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17 pages, 5293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soot Distribution Characteristics and Its Influence Factors in Burner-Type Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter

by Guohai Jia, Guoshuai Tian, Hongyan Zuo, Chao Zhong and Bin Zhang

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102029 - 7 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2010

Abstract

The burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter is one of the most widely used diesel particulate filters. Using AVL FIRE, a 3D model of a burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter (DPF) was established, and simulation analyses were carried out. The effects of the exhaust [...] Read more.

The burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter is one of the most widely used diesel particulate filters. Using AVL FIRE, a 3D model of a burner-type regeneration diesel particulate filter (DPF) was established, and simulation analyses were carried out. The effects of the exhaust parameters (temperature, exhaust mass flow rate, and soot load) and the structural parameters (channel density, inlet/outlet channel ratio, and the length–diameter ratio) on soot distribution (soot mass concentration and soot thickness) were analyzed. The results show that the soot distribution characteristics of regenerative DPF with a burner are as follows: the soot mass concentration first rapidly rises to the maximum value and then rapidly decreases to a low value, and the dust thickness gradually increases with the increase in location. With the increase in exhaust mass flow rate and soot load, soot mass concentration and soot thickness increase. With the increase in temperature, the mass concentration and thickness of the ash decreased. When the temperature exceeds 750 K, soot begins to regenerate. Among the exhaust parameters, the mass flow rate of the exhaust has the greatest influence on the soot distribution. The length–diameter ratio, the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channel, and channel density have little effect on the mass concentration of soot, and the soot mass concentration increases with the increase in channel density. In addition to the length–diameter ratio of 2.1, the soot thickness increases with the increase in the length–diameter ratio, and the rising rate is also accelerated. The thickness of soot decreased with the increase in channel density and the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channels. When the channel density is more than 250, the change in soot thickness is basically the same. When the ratio of the inlet and the outlet channels exceeds 1.3, the change in the soot thickness is basically the same. Among the structural parameters, channel density has the greatest influence on the soot distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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26 pages, 23584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance, Combustion, and Emission Comparisons of a High-Speed Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel with Different Ethanol Addition Ratios Based on a Combined Kinetic Mechanism

by Yunhao Zhong, Yanhui Zhang, Chengfang Mao and Ananchai Ukaew

Processes 2022, 10(9), 1689; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091689 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

In this work, different ethanol ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) blended with biodiesel were used to investigate the effects of ethanol addition on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a high-speed diesel engine in terms of brake power, brake specific fuel [...] Read more.

In this work, different ethanol ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) blended with biodiesel were used to investigate the effects of ethanol addition on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a high-speed diesel engine in terms of brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, heat release rate, NOx, CO, and soot emissions. First, a three-dimensional CFD model was established by AVL-Fire combined with the CHEMKIN code. Then, an improved kinetic mechanism with 430 reactions and 122 species was developed by combining a three-component biodiesel combustion mechanism and ethanol mechanism to accurately simulate the blended fuel combustion processes. The results indicated that compared with biodiesel, the maximum brake specific fuel consumption increased by 6.08%, and the maximum brake thermal efficiency increased by 2.09% for the blended fuel. In addition, NO_x and CO emissions for EE20 were reduced by 29.32% and 39.57% at full engine load. Overall, the ethanol addition can significantly decrease pollution emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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17 pages, 6631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Speed Planning of Signalized Intersections with Autonomous Vehicles Considering Regenerative Braking

by Ning Li, Jiarao Yang, Junping Jiang, Feng Hong, Yang Liu and Xiaobin Ning

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071414 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1686

Abstract

In order to reduce the energy consumption caused by the frequent braking of vehicles at signalized intersections, an optimized speed trajectory control method is proposed, based on braking energy recovery efficiency (BERE) in connection with an automated system for vehicle real-time interaction with [...] Read more.

In order to reduce the energy consumption caused by the frequent braking of vehicles at signalized intersections, an optimized speed trajectory control method is proposed, based on braking energy recovery efficiency (BERE) in connection with an automated system for vehicle real-time interaction with roadside facilities and regional central control. Our objectives were as follows; firstly, to establish the simulation model of the hybrid energy regenerative braking system (HERBS) and to verify it by bench test. Secondly, to build up the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization model for the deceleration stopping of the HERBS. Then, to obtain signal light status and timing information to be the constraints; the BERE is to be the optimized objective, resulting in optimization for the speed trajectory under the deceleration stopping condition of a single signalized intersection. Finally, vehicle simulations in ADVISOR software are utilized to validate the optimization results. The results show that the BERE during deceleration stopping at a single signalized intersection after the speed trajectory optimization is 36.21% higher than that of inexperienced drivers, and 7.82% higher than that of experienced drivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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25 pages, 10747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Comparison and Optimization of 16V265H Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Based on Miller Cycle

by Feng Jiang, Junming Zhou, Jie Hu, Xueyou Tan, Qinglie Mo and Wentong Cao

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071412 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

This paper introduces the theoretical basis and optimization method of diesel engine working process theory. By comparing two Miller cycle schemes of B20 biodiesel under different load conditions of 1000 rpm (100%, 75%, and 50%), the best Miller cycle scheme and the best [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the theoretical basis and optimization method of diesel engine working process theory. By comparing two Miller cycle schemes of B20 biodiesel under different load conditions of 1000 rpm (100%, 75%, and 50%), the best Miller cycle scheme and the best Miller degree were found. Then, based on the Miller cycle scheme, its performance was optimized and analyzed, and the best intake timing scheme of the B20 biodiesel engine under different working conditions was obtained. The results show that the performance of B20 biodiesel in variable valve overlap angle Miller cycle is better than that in variable cam profile Miller cycle, and the effect is the best when the Miller degree is 30 °CA. When B20 biodiesel is used under 100% and 50% load conditions, the maximum power under the two loads is in the area near intake valve timing 179 °CAA and exhaust valve timing 174 °CAA, and intake valve timing 224.5 °CAA and exhaust valve timing 119 °CAA, respectively. Fuel consumption, soot emissions, and NOx emissions also have the corresponding best performance intake valve and exhaust valve positions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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25 pages, 7765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Performance of Locomotive Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Using Two Miller Cycle Technologies

by Feng Jiang, Junming Zhou, Jie Hu, Xueyou Tan, Wentong Cao and Zedan Tan

Processes 2022, 10(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020372 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

In this paper, the simulation model was established based on GT-Power software, and a scheme using the Miller cycle based on biodiesel was proposed. Taking diesel engine 16V265H as the research object, the accuracy of the simulation model was verified by experiments. Combined [...] Read more.

In this paper, the simulation model was established based on GT-Power software, and a scheme using the Miller cycle based on biodiesel was proposed. Taking diesel engine 16V265H as the research object, the accuracy of the simulation model was verified by experiments. Combined with the comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel and the experimental analysis of biodiesel under three different combinations, it was concluded that low ratio biodiesel was the best choice to meet the power, economy, and emission performance of diesel. Through the simulation scheme of the two Miller cycles for pure diesel (B0) and biodiesel (B10) under different load conditions at 1000 rpm, the NO_x emission performance of pure diesel in a Miller cycle was significantly improved. On this basis, the comprehensive performance of the two Miller cycles was compared with biodiesel. The results showed that both the Miller cycles could reduce NO_x emission. Combined with other key performances of a diesel engine, the best scheme to improve the performance of the diesel engine was to burn B10 biodiesel and overlap angle the Miller cycle of the variable valve at 30 °CA. The scheme has guiding significance for the application of the 16V265H diesel engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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20 pages, 4005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Ethanol/Diesel Blending Ratios on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine

by Zhiqiang Wang and Lijun Li

Processes 2022, 10(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010173 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3724

Abstract

In order to better evaluate the effects of ethanol/diesel blends on engine combustion and emission characteristics, we developed an engine cylinder model using the software CONVERGE combined with the program CHEMKIN. The model was validated experimentally. A modified chemical kinetic mechanism was used [...] Read more.

In order to better evaluate the effects of ethanol/diesel blends on engine combustion and emission characteristics, we developed an engine cylinder model using the software CONVERGE combined with the program CHEMKIN. The model was validated experimentally. A modified chemical kinetic mechanism was used to calculate the combustion process of diesel fuel and ethanol for the diesel engine, including 154 reactions and 68 species. Furthermore, the influence of different ethanol proportions on diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics, including power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, cylinder temperature, nitrogen oxide (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), and soot emissions, was also investigated. Our results showed that cylinder pressure and temperature increased with increased ethanol content. When the ethanol content increased to 20% at 100% load, the cylinder pressure increased by 0.46%, and the thermal efficiency increased by 3.63%. However, due to the lower calorific value of ethanol, the power decreased by 4.12%, and the brake specific fuel consumption increased by 4.23%. In addition, the ethanol/diesel blends significantly reduced CO and soot emissions. Compared with diesel, soot and CO emissions from the D80E20 at 100% load reduced by 63.25% and 17.24%, respectively. However, NO_x emission increased by 1.39%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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20 pages, 47159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Analysis of Locomotive Diesel Engine Intake System Based on Matlab-Simulink and GT-Power

by Feng Jiang, Wentong Cao, Xueyou Tan, Jie Hu, Junming Zhou and Zedan Tan

Processes 2022, 10(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010157 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2621

Abstract

In this paper, based on the coupling calculation of Simulink software and GT-Power software, an Optimizer model method was proposed for a 16V265H diesel engine to study the effects of different ratios of biodiesel (B0, B10, and B20) on the performance of a [...] Read more.

In this paper, based on the coupling calculation of Simulink software and GT-Power software, an Optimizer model method was proposed for a 16V265H diesel engine to study the effects of different ratios of biodiesel (B0, B10, and B20) on the performance of a 16V265H diesel engine at 1000 rpm and 75% load. Firstly, the four parameters of diesel engine power, BSFC, soot emission, and NO_x emission were taken as the result variables of the optimization model. Taking the intake and exhaust timing of the diesel engine as the independent variable of the optimization model, the maximum power, minimum BSFC, and minimum diesel engine emission were studied and analyzed. Finally, the performance parameters were comprehensively analyzed to determine the best intake and exhaust valve timing. Moreover, based on the model optimization, the diesel engine’s BSFC and power performance were compared, and the optimal intake timing scheme for the diesel engine with different biodiesel ratios at 75% operating conditions was obtained. The results showed that the maximum power, optimum BSFC, and minimum emissions of the 16V265H diesel engine with different ratios of biodiesel and different intake valve timing angles were also different. Under 75% load conditions, the BSFC reduction rate was up to 6.32%, and the power increase rate was up to 5.87%. In addition, by optimizing the model with B10 biodiesel and the intake valve timing close to 202°CA and the exhaust valve timing close to 98°CA, the diesel engine had the lowest NO_x emission; with B10 biodiesel and the intake timing at 180°CA, the diesel engine had the lowest BSFC; and with B10 biodiesel and the intake valve timing close to 179.5°CA, the diesel engine had the maximum power. In conclusion, the diesel engine is best with B10 biodiesel. This research method can provide a reference for implementing variable intake system technology for the 16V265H diesel engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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24 pages, 7535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pre-Injection on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/Methanol/n-Butanol Blended Fuel

by Zhiqiang Wang and Lijun Li

Processes 2022, 10(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010060 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3011

Abstract

In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel/methanol/n-butanol blended fuel engine with different pre-injection timings and pre-injection mass ratios were investigated by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The CFD model was verified by the measured results and [...] Read more.

In this study, the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel/methanol/n-butanol blended fuel engine with different pre-injection timings and pre-injection mass ratios were investigated by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The CFD model was verified by the measured results and coupled with a simplified chemical kinetics mechanism. Firstly, the corresponding three-dimensional CFD model was established by CONVERGE software and the CHEKMIN program, and a chemical kinetic mechanism containing 359 reactions and 77 species was developed. Secondly, the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine with different diesel/methanol/n-butanol blended fuels were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that increases in the pre-injection timing and the pre-injection mass ratio could increase cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature and decrease soot, HC, and CO emissions. At 100% load, the maximum cylinder pressures at the start of pre-injection timing from −15 °CA to −45 °CA, were 7.71, 9.46, 9.85, 9.912, and 9.95 MPa, respectively. The maximum cylinder pressures at pre-injection fuel mass ratios from 0.1 to 0.9 were 7.98, 9.10, 9.96, 10.52, and 11.16 MPa, respectively. At 50% load, with increases of the pre-injection timing and pre-injection fuel mass ratio, the soot emission decreased by 7.30%, 9.45%, 27.70%, 66.80%, 81.80% and 11.30%, 20.03%, 71.32%, 83.80%, 93.76%, respectively, and CO emissions were reduced by 5.77%, 12.31%, 22.73%, 53.59%, 63.22% and 8.29%, 43.97%, 53.59%, 58.86%, 61.18%, respectively. However, with increases of the pre-injection timing and pre-injection mass ratio, NO_x emission increased. In addition, it was found that the optimal pre-injection timing and optimal pre-injection mass ratio should be −30 °CA and 0.5, respectively. Therefore, through this study we can better understand the potential interaction of relevant parameters and propose pre-injection solutions to improve combustion and emission characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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23 pages, 6839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fuel on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine

by Yanhui Zhang, Yunhao Zhong, Jie Wang, Dongli Tan, Zhiqing Zhang and Dayong Yang

Processes 2021, 9(11), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111984 - 7 Nov 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5625

Abstract

In this paper, biodiesel was used as an alternative fuel to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxide, soot, carbon [...] Read more.

In this paper, biodiesel was used as an alternative fuel to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, nitrogen oxide, soot, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon. Firstly, a diesel engine cylinder model was developed by AVL-Fire software coupled with CHEMKIN code to simulate the injection and combustion of biodiesel with a kinetic mechanism with 106 species and 263 reactions. Then, the simulation model was validated by experimental results under 100% and 50% load conditions and used to simulate the combustion process of a diesel engine fueled with pure diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel–diesel blends with 10%, 20%, 30% biodiesel by volume, respectively. The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption increased with the increase of mixed biodiesel ratio. The brake specific fuel consumptions of B10, B20 and B30 increased by 1.1%, 2.3% and 3.3%, respectively, compared with that of D100. The combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine are improved. Therefore, biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel for the diesel engine. The diesel–biodiesel fuel can improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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18 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on the Intraphase and Interphase Mass Transfer Limitations for NH₃-SCR over Cu-ZSM-5

by Shiyong Yu and Jichao Zhang

Processes 2021, 9(11), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111966 - 4 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

A systematic modeling approach was scrutinized to develop a kinetic model and a novel monolith channel geometry was designed for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) over Cu-ZSM-5. The redox characteristic of Cu-based catalysts and the variations of NH₃, [...] Read more.

A systematic modeling approach was scrutinized to develop a kinetic model and a novel monolith channel geometry was designed for NH₃ selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) over Cu-ZSM-5. The redox characteristic of Cu-based catalysts and the variations of NH₃, NO_x concentration, and NO_x conversion along the axis in porous media channels were studied. The relative pressure drop in different channels, the variations of NH₃ and NO_x conversion efficiency were analyzed. The model mainly considers NH₃ adsorption and desorption, NH₃ oxidation, NO oxidation, and NO_x reduction. The results showed that the model could accurately predict the NH₃-SCR reaction. In addition, it was found that the Cu-based zeolite catalyst had poor low-temperature catalytic performance and good high-temperature activity. Moreover, the catalytic reaction of NH₃-SCR was mainly concentrated in the upper part of the reactor. In addition, the hexagonal channel could effectively improve the diffusion rate of gas reactants to the catalyst wall, reduce the pressure drop and improve the catalytic conversion efficiencies of NH₃ and NO_x. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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19 pages, 4864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with Different Diesel–Methanol Dual-Fuel Ratios

by Shaoji Chen, Jie Tian, Jiangtao Li, Wangzhen Li and Zhiqing Zhang

Processes 2021, 9(11), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9111944 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2874

Abstract

In this paper, the effects of different diesel–methanol blends on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines are investigated in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal brake efficiency, brake power, and soot, nitrogen oxides, [...] Read more.

In this paper, the effects of different diesel–methanol blends on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines are investigated in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal brake efficiency, brake power, and soot, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions in a four-stroke diesel engine. The corresponding three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was established using the Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (AVL)-Fire coupled Chemkin program, and the chemical kinetic mechanism, including 135 reactions and 77 species, was established. The simulation model was verified by the experiment at 50% and 100% loads, and the combustion processes of pure diesel (D100) and diesel–methanol (D90M10, D80M20, and D70M30) were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the increase in methanol content in the blended fuel significantly improved the emission and power characteristics of the diesel engine. More specifically, at full load, the cylinder pressures increased by 0.78%, 1.21%, and 1.41% when the proportions of methanol in the blended fuel were 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. In addition, the power decreased by 2.76%, 5.04%, and 8.08%, respectively. When the proportion of methanol in the blended fuel was 10%, 20%, and 30%, the soot emissions were decreased by 16.45%, 29.35%, and 43.05%, respectively. Therefore, methanol content in blended fuel improves the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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15 pages, 4347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Factors Analysis of Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Performance Based on Model and Test

by Xiuyong Shi, Degang Jiang, Qiwei Wang and Yunfang Liang

Processes 2021, 9(10), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9101748 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3365

Abstract

In the application of DPFs (diesel particulate filters), temperature prediction and control technology during the regeneration phase has always been a great challenge, which directly affects the safety and performance of diesel vehicles. In this study, based on theoretical analysis and sample gas [...] Read more.

In the application of DPFs (diesel particulate filters), temperature prediction and control technology during the regeneration phase has always been a great challenge, which directly affects the safety and performance of diesel vehicles. In this study, based on theoretical analysis and sample gas bench test results, a one-dimensional simulation model is built with GT-POWER software. The effects of soot loading quantity and oxygen concentration on regeneration temperature performance are studied. Simulation results show that, when the soot loading quantity exceeds 46 g (12.7 g/L), the maximum temperature inside DPF during the regeneration phase would be higher than 800 °C, and the risk of burning crack would be high. When the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is low (lower than 7%), the fuel injected into exhaust gas fails to give off enough heat, and the exhaust gas temperature fails to reach the target regeneration temperature, hydrocarbon emission could be found from the DPF outlet position; when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas reaches 7% or above, the DPF inlet temperature could reach the target temperature, accompanied by less hydrocarbon emission. Combined with the simulation results, engine test bench validation was carried out. The results show that the simulation results and test results agree well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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12 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the DPF High-Temperature Filtration Performance under Different Particle Loadings and Particle Deposition Distributions

by Yong Tong, Jie Tan, Zhongwei Meng, Zhao Chen and Liuwen Tan

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081465 - 22 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

Based on DPF filtration and regeneration bench, the solid particle emission and high-temperature filtration characteristics of different carbon black particle loadings and particle deposition distributions are studied. The aerosol generator (PAlAS RGB 1000) is used to introduce carbon black particles into the inlet [...] Read more.

Based on DPF filtration and regeneration bench, the solid particle emission and high-temperature filtration characteristics of different carbon black particle loadings and particle deposition distributions are studied. The aerosol generator (PAlAS RGB 1000) is used to introduce carbon black particles into the inlet of a DPF, and the NanoMet3 particle meter is used to measure the solid particle concentration at the inlet and outlet of a DPF to obtain the filtration characteristics. Previous studies found that without inlet carbon black particles, there was an obvious solid particle emission peak at the outlet of the deposited DPF during the heating, and the concentration increased by 1–2 orders of magnitude. In this paper, the high-temperature filtration characteristics under steady-state temperature conditions are studied. It is found that a DPF can reduce the range of inlet fluctuating particles, and with the increase of temperature, the proportion of large solid particles in the outlet particles increases, and the size distribution range decreases. Particle loading has positive and negative effects on the DPF filtration, and the DPF has the optimal particle loading, which makes the comprehensive filtration efficiency improve the highest. The deposition transition section can make the deposition particles in the DPF uniform, but the filtration efficiency is reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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11 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Research of the Mechanism from Electric Vehicle Production to Charging Station R&D in China

by Haoxuan Hu and Yuchen Zhang

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081407 - 15 Aug 2021

Viewed by 2222

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as an effective method for dealing with serious environmental pollution. The Chinese government has implemented a series of incentives to accelerate the promotion of EV. However, the increasing production of EVs gives rise to a greater demand for [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are regarded as an effective method for dealing with serious environmental pollution. The Chinese government has implemented a series of incentives to accelerate the promotion of EV. However, the increasing production of EVs gives rise to a greater demand for better quality charging station. This study aimed to certify the impact of the production of EVs on charging station research and development (R&D) in China, with mediating effect methods and a panel fixed effect model. The conclusions derived from the study were: (1) Statistically, the production of EVs positively and significantly impacts charging station R&D; (2) the mediating role of investment in charging stations is verified in the relationship between the production of EVs and charging station R&D; (3) environmental tax can moderate the relationship between the production of EVs and charging station R&D. These results implicate, for the first time, that the production of EVs can enhance charging station R&D through the mediating role of charging station investments and the moderating role of environmental tax. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

23 pages, 4515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Influence of Exhaust Characteristics and Control Strategy to DOC-Assisted Active Regeneration of DPF

by Guanlin Liu, Weiqiang Liu, Yibin He, Jinke Gong and Qiong Li

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081403 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2849

Abstract

For the purpose of designing a reasonable control strategy for DOC-assisted DPF regeneration, a mathematical model that describes the thermal phenomenon both in a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) during regeneration is developed. All boundary conditions of this model [...] Read more.

For the purpose of designing a reasonable control strategy for DOC-assisted DPF regeneration, a mathematical model that describes the thermal phenomenon both in a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) during regeneration is developed. All boundary conditions of this model are obtained by experiments. The effects of the main exhaust parameters such as exhaust mass flow rate, exhaust temperature, oxygen concentration and emission of reactants are investigated comprehensively. The effects of two main parameters of control strategy, DOC-out temperature and soot loading, are analyzed as well. To quantify the effects of relevant parameters, the fuzzy grey relational analysis method is utilized to evaluate the correlation coefficient of all factors to key indexes of DPF regeneration such as maximum temperature, maximum rate of temperature increase and regeneration duration. The results of this work will greatly reduce the complexity of analysis and enable more rational control strategy design of DOC–DPF regeneration systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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20 pages, 2632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Mixture Ratios of Methanol-Diesel on the Performance Enhancement and Emission Reduction for a Diesel Engine

by Zhiqing Zhang, Jie Tian, Jiangtao Li, Hongchen Ji, Dongli Tan, Jianbin Luo, Yuxiu Jiang, Dayong Yang and Shuwan Cui

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081366 - 4 Aug 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6609

Abstract

To improve the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines, methanol-diesel fuels with different mixing ratios (DM0, DM10, DM20, DM30, and DM40) were used to investigate the effects of methanol addition on the combustion and emission of a four-stroke diesel engine in terms [...] Read more.

To improve the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines, methanol-diesel fuels with different mixing ratios (DM0, DM10, DM20, DM30, and DM40) were used to investigate the effects of methanol addition on the combustion and emission of a four-stroke diesel engine in terms of cylinder pressure, brake power, brake-specific fuel consumption, and nitrogen oxides, soot, and carbon monoxide emissions. Firstly, an improved entire diesel engine model was developed using AVL-BOOST software and validated by the experimental results. The results showed that the increase of methanol content in the fuel mixture had a negative impact on the performance characteristic of the diesel engine, but significantly improved the emission characteristic of the diesel engine. With the methanol ratio in the mixed fuel increased to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the cylinder pressure of the engine increased by 0.89%, 1.48%, 2.29%, and 3.17%, respectively. However, the power decreased by 3.76%, 6.74%, 11.35%, and 15.45%, the torque decreased by 3.76%, 6.74%, 11.35%, and 15.45%, respectively, and the brake specific fuel consumption increased by 3.77%, 6.92%, 12.33%, and 17.61%, respectively. In addition, with the methanol ratio in the mixed fuel increased to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the carbon monoxide emission decreased by 21.32%, 39.04%, 49.81%, and 56.59% and the soot emission decreased by 0.25%, 8.69%, 16.81%, and 25.28%, respectively. Therefore, the addition of methanol to the fuel can improve the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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28 pages, 6255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Injection Strategies on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled with Dual Fuel

by Jianbin Luo, Zhonghang Liu, Jie Wang, Heyang Chen, Zhiqing Zhang, Boying Qin and Shuwan Cui

Processes 2021, 9(8), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081300 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

In this work, an effective numerical simulation method was developed and used to analyze the effects of natural gas mixing ratio and pilot-main injection, main-post injection, and pilot-main-post injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with dual fuel. [...] Read more.

In this work, an effective numerical simulation method was developed and used to analyze the effects of natural gas mixing ratio and pilot-main injection, main-post injection, and pilot-main-post injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with dual fuel. Firstly, the one-dimensional calculation model and three-dimensional CFD model of the engine were established by AVL-BOOST and AVL-Fire, respectively. In addition, the simplified chemical kinetics mechanism was adopted, which could accurately calculate the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine. The results show that the cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease with the increase of the natural gas mixing ratio and the NO_x emission is reduced. When the NG mixing ratio is 50%, the NO_x and CO emission are reduced by 47% and 45%, respectively. When the SODI3 is 24 °CA ATDC, the NO_x emission is reduced by 29.6%. In addition, with suitable pilot-main injection and pilot-main-post injection strategies, the combustion in the cylinder can be improved and the trade-off relationship between NO_x and soot can be relaxed. Thus, the proper main-post injection strategy can improve the combustion and emission characteristics, especially the reduction in the NO_x and CO emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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25 pages, 35699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Diesel-Ethanol Dual Fuel Ratio on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine

by Zhiqing Zhang, Jiangtao Li, Jie Tian, Guangling Xie, Dongli Tan, Boying Qin, Yuanxing Huang and Shuwan Cui

Processes 2021, 9(7), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071135 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3448

Abstract

In this paper, a four-stroke engine diesel was employed to investigate the effects of different fuel mixture ratios of diesel and ethanol on engine performance and emission characteristics in terms of cylinder temperature, heat release rate, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific [...] Read more.

In this paper, a four-stroke engine diesel was employed to investigate the effects of different fuel mixture ratios of diesel and ethanol on engine performance and emission characteristics in terms of cylinder temperature, heat release rate, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and cylinder pressure. The corresponding simulation model of diesel engine was developed by AVL-Fire coupled CHEMKIN code, and an improved chemical kinetics mechanism containing 34 reactions and 19 species was employed to simulate the fuel spray process and combustion process. The simulation model was validated by experimental results under 100% and 50% load conditions and used to simulate the combustion process of diesel engine fueled with pure diesel and diesel–ethanol blends with 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol by volume, respectively. The results showed that the increase of ethanol content in the blended fuel had a certain negative impact on the performance characteristic of diesel engine and significantly improved the emission characteristic of the engine. With the ethanol proportion in the blended fuel increased to 10%, 20%, and 30%, the brake thermal efficiency of the engine increased by 2.24%, 4.33%, and 6.37% respectively. However, the brake-specific fuel consumption increased by 1.56%, 3.49%, and 5.74% and the power decreased by 1.58%, 3.46%, and 5.54% respectively. In addition, with the ethanol proportion in the blended fuel increased to 10%, 20%, and 30%, the carbon monoxide emission decreased by 34.69%, 47.60%, and 56.58%, and the soot emission decreased by 7.83%, 15.24%, and 22.52% respectively. Finally, based on the combining fuzzy and grey correlation theory, nitrogen oxide emission has the highest correlation with engine power and brake-specific fuel consumption. The values reach 0.9103 and 0.8945 respectively. It shows that nitrogen oxide emission and cylinder pressure have a significant relationship on engine power and brake-specific fuel consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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12 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combustion Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis of Biomass Pellet Fuel Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

by Guohai Jia

Processes 2021, 9(5), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050868 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5549

Abstract

Biomass pellet fuel is one of the development directions of renewable energy. The purpose of the article is to study the combustion characteristics of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel that can be used as biomass fuel and analyze their combustion kinetics. The [...] Read more.

Biomass pellet fuel is one of the development directions of renewable energy. The purpose of the article is to study the combustion characteristics of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel that can be used as biomass fuel and analyze their combustion kinetics. The thermogravimetric method (TG method) was used to analyze the combustion characteristics of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel and to calculate the index S of comprehensive combustion characteristic. The Arrhenius equation and the Coats–Redfern method were used to analyze the combustion kinetics of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained according to different temperature ranges. Conclusions are as follows: The pyrolysis of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel mainly includes three stages: (1) water evaporation stage, (2) volatile component combustion stage, (3) fixed carbon oxidation stage. The TG curves of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel are roughly the same at the same heating rate. The peaks of thermal weight loss rate and maximum degradation rate are both in the high temperature range. The differential thermal gravity (DTG) curves of five kinds of biomass pellet fuel have an obvious peak. The peak temperature of the largest peak in the DTG curves is 280–310 °C. The first-order reaction equation is used to obtain the kinetic parameters in stages. The correlation coefficients are bigger than the value of 0.92. The fitting results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The activation energy of each sample is basically the same in each stage. The value in the volatile matter combustion stage is 56–542 kJ/mol, and the activation energy of the carbon layer slowly increases rapidly. The five kinds of biomass pellet fuels have good combustion characteristics and kinetic characteristics, and they can be promoted and applied as biomass pellet fuels in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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17 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis on Enhancing Spray Performance of SCR Mixer Device and Heat Transfer Performance Based on Field Synergy Principle

by Jiedong Ye, Junshuai Lv, Dongli Tan, Zhiqiang Ai and Zhiqiang Feng

Processes 2021, 9(5), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050786 - 29 Apr 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

The NH₃ uniformity and conversion rate produced by the urea–water solution spray system is an essential factor affecting de-NO_x efficiency. In this work, a three-dimensional simulation model was developed with the CFD software and was employed to investigate the effects of [...] Read more.

The NH₃ uniformity and conversion rate produced by the urea–water solution spray system is an essential factor affecting de-NO_x efficiency. In this work, a three-dimensional simulation model was developed with the CFD software and was employed to investigate the effects of two typical injection methods (wall injection and center injection) and three distribution strategies (pre-mixer, post-mixer, pre-mixer, and post-mixer) of two typical mixers on the urea conversion rate and uniformity. The field synergy principle was employed to analyze the heat transfer of different mixer flow fields. The results show that the single mixer has instability in optimizing different injection positions due to different injection methods and injection positions. The dual-mixer is stable in the optimization of the flow field under different conditions. The conclusion of the field synergy theory of the single mixer accords with the simulation result. The Fc of the dual-mixer cases is low, but the NH₃ conversion and uniformity index rate are also improved due to the increase in the residence time of UWS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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17 pages, 3085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Study of BEV Powertrain System and Its Components—A Case Study

by Qian Tang, Xiong Shu, Guanghui Zhu, Jiande Wang and Huan Yang

Processes 2021, 9(5), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050762 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5472

Abstract

The powertrain system is critical to the reliability of a battery electric vehicle (BEV). However, the BEV powertrain is a complex system; it includes the motor, motor controller, power distribution unit, battery system, etc. The failure of any of these components may result [...] Read more.

The powertrain system is critical to the reliability of a battery electric vehicle (BEV). However, the BEV powertrain is a complex system; it includes the motor, motor controller, power distribution unit, battery system, etc. The failure of any of these components may result in the failure of the entire powertrain system and eventually cause serious traffic accidents on the road. However, how much does each component affect the reliability of the entire system, and which components are the most vulnerable in the entire system? These questions are still unanswered today. To develop a reliability design for a BEV powertrain system, it is essential to conduct detailed research by investigating the most vulnerable component parts of the entire powertrain. In the present study, a fault-tree model of the entire powertrain and its subsystems was developed. Based on this model, the failure rates of all components were calculated first. Then, trends in the reliability indices for the entire powertrain and its components were estimated against BEV service life. From the estimation results, we learned that with increased service time, the reliability of the entire powertrain system is indeed much lower than that of its individual subsystems. Moreover, through comparative research, we found that the battery module is the most unreliable component not only of the battery system, but the entire powertrain system. Additionally, it was interesting to find that the reliability of the motor components was higher than that of other subsystem components, but that the reliability indices for the entire motor were not the highest among all the powertrain subsystems studied in this paper. We believe the findings of the present study will be of great significance to an improved understanding of the reliability design and maintenance of BEVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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19 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ignition Timing on Combustion Characteristics of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine with Added Compressed Natural Gas under Partial Load Conditions

by Peng Zhang, Jimin Ni, Xiuyong Shi, Sheng Yin and Dezheng Zhang

Processes 2021, 9(5), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050755 - 26 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4921

Abstract

The gasoline/natural gas dual-fuel combustion mode has been found to have unique advantages in combustion. The ignition timing has a significant impact on the combustion characteristics of gasoline engines. Thus, here we study the combustion characteristics of gasoline/natural gas dual-fuel combustion mode to [...] Read more.

The gasoline/natural gas dual-fuel combustion mode has been found to have unique advantages in combustion. The ignition timing has a significant impact on the combustion characteristics of gasoline engines. Thus, here we study the combustion characteristics of gasoline/natural gas dual-fuel combustion mode to determine the details of their respective advantages under cooperative combustion. A direct-injection turbocharged gasoline engine was modified, and an engine experimental platform was built for the coordinated control of gasoline direct-injection and natural gas port injection. A low-speed and low-load operating point was selected, and the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, pressure rise rate, combustion temperature, ignition delay, and combustion duration under the coordinated combustion of gasoline and natural gas dual fuel at the ignition moment were studied through bench tests among other typical combustion parameters. The results show that with the increase of the ignition advance angle, the maximum cylinder pressure, heat release rate, pressure rise rate, and maximum combustion temperature increase. The ignition advance angle is 28°CA-BTDC, and PES40 has the best fuel synergy effect and the best power performance improvement. The effect of the advance of the ignition advance angle on the ignition delay and the combustion duration reaches the peak at 20°CA-BTDC–22°CA-BTDC, and the improvement of the two periods is more significant at PES60. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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18 pages, 6216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation on the Catalytic Activity of a Novel CeZrK/rGO Nanocomposite for Soot Oxidation in Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter

by Gang Wu, Ke Tang, Deng Wu, Yuelin Li and Yuqiang Li

Processes 2021, 9(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040674 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

A nanostructured solid solution catalyst CeZrK/rGO for soot oxidation in catalyzed diesel particulate filter was synthesized using the dipping method. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as the catalyst carrier, and CeO₂, ZrO₂, and K₂O were [...] Read more.

A nanostructured solid solution catalyst CeZrK/rGO for soot oxidation in catalyzed diesel particulate filter was synthesized using the dipping method. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as the catalyst carrier, and CeO₂, ZrO₂, and K₂O were mixed with the molar ratio of 5:1:1, 5:2:2 and 5:3:3, which were referred to as Ce₅Zr₁K₁/rGO, Ce₅Zr₂K₂/rGO, and Ce₅Zr₃K₃/rGO, respectively. The structure, morphology and catalytic activity of the CeZrK/rGO nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated and the results show that the CeZrK/rGO nanocomposites have nanoscale pore structure (36.1–36.9 nm), high-dispersion quality, large specific surface area (117.2–152.4 m²/g), small crystallite size (6.7–8.3 nm), abundant oxygen vacancies and superior redox capacity. The 50% soot conversion temperatures of Ce₅Zr₁K₁/rGO, Ce₅Zr₂K₂/rGO, and Ce₅Zr₃K₃/rGO under tight contact condition were decreased to 352 °C, 339 °C and 358 °C respectively. The high catalytic activity of CeZrK/rGO nanocomposites can be ascribed to the following factors: the doping of Zr and K ions causes the nanocrystalline phase formation in CeZrK solid solutions, reduces the crystallite size, generates abundant oxygen vacancies and improves redox capacity; the rGO as a carrier provides a large specific surface area, thereby improving the contact between soot and catalyst. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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Review

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55 pages, 12986 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel

by Yanhui Zhang, Yunhao Zhong, Shengsen Lu, Zhiqing Zhang and Dongli Tan

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061178 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 11677

Abstract

Due to the increasing air pollution from diesel engines and the shortage of conventional fossil fuels, many experimental and numerical types of research have been carried out and published in the literature over the past few decades to find a new, sustainable, and [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing air pollution from diesel engines and the shortage of conventional fossil fuels, many experimental and numerical types of research have been carried out and published in the literature over the past few decades to find a new, sustainable, and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an appropriate alternate solution for diesel engines because it is renewable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. According to the European Academies Science Advisory Council, biodiesel evolution is broadly classified into four generations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the production, properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines using different generations of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace fossil-based diesel and summarizes the primary feedstocks and properties of different generations of biodiesel compared with diesel. The general impression is that the use of different generations of biodiesel decreased 30% CO, 50% HC, and 70% smoke emissions compared with diesel. Engine performance is slightly decreased by an average of 3.13%, 89.56%, and 11.98% for higher density, viscosity, and cetane, respectively, while having a 7.96% lower heating value compared with diesel. A certain ratio of biodiesel as fuel instead of fossil diesel combined with advanced after-treatment technology is the main trend of future diesel engine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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27 pages, 5548 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines

by Rui Dong, Zhiqing Zhang, Yanshuai Ye, Huiqiong Huang and Chao Cao

Processes 2022, 10(5), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10050993 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6448

Abstract

Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control [...] Read more.

Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clean Combustion and Emission in Vehicle Power System)

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