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Polymers
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Cross-Linked Polymers II
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Cross-Linked Polymers II

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 6148

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Łukasz Klapiszewski

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Guest Editor
Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
Interests: biopolymers; lignin chemistry; synthesis, characterization and applications of advanced functional materials; hybrid materials, biomaterials; polymer composites, biocomposites; chemical modification of synthetic and natural polymers; application of ligno-cellulosic materials in polymer chemistry; (bio)additives and eco-friendly fillers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Beata Podkościelna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, PL-20031 Lublin, Poland
Interests: synthesis of new monomers and polymers; chemical modification of synthetic and natural polymers; synthesis of biocomposites; application of ligno-cellulosic materials in polymer chemistry; synthesis of porous polymers in the form of microspheres; investigations of the porous structure of polymeric materials; synthesis of novel polymer-based adsorbents for water treatment; photochemistry; physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical studies of polymers; synthesis of polymeric blends; synthesis of hybrid materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymers are a very diverse group, which includes many different types. Cross-linked polymers are one of the most important. These connections can be found in both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers. Cross-linking of polymers significantly modifies their physico-chemical properties, substantially growing their everyday utility. The polymeric networks resulting from covalent bonds between polymer chains are found in daily products.

Chemical cross-linking enables the obtainment of a more rigid structure, mechanical and chemical resistance, and potentially, a better-defined shape. Numerous functional materials have been developed using the application of crosslinking polymers. We can find them, e.g., in soft contact lenses, automobile tires, protective coatings, high-performance adhesives, polymeric sorbents, or epoxy-based materials. Cross-linked polymers successfully replace naturally occurring materials such as wood, ceramics, metal, or natural rubber.

The goal of the presented Special Issue in Polymers is to share the most significant issues associated with the mentioned research topics as well as to elucidate the important trends for the near future.

Therefore, we invite everyone to submit their publications to a Special Issue dedicated to crosslinked polymers

Dr. Łukasz Klapiszewski
Dr. Beata Podkościelna
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cross-linking polymers
  • polymeric networks
  • bulk copolymers
  • cross-linking agents
  • epoxy resins
  • chemical resistant materials
  • composites

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3675 KiB  
Article
Regulating Cross-Linking Structure and Dispersion of Core-Shell-Rubber Particles in Polyurethane Composite to Achieve Excellent Mechanical Properties for Structural Adhesive Application
by Zijin Jiang, Lingtong Li, Luoping Fu, Yingte Xu, Lin Zhang, Hong Wu and Shaoyun Guo
Polymers 2024, 16(23), 3263; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233263 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024
Abstract
Structural adhesives are bonding materials that can quickly join structures with components and repair cracks. However, thermosetting polyurethane structural adhesives suffer from disadvantages such as insufficient toughness, poor aging resistance, and long curing time, which greatly limit their practical application. Herein, a polyurethane [...] Read more.
Structural adhesives are bonding materials that can quickly join structures with components and repair cracks. However, thermosetting polyurethane structural adhesives suffer from disadvantages such as insufficient toughness, poor aging resistance, and long curing time, which greatly limit their practical application. Herein, a polyurethane (PU) composite with excellent mechanical properties was prepared successfully via regulating the cross-linking structure and the dispersion of core-shell-rubber (CSR) particles. Various polyols were selected to improve the cross-linking density of the PU and to enhance the intermolecular forces, which can achieve the high strength and stability of the polyurethane composites. Solvent displacement was used to improve the dispersion of CSR in PU. The cured composite has ultra-high toughness and impact resistance due to the well-dispersed CSR particles. The impact strength was increased from 52.0 to 90.4 kJ/m2, and the elongation at break was increased from 6.1% to 14.9%. Due to the addition of catalyst T120, this composite can be cured quickly at room temperature, reaching high strength after 30 min. In addition, these composites can resist extreme environments, such as high and low temperature changes, UV aging, high humidity and heat environment, and salt spray aging, which has potential and value for practical application. The prepared PU structural adhesive can meet the requirements of structural bonding transit and improve the production efficiency. This work proposed a novel strategy to prepare polyurethane composites with excellent mechanical properties for structural adhesive application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Linked Polymers II)
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10 pages, 4399 KiB  
Article
Bubble-Free Frontal Polymerization of Acrylates via Redox-Initiated Free Radical Polymerization
by Morteza Ziaee and Mostafa Yourdkhani
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192830 - 7 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1131
Abstract
Thermal frontal polymerization (FP) of acrylate monomers mixed with conventional peroxide initiators leads to significant bubble formation at the polymerizing front, limiting their practical applications. Redox initiators present a promising alternative to peroxide initiators, as they prevent the formation of gaseous byproducts during [...] Read more.
Thermal frontal polymerization (FP) of acrylate monomers mixed with conventional peroxide initiators leads to significant bubble formation at the polymerizing front, limiting their practical applications. Redox initiators present a promising alternative to peroxide initiators, as they prevent the formation of gaseous byproducts during initiator decomposition and lower the front temperature, thereby enabling bubble-free FP. In this study, we investigate the FP of acrylate monomers of varying functionalities, including methyl methacrylate (MMA), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), using N,N-dimethylaniline/benzoyl peroxide (DMA/BPO) redox couple at room temperature and compare their front behavior, pot life, and bubble formation with those of same resin systems mixed with a conventional peroxide initiator, Luperox 231. The use of redox couples in FP of acrylates shows promise for rapid, energy-efficient manufacturing of polyacrylates and can enable new applications such as 3D printing and composite manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Linked Polymers II)
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18 pages, 2486 KiB  
Article
Cross-Linking Reaction of Bio-Based Epoxy Systems: An Investigation into Cure Kinetics
by Pietro Di Matteo, Andrea Iadarola, Raffaele Ciardiello, Davide Salvatore Paolino, Francesco Gazza, Vito Guido Lambertini and Valentina Brunella
Polymers 2024, 16(17), 2499; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172499 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1029
Abstract
The cure kinetics of various epoxy resin mixtures, comprising a bisphenol epoxy, two epoxy modifiers, and two hardening agents derived from cardanol technology, were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The development of these mixtures aimed to achieve epoxy materials with a substantial [...] Read more.
The cure kinetics of various epoxy resin mixtures, comprising a bisphenol epoxy, two epoxy modifiers, and two hardening agents derived from cardanol technology, were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The development of these mixtures aimed to achieve epoxy materials with a substantial bio-content up to 50% for potential automotive applications, aligning with the 2019 European Regulation on climate neutrality and CO2 emission. The Friedman isoconversional method was employed to determine key kinetic parameters, such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor, providing insights into the cross-linking process and the Kamal–Sourour model was used to describe and predict the kinetics of the chemical reactions. This empirical approach was implemented to forecast the curing process for the specific oven curing cycle utilised. Additionally, tensile tests revealed promising results showcasing materials’ viability against conventional counterparts. Overall, this investigation offers a comprehensive understanding of the cure kinetics, mechanical behaviour, and thermal properties of the novel epoxy–novolac blends, contributing to the development of high-performance materials for sustainable automotive applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Linked Polymers II)
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17 pages, 5245 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Various Types of Alginate Inks for Light-Mediated Extrusion 3D Printing
by Aitana Zoco de la Fuente, Ane García-García, Leyre Pérez-Álvarez, Isabel Moreno-Benítez, Asier Larrea-Sebal, Cesar Martin and Jose Luis Vilas-Vilela
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070986 - 4 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
Naturally derived biopolymers modifying or combining with other components are excellent candidates to promote the full potential of additive manufacturing in biomedicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. This work aims to develop new photo-cross-linkable alginate-based inks for extrusion 3D printing. Specifically, this work [...] Read more.
Naturally derived biopolymers modifying or combining with other components are excellent candidates to promote the full potential of additive manufacturing in biomedicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. This work aims to develop new photo-cross-linkable alginate-based inks for extrusion 3D printing. Specifically, this work is focused on the effect of the addition of cross-linkers with different chemical structures (polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), and acrylic acid (AA)) in the potential printability and physical properties of methacrylated alginate (AlgMe) hydrogels. Although all inks showed maximum photo-curing conversions and gelation times less than 2 min, only those structures printed with the inks incorporating cross-linking agents with flexible and long chain structure (PEGDA and AA) displayed acceptable size accuracy (~0.4–0.5) and printing index (Pr ~1.00). The addition of these cross-linking agents leads to higher Young’s moduli (from 1.6 to 2.0–2.6 KPa) in the hydrogels, and their different chemical structures results in variations in their mechanical and rheological properties. However, similar swelling ability (~15 swelling factor), degradability (~45 days 100% weight loss), and cytocompatibility (~100%) were assessed in all the systems, which is of great importance for the final applicability of these hydrogels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Linked Polymers II)
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13 pages, 9595 KiB  
Article
Effects of Modifying Agent and Conductive Hybrid Filler on Butyl Rubber Properties: Mechanical, Thermo-Mechanical, Dynamical and Re-Crosslinking Properties
by Piyawedee Luangchuang, Tanawat Sornanankul and Yeampon Nakaramontri
Polymers 2023, 15(19), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15194023 - 8 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1438
Abstract
Ionic crosslinking of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) composites was prepared using butylimidazole (IM) and ionic liquid (IL), combined with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and conductive carbon black (CCB) to enhance the intrinsic properties and heal ability of the resulting composites. Variation in the BIIR/CNT-CCB/IM/IL ratios [...] Read more.
Ionic crosslinking of bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) composites was prepared using butylimidazole (IM) and ionic liquid (IL), combined with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and conductive carbon black (CCB) to enhance the intrinsic properties and heal ability of the resulting composites. Variation in the BIIR/CNT-CCB/IM/IL ratios was investigated to determine the appropriate formulation for healing the composites. Results showed that the mechanical properties were increased until the IM:IL:CNT/CCB ratio reached 1:1:1/1.5, corresponding to the optimal concentration of 5:5:5/7.5 phr. Thermo-oxidative degradation, as indicated using temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR), demonstrated the decomposition of the composites at higher temperatures, highlighting the superior resistance provided by the proper formulation of BIIR composites. Additionally, the conditions for the healing procedure were examined by applying pressure, temperature, and time. It was observed that the composites exhibited good elasticity at 0 °C and 60 °C, with a high rate of re-crosslinking achieved under appropriate pressure and temperature conditions. This research aims to develop a formulation suitable for the tire tread and inner liner of commercial car tires together with artificial skin products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Linked Polymers II)
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