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Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2)

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Vehicular Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 17201

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Marek Jaśkiewicz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: transportation; technical diagnostics; vehicle safety; accidents; biomechanics of collisions mechanics of motion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Milos Poliak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Avenue Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
Interests: goods distribution; public transport; road safety; intelligent transport infrastructures; automotive engineering; biomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ondrej Stopka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Avenue Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Interests: transport operation; city logistics; operations research; handling equipment optimization; telematics and smart technologies in transport; intelligent transport infrastructures; autonomous vehicles; road transport safety; emission research
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on vehicle safety research, with an emphasis on the design, construction and equipment of vehicles with the goal of minimising the occurrence and consequences of road crashes. New developments in vehicles are intended to reduce the number of accidents caused by human error and prevent fatalities, as well as reduce fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions. Advanced safety systems used for this purpose require sensors both inside and outside the vehicles to detect and identify objects, determine their movement parameters, monitor the behaviour of drivers and passengers and predict future behaviour in order to avoid potential collisions.

Transport and road infrastructure safety is closely related to vehicle safety. Intelligent transport infrastructure systems comprise various technologies, including telecommunications, information technology, and automatic systems using complex measurement systems and sophisticated analysis methods. These support the transport system, increasing its efficiency and improving the safety of road users.

This Special Issue intends to bring together original theoretical and empirical articles addressing safety issues in vehicles and intelligent transport infrastructure systems. Topics relevant to this Special Issue include the following: the use of different types of sensors in research to improve vehicle safety; technology, methods and sensors used in crash tests; the application of sensors to detect and identify obstacles, oncoming objects, determine their movement parameters, position and predict their future behaviour in order to avoid potential collisions; measuring methods and sensors used in vehicle traction tests and vehicle diagnostics; the use of sensors to assess the performance indicators of reciprocating internal combustion engines taking into account their harmful effects on the environment; sensors for monitoring the behaviour and psycho-physical state of drivers and passengers (e.g., visual sensors, motion sensors, breathalysers), assessment algorithms; systems and sensors for intelligent transport infrastructures to monitor road users, to perform predictive analytics and to improve traffic flow and road safety; and cargo securing systems in road transport.

Prof. Dr. Marek Jaśkiewicz
Prof. Dr. Milos Poliak
Prof. Dr. Ondrej Stopka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • accident
  • accident analysis
  • accident prevention
  • accident reconstruction
  • artificial intelligence in automate vehicles
  • autonomous and connected vehicles
  • autonomous vehicles
  • big data analysis in vehicular systems
  • networks connected vehicles in urban roads
  • crash test
  • crashworthiness
  • driver behaviour monitoring
  • driving simulators
  • dummy emerging IoT applications in vehicular social networks (VSNs)
  • fault-tolerant systems
  • ground vehicle safety
  • intelligent transportation systems
  • intelligent vehicles
  • Internet of Vehicles
  • lighting of vehicles and roads
  • road safety
  • infrastructure safety of electric/hybrid cars
  • sensors for fault detection of vehicles
  • sensors for vehicle movement
  • smart cities
  • smart mobility and sustainable transport services
  • traffic control systems
  • traffic monitoring
  • traffic organization
  • traffic safety
  • vehicle active safety
  • vehicle communications: V2X, V2V, V2I
  • vehicle detection
  • vehicle dynamics
  • vehicle localization system
  • vehicle passive safety
  • vehicle privacy and trust
  • vehicle stability and handling vehicle testing
  • vehicle to everything
  • vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
  • vehicular networks
  • vehicular social networks (VSNs)
  • visibility (recognizability) of pedestrians and obstacles
  • wireless in-car networks

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5240 KiB  
Article
Determining Tyre Adhesion Characteristics Based on the Road Tests of Automobiles
by Andrzej Reński, Mateusz Brukalski, Hubert Sar, Michał Abramowski, Piotr Fundowicz and Krzysztof Rokicki
Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7447; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237447 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 165
Abstract
The motion of automobiles significantly depends on the conditions of interaction between a tyre and a road surface. One of the most frequently used ways of presenting the conditions of cooperation between a tyre and a road surface is a characteristic showing a [...] Read more.
The motion of automobiles significantly depends on the conditions of interaction between a tyre and a road surface. One of the most frequently used ways of presenting the conditions of cooperation between a tyre and a road surface is a characteristic showing a longitudinal adhesion coefficient as a function of a longitudinal slip of a tyre. One of the methods for determining tyre-to-road adhesion characteristics is to use a special trailer combined with a towing vehicle. This type of method is commonly used to determine adhesion characteristics for a braked wheel. This article presents a method for determining adhesion characteristics for a driven wheel based on the road tests of automobiles. For this purpose, vehicle wheel velocity signals from a vehicle CAN network and a vehicle velocity signal from a GPS receiver were used. The signals from the CAN network were recorded using a special measurement card and an application developed in LabVIEW environment. The application developed in LabVIEW also allowed for simultaneous recording of automobile velocity from the GPS receiver. In this paper, the courses of a wheel velocity, longitudinal acceleration of automobile, longitudinal slip of the front wheels in time domain, as well as the coefficient of tyre-to-road longitudinal adhesion as a function of the longitudinal slip of the wheel are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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21 pages, 5775 KiB  
Article
Frontal Impact Energy Absorbers for Passenger Cars
by Filip Dąbrowski, Zuzanna Grzejszczyk, Cezary Rzymkowski and Piotr Wiśniewski
Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6563; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206563 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 779
Abstract
Road accidents cause considerable losses to road users and to society. The steady increase in the number of vehicles leads to increased traffic volume. Therefore, there is a real need to improve passenger safety by developing passive safety systems. This article presents the [...] Read more.
Road accidents cause considerable losses to road users and to society. The steady increase in the number of vehicles leads to increased traffic volume. Therefore, there is a real need to improve passenger safety by developing passive safety systems. This article presents the results of experimental tests of structures absorbing kinetic energy, which could be used in the front section of a vehicle in order to reduce the consequences of passenger car head-on collisions. A number of crash tests of selected structures were conducted under various load conditions. An analysis was carried out of parameters enabling the authors to assess the level of energy absorption by the absorbers made, and compare these to absorbers available on the market. The tests carried out made it possible to determine energy absorption capability of the crash boxes prepared and to identify a structure exhibiting the most advantageous properties from the point of view of its prospective use. Of all of the absorbers analysed, in the context of energy absorption, it was the absorber made of glass-fibre-reinforced polyphenylene sulphide that produced the most advantageous results. Nonetheless, favourable results were obtained for all of the structures tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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18 pages, 5207 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Head Movement in KPSIT Dummies and the Impact of Seats and Seat Belts during Low-Speed Collisions 20 km/h
by Milos Poliak, Damian Frej, Marek Jaśkiewicz, Jacek Caban, Aleksander Górniak, Mirosław Gidlewski, Iwona Ewa Hajduk, Przemysław Kubiak and Dariusz Tarnapowicz
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5714; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175714 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 638
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy, representing a 50th percentile male, with the KPSIT C5 dummy, representing a 5th percentile female, during low-speed collisions. Low-speed collisions, such as those occurring in urban traffic [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy, representing a 50th percentile male, with the KPSIT C5 dummy, representing a 5th percentile female, during low-speed collisions. Low-speed collisions, such as those occurring in urban traffic jams, are increasingly common. The research was conducted on a dedicated educational workstation designed to measure forces in seat belts. This study is part of a comprehensive research project on crash tests involving both volunteers and physical KPSIT dummies. The tests were conducted at a speed of 20 km/h to simulate real-world low-speed collision scenarios. The findings demonstrate that using a sports bucket seat with four-point or five-point harnesses significantly reduces head displacement compared with standard car seats. Such seating configurations enhance safety by minimizing the risk of head injuries, which can occur when airbags do not deploy during low-speed collisions. Moreover, the study highlights that standard three-point seat belts allow for greater forward head movement, increasing the risk of head contact with the vehicle’s interior during collisions at speeds too low to trigger airbag deployment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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35 pages, 6064 KiB  
Article
Multi-Index Driver Drowsiness Detection Method Based on Driver’s Facial Recognition Using Haar Features and Histograms of Oriented Gradients
by Eduardo Quiles-Cucarella, Julio Cano-Bernet, Lucas Santos-Fernández, Carlos Roldán-Blay and Carlos Roldán-Porta
Sensors 2024, 24(17), 5683; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24175683 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 934
Abstract
It is estimated that 10% to 20% of road accidents are related to fatigue, with accidents caused by drowsiness up to twice as deadly as those caused by other factors. In order to reduce these numbers, strategies such as advertising campaigns, the implementation [...] Read more.
It is estimated that 10% to 20% of road accidents are related to fatigue, with accidents caused by drowsiness up to twice as deadly as those caused by other factors. In order to reduce these numbers, strategies such as advertising campaigns, the implementation of driving recorders in vehicles used for road transport of goods and passengers, or the use of drowsiness detection systems in cars have been implemented. Within the scope of the latter area, the technologies used are diverse. They can be based on the measurement of signals such as steering wheel movement, vehicle position on the road, or driver monitoring. Driver monitoring is a technology that has been exploited little so far and can be implemented in many different approaches. This work addresses the evaluation of a multidimensional drowsiness index based on the recording of facial expressions, gaze direction, and head position and studies the feasibility of its implementation in a low-cost electronic package. Specifically, the aim is to determine the driver’s state by monitoring their facial expressions, such as the frequency of blinking, yawning, eye-opening, gaze direction, and head position. For this purpose, an algorithm capable of detecting drowsiness has been developed. Two approaches are compared: Facial recognition based on Haar features and facial recognition based on Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG). The implementation has been carried out on a Raspberry Pi, a low-cost device that allows the creation of a prototype that can detect drowsiness and interact with peripherals such as cameras or speakers. The results show that the proposed multi-index methodology performs better in detecting drowsiness than algorithms based on one-index detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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20 pages, 3597 KiB  
Article
Influences of Vehicle Communication on Human Driving Reactions: A Simulator Study on Reaction Times and Behavior for Forensic Accident Analysis
by Maximilian Bauder, Daniel Paula, Claus Pfeilschifter, Franziska Petermeier, Tibor Kubjatko, Andreas Riener and Hans-Georg Schweiger
Sensors 2024, 24(14), 4481; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144481 - 11 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 809
Abstract
Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with [...] Read more.
Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITSs) are mass-produced and sold in Europe, promising enhanced safety and comfort. Direct vehicle communication, known as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, is crucial in this context. Drivers receive warnings about potential hazards by exchanging vehicle status and environmental data with other communication-enabled vehicles. However, the impact of these warnings on drivers and their inclusion in accident reconstruction remains uncertain. Unlike sensor-based warnings, V2X warnings may not provide a visible reason for the alert, potentially affecting reaction times and behavior. In this work, a simulator study on V2X warnings was conducted with 32 participants to generate findings on reaction times and behavior for accident reconstruction in connection with these systems. Two scenarios from the Car-2-Car Communication Consortium were implemented: “Stationary Vehicle Warning—Broken-Down Vehicle” and “Dangerous Situation—Electronic Emergency Brake Lights”. Volkswagen’s warning concept was utilized, as they are the sole provider of cooperative vehicles in Europe. Results show that V2X warnings without visible reasons did not negatively impact reaction times or behavior, with average reaction times between 0.58 s (steering) and 0.69 s (braking). No significant distraction or search for warning reasons was observed. However, additional information in the warnings caused confusion and was seldom noticed by subjects. In this study, participants responded correctly and appropriately to the shown false-positive warnings. A wrong reaction triggering an accident is possible but unlikely. Overall, V2X warnings showed no negative impacts compared with sensor-based systems. This means that there are no differences in accident reconstruction regarding the source of the warning (sensors or communication). However, it is important that it is known that there was a warning, which is why the occurrence of V2X warnings should also be saved in the EDR in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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18 pages, 5416 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Changing the Angle of the Passenger Car Seat Backrest on the Head Trajectories of the 50th Percentile Male Dummy
by Damian Frej
Sensors 2024, 24(12), 3868; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123868 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 809
Abstract
The aim of the study is to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy during a frontal collision at a speed of 20 km/h, along with the change in the angle of the car seat backrest. Passenger car manufacturers recommend setting [...] Read more.
The aim of the study is to compare the head displacement of the KPSIT C50 dummy during a frontal collision at a speed of 20 km/h, along with the change in the angle of the car seat backrest. Passenger car manufacturers recommend setting the backrest angle of the car seat between 100 and 125 degrees. It should be noted that the driver’s position is of great importance in the event of a collision injury. In the event of a rear-end collision, the position of the headrest of the car seat is an element that affects the degree of the driver’s injuries. In extreme cases, incorrect positioning of the headrest, even at low speed, can lead to serious injuries to the cervical spine and even death. The article is part of a large-scale study on low-speed crash testing. The research problem concerned the influence of the seat backrest angle on the head displacement during a low-speed collision. The article compares the displacement of the head of the KPSIT C50 dummy during a series of crash tests, where the angle of the car seat backrest was changed. On the basis of the research, it was found that the optimal angle of the car seat backrest is 110 degrees. In addition, a preliminary analysis of the displacements of the dummy’s head showed a high risk of whiplash injury in people sitting in a fully reclined seat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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15 pages, 5790 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Lane Departure Warning System towards AI-Centered Autonomous Vehicles
by Siwoo Jeong, Jonghyeon Ko, Sukki Lee, Jihoon Kang, Yeni Kim, Soon Yong Park and Sungchul Mun
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2505; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082505 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1464
Abstract
The operational efficacy of lane departure warning systems (LDWS) in autonomous vehicles is critically influenced by the retro-reflectivity of road markings, which varies with environmental wear and weather conditions. This study investigated how changes in road marking retro-reflectivity, due to factors such as [...] Read more.
The operational efficacy of lane departure warning systems (LDWS) in autonomous vehicles is critically influenced by the retro-reflectivity of road markings, which varies with environmental wear and weather conditions. This study investigated how changes in road marking retro-reflectivity, due to factors such as weather and physical wear, impact the performance of LDWS. The study was conducted at the Yeoncheon SOC Demonstration Research Center, where various weather scenarios, including rainfall and transitions between day and night lighting, were simulated. We applied controlled wear to white, yellow, and blue road markings and measured their retro-reflectivity at multiple stages of degradation. Our methods included rigorous testing of the LDWS’s recognition rates under these diverse environmental conditions. Our results showed that higher retro-reflectivity levels significantly improve the detection capability of LDWS, particularly in adverse weather conditions. Additionally, the study led to the development of a simulation framework for analyzing the cost-effectiveness of road marking maintenance strategies. This framework aims to align maintenance costs with the safety requirements of autonomous vehicles. The findings highlight the need for revising current road marking guidelines to accommodate the advanced sensor-based needs of autonomous driving systems. By enhancing retro-reflectivity standards, the study suggests a path towards optimizing road safety in the age of autonomous vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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22 pages, 5800 KiB  
Article
Influence of Blind Spot Assistance Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles on Accident Reconstruction
by Thomas König, Daniel Paula, Stefan Quaschner and Hans-Georg Schweiger
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051517 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1567
Abstract
Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been [...] Read more.
Accidents between right-turning commercial vehicles and crossing vulnerable road users (VRUs) in urban environments often lead to serious or fatal injuries and therefore play a significant role in forensic accident analysis. To reduce the risk of accidents, blind spot assistance systems have been installed in commercial vehicles for several years, among other things, to detect VRUs and warn the driver in time. However, since such systems cannot reliably prevent all turning accidents, an investigation by experts must clarify how the accident occurred and to what extent the blind spot assistance system influenced the course of the accident. The occurrence of the acoustic warning message can be defined as an objective reaction prompt for the driver, so that the blind spot assistance system can significantly influence the avoidability assessment. In order to be able to integrate the system into forensic accident analysis, a precise knowledge of how the system works and its limitations is required. For this purpose, tests with different systems and accident constellations were conducted and evaluated. It was found that the type of sensor used for the assistance systems has a great influence on the system’s performance. The lateral distance between the right side of the commercial vehicle and the VRU, as well as obstacles between them, along with the speed difference can have great influence on the reliability of the assistance system. Depending on the concrete time of the system’s warning signal, the accident can be avoided or not by the driver when reacting to this signal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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19 pages, 1426 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Automated Guided Vehicles for the Automation of Selected Processes and Elimination of Collisions between Handling Equipment and Humans in the Warehouse
by Iveta Kubasakova, Jaroslava Kubanova, Dominik Benco and Dominika Kadlecová
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24031029 - 5 Feb 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4526
Abstract
This article deals with the implementation of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in a selected company. The aim is to analyse the use of AGVs in our country and abroad and to provide information about the use of AGVs in other countries and operations [...] Read more.
This article deals with the implementation of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in a selected company. The aim is to analyse the use of AGVs in our country and abroad and to provide information about the use of AGVs in other countries and operations other than ours. The result of the analysis was a literature review, which points out the individual advantages and disadvantages of the use of AGVs in companies. Within the review we also address the issue of AMR vehicles, due to the modernization of existing AGVs in the company, or the replacement of AMRs with AGVs in general. Our aim is to show why AGVs can replace human work. This is mainly because of the continuous increase in the wages of employees, because of safety, but also because of the modernization of the selected company. The company has positive experience of AGVs in other sites. We wanted to point out a higher form of automation, and how it would be possible to use AMR vehicles for the same work as AGVs. In the company, we have identified jobs where we would like to introduce AGVs or AMR vehicles. Consequently, we chose the AGV from CEIT operated by magnetic tape and the AMR from SEER as an example. Based on studies, the demand for AGVs is expected to increase by up to 17% in 2019–2024. Therefore, the company is looking into the issue of the implementation of AGVs at multiple sites. The question which remains is the economic return and the possibility of investing in the automation of processes in the company, which we discuss in more detail in the conclusion of the article and in the research. The article describes the exact processes for AGVs, their workload, and also the routes for AGVs, such as loading/unloading points, stopping points, checkpoints, junctions with other AGVs, charging stations, and field elements, as well as their speed, frequency and the possibility of collision with other AGVs. Our research shows that by applying the new technology, the company will save a large amount of money on employee wages. The purchase of two AGVs will cost the company EUR 49,000, while the original technology used in the company cost EUR 79,200 annually. The payback period for such an investment is 8 months. The benefits of implementing AGVs are evaluated in the last section of this paper, where both the economic and time requirements of the different proposals are included. This section also includes recommendations for improving specific parts of the enterprise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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25 pages, 6961 KiB  
Article
Impact of Partially Automated Driving Functions on Forensic Accident Reconstruction: A Simulator Study on Driver Reaction Behavior in the Event of a Malfunctioning System Behavior
by Daniel Paula, Maximilian Bauder, Claus Pfeilschifter, Franziska Petermeier, Tibor Kubjatko, Klaus Böhm, Andreas Riener and Hans-Georg Schweiger
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9785; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249785 - 12 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1219
Abstract
Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver’s ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering [...] Read more.
Partially automated driving functions (SAE Level 2) can control a vehicle’s longitudinal and lateral movements. However, taking over the driving task involves automation risks that the driver must manage. In severe accidents, the driver’s ability to avoid a collision must be assessed, considering their expected reaction behavior. The primary goal of this study is to generate essential data on driver reaction behavior in case of malfunctions in partially automated driving functions for use in legal affairs. A simulator study with two scenarios involving 32 subjects was conducted for this purpose. The first scenario investigated driver reactions to system limitations during cornering. The results show that none of the subjects could avoid leaving their lane and moving into the oncoming lane and, therefore, could not control the situation safely. Due to partial automation, we could also identify a new part of the reaction time, the hands-on time, which leads to increased steering reaction times of 1.18 to 1.74 s. The second scenario examined driver responses to phantom braking caused by AEBS. We found that 25 of the 32 subjects could not override the phantom braking by pressing the accelerator pedal, although 16 subjects were informed about the system analog to the actual vehicle manuals. Overall, the study suggests that the current legal perspective on vehicle control and the expected driver reaction behavior for accident avoidance should be reconsidered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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15 pages, 10576 KiB  
Article
Influence of Accelerometer Sensor Position for Measurement of Lateral Acceleration of Delivery Van for Cargo Securement
by Juraj Jagelcak and Jaroslava Kubanova
Sensors 2023, 23(23), 9478; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239478 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1432
Abstract
The use of sensors in monitoring lateral accelerations in delivery van transport focuses on measuring lateral accelerations on routes with roundabouts and curves to increase road safety. Using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, it measures the lateral accelerations acting on the vehicle and the [...] Read more.
The use of sensors in monitoring lateral accelerations in delivery van transport focuses on measuring lateral accelerations on routes with roundabouts and curves to increase road safety. Using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, it measures the lateral accelerations acting on the vehicle and the load being transported during the test drives to study vehicle dynamics of delivery van for cargo securing, which is essential to the decision of where accelerometer sensors should be placed when monitoring accelerations or performing cargo securing tests. Using an accelerometer and position tracking, accelerations can be detected when traversing curves and roundabouts at selected locations on the vehicle and load. Manual labeling of acceleration events has been used to identify different lateral acceleration events and regression analysis to determine the relationship between lateral accelerations at different sensor positions. The level of acceleration on the roof of the vehicle was found to be like that occurring on a lashed load with limited movements. If we compare the mean values of the lateral accelerations of the individual events between the sensors, the sensor on the side of the vehicle body at the height of the sensor on the load had approximately 5% lower mean values than the sensor on the roof. The sensor on the load measured approximately 5% higher mean values than the sensor on the roof. Hence, the mean lateral accelerations of the individual events for the sensor on the load are 10% higher than for the sensor at the same height on the vehicle body. The values of the mean lateral accelerations of the delivery van from the sensor on the roof of the vehicle are closer to the values of the accelerations of the sensor on the load than to the values of the sensor on the body of the vehicle at the same height. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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19 pages, 25992 KiB  
Article
Placement Method of Multiple Lidars for Roadside Infrastructure in Urban Environments
by Tae-Hyeong Kim, Gi-Hwan Jo, Hyeong-Seok Yun, Kyung-Su Yun and Tae-Hyoung Park
Sensors 2023, 23(21), 8808; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23218808 - 29 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1545
Abstract
Sensors on autonomous vehicles have inherent physical constraints. To address these limitations, several studies have been conducted to enhance sensing capabilities by establishing wireless communication between infrastructure and autonomous vehicles. Various sensors are strategically positioned within the road infrastructure, providing essential sensory data [...] Read more.
Sensors on autonomous vehicles have inherent physical constraints. To address these limitations, several studies have been conducted to enhance sensing capabilities by establishing wireless communication between infrastructure and autonomous vehicles. Various sensors are strategically positioned within the road infrastructure, providing essential sensory data to these vehicles. The primary challenge lies in sensor placement, as it necessitates identifying optimal locations that minimize blind spots while maximizing the sensor’s coverage area. Therefore, to solve this problem, a method for positioning multiple sensor systems in road infrastructure is proposed. By introducing a voxel grid, the problem is formulated as an optimization challenge, and a genetic algorithm is employed to find a solution. Experimental findings using lidar sensors are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of this proposed approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors and Systems for Automotive and Road Safety (Volume 2))
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