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Exploring Innovative Ionospheric Applications Using Ground and Spaceborne Observations

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 May 2025 | Viewed by 2347

Special Issue Editors

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), CU Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Interests: machine learning; space weather; uncertainty quantification
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Guest Editor
School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Interests: GNSS remote sensing; ionospheric scintillation
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Guest Editor
Space Weather Technology, Research and Education Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Interests: ionospheric irregularities; uncertainty quantification

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Guest Editor
School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Interests: GPS/GNSS; geodesy; atmospheric modelling; radio occultation; indoor positioning and tracking; space situational awareness; satellite orbit determination; space weather and severe weather
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ionosphere, a region of the Earth’s atmosphere extending from approximately 50 to 1000 kilometers above the surface, plays a crucial role in various atmospheric and space weather phenomena. Crucially, the arrival of solar maxima, marking the beginning of a new solar cycle, significantly impacts this region. Understanding its dynamics is essential for predicting and mitigating the impacts of space weather events on communication, navigation, and other technological systems reliant on satellite signals. However, traditional modeling approaches encounter challenges in capturing the complex and nonlinear behavior of the ionosphere. We hope to find new cutting-edge techniques that can be used as effective tools for addressing these challenges by extracting patterns and relationships from large datasets of ground and spaceborne observations, including, but not limited to, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs).

The aim of this Special Issue is to showcase the latest advancements in applications for studying the ionosphere using ground and spaceborne observations. By bringing together researchers from diverse backgrounds, the Special Issue seeks to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and facilitate the exchange of ideas and methodologies in this rapidly evolving field. Its contributions will highlight the potential of new techniques to enhance ionospheric modeling, forecasting, and understanding extreme phenomena, including those such as ionospheric irregularities, EIA, MSNA, MSTID, and their influence on communication, such as scintillation.

Suggested themes for submissions include, but are not limited to, ML-based ionospheric modeling, data assimilation techniques, the prediction and analysis of ionospheric disturbances, anomaly detection, and applications of GNSS data in space weather monitoring. It is highly encouraged to develop new techniques and utilize multiple types of observations to improve the specification of the ionosphere environment and to advance understandings of extreme space weather phenomena in the current solar maximum.

This Special Issue welcomes original research articles, reviews, methodologies, and case studies that demonstrate innovative approaches, novel findings, and practical applications in ionospheric research. Contributions that integrate multiple datasets or combine ML with traditional modeling approaches are particularly encouraged.

Dr. Andong Hu
Dr. Dongsheng Zhao
Dr. Weijia Zhan
Prof. Dr. Kefei Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ionosphere
  • machine learning
  • global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
  • space weather
  • data assimilation
  • ionospheric disturbances

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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18 pages, 17888 KiB  
Article
Morphological Features of Severe Ionospheric Weather Associated with Typhoon Doksuri in 2023
by Wang Li, Fangsong Yang, Jiayi Yang, Renzhong Zhang, Juan Lin, Dongsheng Zhao and Craig M. Hancock
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3375; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183375 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 514
Abstract
The atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) generated by severe typhoons can facilitate the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the ionosphere, resulting in medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, the complex three-dimensional nature of MSTIDs over oceanic regions presents challenges for detection using [...] Read more.
The atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) generated by severe typhoons can facilitate the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the ionosphere, resulting in medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, the complex three-dimensional nature of MSTIDs over oceanic regions presents challenges for detection using ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks. This study employs a hybrid approach combining space-based and ground-based techniques to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of ionospheric perturbations during Typhoon Doksuri. Plane maps depict significant plasma fluctuations extending outward from the typhoon’s gale wind zone on 24 July, reaching distances of up to 1800 km from the typhoon’s center, while space weather conditions remained relatively calm. These ionospheric perturbations propagated at velocities between 173 m/s and 337 m/s, consistent with AGW features and associated propagation speeds. Vertical mapping reveals that energy originating from Typhoon Doksuri propagated upward through a 500 km layer, resulting in substantial enhancements of plasma density and temperature in the topside ionosphere. Notably, the topside horizontal density gradient was 1.5 to 2 times greater than that observed in the bottom-side ionosphere. Both modeling and observational data convincingly demonstrate that the weak background winds favored the generation of AGWs associated with Typhoon Doksuri, influencing the development of distinct MSTIDs. Full article
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14 pages, 4413 KiB  
Technical Note
Latitudinal Characteristics of Nighttime Electron Temperature in the Topside Ionosphere and Its Dependence on Solar and Geomagnetic Activities
by Jianyun Liang, Jiyao Xu, Kun Wu and Ji Luo
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(16), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162946 - 12 Aug 2024
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Abstract
This study investigates the latitudinal characteristics of the nighttime electron temperature, as observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 satellite, and its dependence on solar and geomagnetic activities between 2013 and 2022 in the topside ionosphere, only for the winter hemispheres. The [...] Read more.
This study investigates the latitudinal characteristics of the nighttime electron temperature, as observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F16 satellite, and its dependence on solar and geomagnetic activities between 2013 and 2022 in the topside ionosphere, only for the winter hemispheres. The electron temperature in both hemispheres exhibited a low-temperature zone at the equator and a double high-temperature zone at the sub-auroral and auroral latitudes along the magnetic latitude. In addition, we further studied the temperature crest/trough positions in the temperature zone at different latitudes. As the solar activity intensity decreased (increased), the temperature trough position at the equator shifted from the Southern (Northern) to the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, and the temperature double-crest positions at the sub-auroral and auroral latitudes gradually approached (moved away from) each other. Furthermore, during the geomagnetic disturbance time, the temperature double-crest positions both moved toward lower latitudes, but the temperature trough position was not sensitive to geomagnetic activity. Our analysis demonstrates that the values and correlations of the electron temperature and density varied in different temperature characteristic zones (the temperature crest/trough positions ±2°), possibly due to the different energy control factors of the electrons at different latitudes. This may also indirectly indicate the energy coupling process between the topside ionosphere and different regions at different latitudes. Full article
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15 pages, 3094 KiB  
Technical Note
Interactions between MSTIDs and Ionospheric Irregularities in the Equatorial Region Observed on 13–14 May 2013
by Kun Wu and Liying Qian
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(13), 2413; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132413 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 685
Abstract
We investigate the interactions between medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as well as between MSTIDs and equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) on the night of 13–14 May 2013, based on observations from multiple instruments (an all-sky imager, digisonde, [...] Read more.
We investigate the interactions between medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as well as between MSTIDs and equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) on the night of 13–14 May 2013, based on observations from multiple instruments (an all-sky imager, digisonde, and global positioning system (GPS)). Two dark bands (the low plasma density region) for the MSTIDs were observed moving toward each other, encountering and interacting with the EIA, and subsequently interacting again with the EIA before eventually dissipating. Then, a new dark band of MSTIDs moved in the southwest direction, drifted into the all-sky imager’s field of view (FOV), and interacted with the EIA. Following this interaction, a new dark band split off from the original dark band, slowly moved in the northeast direction, and eventually faded away in a short time. Subsequently, the original southwestward-propagating dark band of the MSTIDs encountered eastward-moving EPBs, leading to an interaction between the MSTIDs and the EPBs. Then, the dark band of the MSTIDs faded away, while the EPBs grew larger with a pronounced westward tilt. The results from various observational instruments indicate the pivotal role played by the high-density region of the EIA in the occurrence of various interaction processes. In addition, this study also revealed that MSTIDs propagating into the equatorial region can significantly impact the morphology and evolution characteristics of EPBs. Full article
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