Polymers

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11 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cross-Linker Length on the Absorption Characteristics of the Sodium Salt of Cross-Linked Polyaspartic Acid

by Junchao Xu, Kyu Oh Kim and Kee Jong Yoon

Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112244 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2598

For the development of biodegradable superabsorbent polymers, the effect of the cross-linking length on the absorption characteristics of the Na salt of polyaspartic acid (PAspNa) was demonstrated using different concentrations of diamine cross-linking agents bearing carbon chains of different lengths, viz., ethylenediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, [...] Read more.

For the development of biodegradable superabsorbent polymers, the effect of the cross-linking length on the absorption characteristics of the Na salt of polyaspartic acid (PAspNa) was demonstrated using different concentrations of diamine cross-linking agents bearing carbon chains of different lengths, viz., ethylenediamine, 1,6-hexamethylenediamine, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,10-diaminodecane, and 1,12-diaminododecane were used as cross-linking agents. The absorption of PAspNa was measured in deionised water and in a 0.9% aqueous NaCl solution. Under the conditions tested, when the alkyl chain of PAspNa was too short or too long, the absorbency was low and the cross-linking length was optimum. The success of the cross-linking reaction was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The degree of cross-linking was estimated and the ideal concentration for maximum water absorption was determined by elemental analysis. The sample obtained by cross-linking 1,8-diaminooctane at a concentration of 0.11 g/g polysuccinimide (PSI) showed the highest absorption. The thermal properties of each material were determined by dynamic scanning calorimetry. Therefore, the length of the cross-linking agent was found to strongly influence water absorption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 2378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Zirconia Nanofibers Structure Evolution on the Hardness and Young’s Modulus of Their Mats

by Vyacheslav V. Rodaev, Alexander I. Tyurin, Svetlana S. Razlivalova, Viktor V. Korenkov and Yuri I. Golovin

Polymers 2021, 13(22), 3932; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223932 - 14 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1850

Abstract

Zirconia nanofiber mats containing filaments with the average diameter of less than 100 nm were fabricated. It is found that the hardness and Young’s modulus of the mats are sensitive to the microstructure, phase composition and average diameter of the zirconia nanofibers. The [...] Read more.

Zirconia nanofiber mats containing filaments with the average diameter of less than 100 nm were fabricated. It is found that the hardness and Young’s modulus of the mats are sensitive to the microstructure, phase composition and average diameter of the zirconia nanofibers. The hardness and Young’s modulus of the prepared zirconia nanofiber mats vary from 0.86 to 1.67 MPa and from 133 to 362 MPa, respectively, wherein an increase in hardness is accompanied by the rise in Young’s modulus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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11 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Viscosities and Solution Composition on Core-Sheath Electrospun Polycaprolactone(PCL) Nanoporous Microtubes

by Yan Chen, George Z. Tan and Yingge Zhou

Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3650; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213650 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2200

Abstract

Vascularization for tissue engineering applications has been challenging over the past decades. Numerous efforts have been made to fabricate artificial arteries and veins, while few focused on capillary vascularization. In this paper, core-sheath electrospinning was adopted to fabricate nanoporous microtubes that mimic the [...] Read more.

Vascularization for tissue engineering applications has been challenging over the past decades. Numerous efforts have been made to fabricate artificial arteries and veins, while few focused on capillary vascularization. In this paper, core-sheath electrospinning was adopted to fabricate nanoporous microtubes that mimic the native capillaries. The results showed that both solution viscosity and polyethylene oxide (PEO) ratio in polycaprolactone (PCL) sheath solution had significant effects on microtube diameter. Adding PEO into PCL sheath solution is also beneficial to surface pore formation, although the effects of further increasing PEO showed mixed results in different viscosity groups. Our study showed that the high viscosity group with a PCL/PEO ratio of 3:1 resulted in the highest average microtube diameter (2.14 µm) and pore size (250 nm), which mimics the native human capillary size of 1–10 µm. Therefore, our microtubes show high potential in tissue vascularization of engineered scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic Charge Retention in PVDF Nanofiber-Nylon Mesh Multilayer Structure for Effective Fine Particulate Matter Filtration for Face Masks

by Dong Hee Kang, Na Kyong Kim and Hyun Wook Kang

Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193235 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5595

Abstract

Currently, almost 70% of the world’s population occupies urban areas. Owing to the high population density in these regions, they are exposed to various types of air pollutants. Fine particle air pollutants (<2.5 μm) can easily invade the human respiratory system, causing health [...] Read more.

Currently, almost 70% of the world’s population occupies urban areas. Owing to the high population density in these regions, they are exposed to various types of air pollutants. Fine particle air pollutants (<2.5 μm) can easily invade the human respiratory system, causing health issues. For fine particulate matter filtration, the use of a face mask filter is efficient; however, its use is accompanied by a high-pressure drop, making breathing difficult. Electrostatic interactions in the filter of the face mask constitute the dominant filtration mechanism for capturing fine particulate matter; these masks are, however, significantly weakened by the high humidity in exhaled breath. In this study, we demonstrate that a filter with an electrostatically rechargeable structure operates with normal breathing air power. In our novel face mask, a filter membrane is assembled by layer-by-layer stacking of the electrospun PVDF nanofiber mat formed on a nylon mesh. Tribo/piezoelectric characteristics via multilayer structure enhance filtration performance, even under air-powered filter bending taken as a normal breathing condition. The air gap between nanofiber and mesh layers increases air diffusion time and preserves the electrostatic charges within the multi-layered nanofiber filter membrane under humid air penetration, which is advantageous for face mask applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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13 pages, 3012 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Introducing Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Water-Free Dyeing Medium for Poly (1,4-cYclohexane Dimethylene Isosorbide Terephthalate) PICT Nanofibers

by Nadir Hussain, Sadam Hussain, Mujahid Mehdi, Muzamil Khatri, Sana Ullah, Zeeshan Khatri, Lieva Van Langenhove and Ick Soo Kim

Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162594 - 5 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Water, one of the most priceless sources of life, is becoming dangerously threatened and contaminated due to population growth, industrial development, and climatic variations. The drainage of industrial, farming, and municipal sewage into drinking water sources pollutes the water. The textile processing industry [...] Read more.

Water, one of the most priceless sources of life, is becoming dangerously threatened and contaminated due to population growth, industrial development, and climatic variations. The drainage of industrial, farming, and municipal sewage into drinking water sources pollutes the water. The textile processing industry is one of the major consumers of water. Herein, the idea of water-free dyeing of electrospun poly (1, 4-cyclohexane dimethylene isosorbide terephthalate) PICT nanofibers is proposed. For this, two different deep eutectic solvents (DE solvents) were introduced as an alternative to water for the dyeing of PICT nanofibers in order to develop a water-free dyeing medium. For this, C.I. disperse red 167 was used as a model dye to improve the aesthetic properties of PICT nanofibers. PICT nanofibers were dyed by conventional batch dyeing and ultrasonic dyeing methods to investigate the effect of the dyeing technique on color buildup characteristics. Dyeing conditions such as dyeing time, temperature and, dye-concentration were optimized. Morphological and chemical characterization observations revealed a smooth morphology of dyed and undyed PICT nanofibers. The ultrasonically dyed nanofibers showed higher color strength and increased tensile strength compared to conventionally dyed nanofibers. Further, the consumption of electrical and thermal energy was also calculated for both processes. The results confirmed that the ultrasonic dyeing method can save 58% on electrical energy and 25% on thermal energy as compared to conventional dyeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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18 pages, 2139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loading of Au/Ag Bimetallic Nanoparticles within and Outside of the Flexible SiO₂ Electrospun Nanofibers as Highly Sensitive, Stable, Repeatable Substrates for Versatile and Trace SERS Detection

by Menghui Wan, Haodong Zhao, Lichao Peng, Xueyan Zou, Yanbao Zhao and Lei Sun

Polymers 2020, 12(12), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123008 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3170

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a facile and cost-effective electrospinning technique to fabricate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, which is appropriate for multiple analytes detection. First of all, HAuCl₄∙3H₂O was added into the TEOS/PVP precursor solution, and flexible SiO [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose a facile and cost-effective electrospinning technique to fabricate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates, which is appropriate for multiple analytes detection. First of all, HAuCl₄∙3H₂O was added into the TEOS/PVP precursor solution, and flexible SiO₂ nanofibers incorporated with gold nanoparticles (SiO₂@Au) were prepared by electrospinning and calcination. Subsequently, the nanofibrous membranes were immersed in the tannic acid and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane solution for surface modification through Michael addition reaction. Finally, the composite nanofibers (Ag@T-A@SiO₂@Au) were obtained by the in-situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on the surfaces of nanofibers with tannic acid as a reducing agent. Due to the synergistic enhancement of Au and Ag nanoparticles, the flexible and self-supporting composite nanofibrous membranes have excellent SERS properties. Serving as SERS substrates, they are extremely sensitive to the detection of 4-mercaptophenol and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, with an enhancement factor of 10⁸. Moreover, they could be utilized to detect analytes such as pesticide thiram at a low concentration of 10⁻⁸ mol/L, and the substrates retain excellent Raman signals stability during the durability test of 60 days. Furthermore, the as-fabricated substrates, as a versatile SERS platform, could be used to detect bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus without a specific and complicated bacteria-aptamer conjugation procedure, and the detection limit is up to 10³ colony forming units/mL. Meanwhile, the substrates also show an excellent repeatability of SERS response for S. aureus organelles. Briefly, the prime novelty of this work is the fabrication of Au/Ag bimetallic synergetic enhancement substrates as SERS platform for versatile detection with high sensitivity and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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11 pages, 3453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of Macromolecule Chains Structure in a Nanofiber

by Dan Tian and Ji-Huan He

Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102305 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Mechanical property is one of the most important properties of nanofiber membranes. Electrospinning is widely used in the preparation of nanofibers due to its advantages such as good stability and easy operation. Compared with some nature silk, the mechanical properties of nanofibers prepared [...] Read more.

Mechanical property is one of the most important properties of nanofiber membranes. Electrospinning is widely used in the preparation of nanofibers due to its advantages such as good stability and easy operation. Compared with some nature silk, the mechanical properties of nanofibers prepared by electrospinning are poor. Based on the principle of vortex spinning and DNA structure, this paper designed an air vortex electrospinning device that can control the structure of macromolecular chains in nanofibers. When a weak air vortex is generated in the electrospinning process, the macromolecule chains will entangle with each other and form a DNA-like structure so as to improve the mechanical property. In addition, when a strong air vortex is generated during the electrospinning process, the nanofibers will adhere to each other, thereby enhancing the mechanical property and enlarging the pore size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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19 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Interference Shield of Highly Thermal-Conducting, Light-Weight, and Flexible Electrospun Nylon 66 Nanofiber-Silver Multi-Layer Film

by Jaeyeon Kim, Suyeong Lee, Changho Kim, Yeongcheol Park, Mi-Hyun Kim and Jae Hun Seol

Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1805; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081805 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5245

Abstract

A light-weight, flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield was prepared by creating a layer-structured metal-polymer composite film consisting of electrospun nylon 66 nanofibers with silver films. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE), specific SE, and absolute SE of the composite were as high as 60.6 [...] Read more.

A light-weight, flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield was prepared by creating a layer-structured metal-polymer composite film consisting of electrospun nylon 66 nanofibers with silver films. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE), specific SE, and absolute SE of the composite were as high as 60.6 dB, 67.9 dB cm³/g, and 6792 dB cm²/g in the X- and K_u-bands, respectively. Numerical and analytical calculations suggest that the energy of EM waves is predominantly absorbed by inter-layer multiple reflections. Because the absorbed EM energy is dissipated as heat, the thermal conductivity of absorption-dominant EMI shields is highly significant. Measured thermal conductivity of the composite was found to be 4.17 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at room temperature, which is higher than that of bulk nylon 66 by a factor of 16.7. The morphology and crystallinity of the composite were examined using scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The enhancement of thermal conductivity was attributed to an increase in crystallinity of the nanofibers, which occurred during the electrospinning and subsequent hot pressing, and to the high thermal conductivity of the deposited silver films. The contribution of each fabrication process to the increase in thermal conductivity was investigated by measuring the thermal conductivity values after each fabrication process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Nanofibers II: Theory and Its Applications)

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