellation technique is used to maintain their precision. After being compensated, the transfer frequency instability in terms of the overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) for the optical frequency achieves 2 × 10−17/s and scales down to 2 × 10−20/10,000 s, which for the 10 GHz microwave reference, approaches 4 × 10−15/s and decreases to 1.4 × 10−17/10,000 s, and the time uncertainty of the 1 PPS time signal along the system is 2.08 ps. In this scheme, specific channels of WDM are, respectively, occupied for different signals to avoid the possible crosstalk interference effect between the transmitted reference signals. To estimate the performance of the above scheme, which is also demonstrated in this 50 km link independent of these signals, the results are similar to that in the case of simultaneous delivery. This work shows that the WDM-based system is a promising method for building a nationwide time and frequency fiber transfer system with a communication optical network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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12 pages, 2600 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Investigation of Dual-Polarized Color LED Based Visible Light Communication System
by Yun-Cheng Yang, Chien-Hung Yeh, Shien-Kuei Liaw, Chi-Wai Chow, Wei-Hung Hsu and Bo-Yin Wang
Photonics 2021, 8(6), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060210 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
To increase the data capacity of a light-emitting diode (LED) based visible light communication (VLC) transmission, a polarization-division-multiplexing (PMD) green (G)- and blue (B)- light-based transmitter (Tx) module is demonstrated here. It was demonstrated that we can achieve 1200 and 1120 Mbps VLC [...] Read more.
To increase the data capacity of a light-emitting diode (LED) based visible light communication (VLC) transmission, a polarization-division-multiplexing (PMD) green (G)- and blue (B)- light-based transmitter (Tx) module is demonstrated here. It was demonstrated that we can achieve 1200 and 1120 Mbps VLC capacities based on dual-polarized G- and a B-LED based light wave after 3 and 4 m free-space link lengths, respectively, at exceedingly low illuminance. Based on the presented VLC system, paired G-LEDs or B-LEDs with dual-polarization can also be applied on the VLC-Tx side for doubling and delivering VLC data. According to the obtained results, the largest polarization offset angle of 50° between two polarizers (POLs) can be allowed experimentally to provide optimal VLC traffic. Moreover, the relationships of polarization offset, the illuminance of LED and maximum achieved VLC capacity are also performed and analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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14 pages, 3001 KiB  
Article
Extended L-Band InAs/InP Quantum-Dash Laser in Millimeter-Wave Applications
by Amr M. Ragheb, Qazi Tareq, Emad Alkhazraji, Maged A. Esmail, Saleh Alshebeili and Mohammed Zahed Mustafa Khan
Photonics 2021, 8(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050167 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2593
Abstract
We report on the generation and transmission of a millimeter-wave (MMW) signal with a frequency of 28 GHz by employing an InAs/InP quantum-dash dual-wavelength laser diode (QD-DWL) emitting in the ~1610 nm extended L-band window. The self-injection locking (SIL) technique has been engaged [...] Read more.
We report on the generation and transmission of a millimeter-wave (MMW) signal with a frequency of 28 GHz by employing an InAs/InP quantum-dash dual-wavelength laser diode (QD-DWL) emitting in the ~1610 nm extended L-band window. The self-injection locking (SIL) technique has been engaged to improve the linewidth and reduce the noise of the optical tone. Besides, the transmission of a 2 Gbits/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)-modulated 28-GHz MMW beat tone over a hybrid 20-km radio-over-fiber combined with 5-m radio-over-free-space-optics and up to 6-m radio frequency wireless link has been demonstrated. Moreover, comparing the proposed QD-DWL with a commercial laser showcased similar performance characteristics, making the QD-DWL a candidate source for MMW applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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21 pages, 4822 KiB  
Article
5G-Enabled Tactile Internet Resource Provision via Software-Defined Optical Access Networks (SDOANs)
by Elaiyasuriyan Ganesan, I-Shyan Hwang, Andrew Tanny Liem and Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman
Photonics 2021, 8(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050140 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3890
Abstract
Emerging research trends in smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications are based on 5G services, which can achieve ultra-reliable and low-latency communication networks. In such fields of application, haptic applications have gained importance. The invention of 5G wireless communication networks [...] Read more.
Emerging research trends in smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications are based on 5G services, which can achieve ultra-reliable and low-latency communication networks. In such fields of application, haptic applications have gained importance. The invention of 5G wireless communication networks and advances in Tactile Internet (TI) technology, which provides controlled communications through the transmission of touch and actuation in real-time, have been envisioned as promising enablers of TI services. This study introduces TI-based smart hospital healthcare applications to enhance the alignment of services provided to patients. The existing telesurgery system has high communication delay and overhead, which limit its applicability. To alleviate these problems, we analyze and provide insights into the communication architecture for 5G-enabled low-latency telesurgery in a smart hospital. We then propose a new TI-software-defined optical access networking (TI-SDOANs) framework in Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2, which includes cloud-based human-to-machine steering servers and supports multiple cloud-based applications. We further propose the implementation of an effective TI-dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (TI-DWBA) resource provisioning scheme that meets the quality of service requirements of TI services. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can significantly improve the Quality of Service (QoS) performance in terms of the packet delay, jitter, throughput and packet drop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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12 pages, 9921 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System by Varying the Environmental Parameters
by Dong-Chang Li, Chia-Chun Chen, Shien-Kuei Liaw, Shofuro Afifah, Jiun-Yu Sung and Chien-Hung Yeh
Photonics 2021, 8(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8030074 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3786
Abstract
Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been considered a promising technology for high-speed underwater transmission. Some Gb/s level UWOC systems applying visible light have been demonstrated with a transmission distance of several meters or more. Many of the previous works focus on the [...] Read more.
Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been considered a promising technology for high-speed underwater transmission. Some Gb/s level UWOC systems applying visible light have been demonstrated with a transmission distance of several meters or more. Many of the previous works focus on the advanced technologies to push the systems’ capacity–distance performance. However, practical environmental factors issue such as flow turbulence and temperature variation are seldom studied through specific statistical/theoretical models. In this paper, a UWOC system using a 450 nm blue light laser source was set up using a 1.5-m water tank with mirrors located on both sides for single or multiple reflections corresponding to different transmission distances. The blue laser was modulated by a 1.25 Gbps NRZ-OOK format with PRBS of 7, 24 or 31, respectively, for system performance comparison. The bit error rate (BER) values were measured in 1.5, 3.0 and 6 m, respectively, for system evaluation. At room temperature, the BER value was down to 10 × 10−8 for a 1.25 Gbps data rate in a 6 m transmission. Then, the UWOC transmission system experiment was carried out under several environmental parameters such as temperature, turbulence, artificial seawater by adding salt to simulate practical application in river or sea. When a submerged motor with an output of 1200 L/h was used as a water flow turbulence source, the impact to BER and transmission quality was negligible. For the temperature change issue, the experiment shows that around the original temperature of 25 °C had the best BER as compared to other temperature ranges from 10 to 50 °C. For artificial seawater issues by adding salt to simulate the real seawater environment. The transmission distance was only 3-m instead of 6 m, mainly due to particle scattering and water disturbance. With the motor pump on, the power penalty was 1 dB at 10 × 10−8 BER when compared to the motor pump off. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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16 pages, 2542 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis and Enhancement of Free Space Optical Links for Developing State-of-the-Art Smart City Framework
by Sonali Chauhan, Rajan Miglani, Lavish Kansal, Gurjot Singh Gaba and Mehedi Masud
Photonics 2020, 7(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040132 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4272
Abstract
In this paper, we have investigated and reported the performance of free-space optical (FSO) links operating in adverse atmospheric conditions. Since FSO links share operational similarity with fiber communication; hence, we believe that a cost-effective FSO framework can play a significant role in [...] Read more.
In this paper, we have investigated and reported the performance of free-space optical (FSO) links operating in adverse atmospheric conditions. Since FSO links share operational similarity with fiber communication; hence, we believe that a cost-effective FSO framework can play a significant role in the transparent integration of high-speed network access backbones with the end-users. Different modulation formats, complemented with spatial diversity techniques, are discussed in this paper to strategize performance optimization of FSO links. Using bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as performance metrics, it was found that binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) qualifies as the best technique modulation technique delivering SNR gain of 10 dB over on–off keying (OOK) operating link under similar channel conditions. Further performance optimization was achieved using space diversity reception wherein SNR witnessed a gain of 3 dB gain over the single-channel FSO link. In terms of application, the proposed model can help in developing a citizen-centric smart city ecosystem that can support seamless communication between heterogeneous smart devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Network and Access Technologies)
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