Sensors

Research

Jump to: Review

15 pages, 3776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layer-by-Layer Immobilization of DNA Aptamers on Ag-Incorporated Co-Succinate Metal–Organic Framework for Hg(II) Detection

by Shubham S. Patil, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Kiran S. Sontakke, Tibor Hianik and Mahendra D. Shirsat

Sensors 2024, 24(2), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020346 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

Layer-by-layer (LbL) immobilization of DNA aptamers in the realm of electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs) offers an enhancement in specificity, sensitivity, and low detection limits by leveraging the cross-reactivity obtained from multiple interactions between immobilized aptamers and developed material surfaces. In [...] Read more.

Layer-by-layer (LbL) immobilization of DNA aptamers in the realm of electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs) offers an enhancement in specificity, sensitivity, and low detection limits by leveraging the cross-reactivity obtained from multiple interactions between immobilized aptamers and developed material surfaces. In this research, we present a LbL approach for the immobilization of thiol- and amino-modified DNA aptamers on a Ag-incorporated cobalt-succinate metal–organic framework (MOF) (Ag@Co-Succinate) to achieve a cross-reactive effect on the electrochemical behavior of the sensor. The solvothermal method was utilized to synthesize Ag@Co-Succinate, which was also characterized through various techniques to elucidate its structure, morphology, and presence of functional groups, confirming its suitability as a host matrix for immobilizing both aptamers. The Ag@Co-Succinate aptasensor exhibited extraordinary sensitivity and selectivity towards Hg(II) ions in electrochemical detection, attributed to the unique binding properties of the immobilized aptamers. The exceptional limit of detection of 0.3 nM ensures the sensor’s suitability for trace-level Hg(II) detection in various environmental and analytical applications. Furthermore, the developed sensor demonstrated outstanding repeatability, highlighting its potential for long-term and reliable monitoring of Hg(II). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Liquid Crystal-Modulated Metastructure Sensor for Biosensing

by Siyuan Liao, Qi Chen, Haocheng Ma, Jingwei Huang, Junyang Sui and Haifeng Zhang

Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7122; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167122 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1433

Abstract

In this paper, a liquid crystal-modulated metastructure sensor (MS) is proposed that can detect the refractive index (RI) of a liquid and change the detection range under different applied voltages. The regulation of the detection range is based on the different bias states [...] Read more.

In this paper, a liquid crystal-modulated metastructure sensor (MS) is proposed that can detect the refractive index (RI) of a liquid and change the detection range under different applied voltages. The regulation of the detection range is based on the different bias states of the liquid crystal at different voltages. By changing the sample in the cavity that is to be detected, the overall electromagnetic characteristics of the device in the resonant state are modified, thus changing the position of the absorption peaks so that different RI correspond to different absorption peaks, and finally realizing the sensing detection. The refractive index unit is denoted as RIU. The range of the refractive index detection is 1.414–2.828 and 2.121–3.464, and the corresponding absorption peak variation range is 0.8485–1.028 THz and 0.7295–0.8328 THz, with a sensitivity of 123.8 GHz/RIU and 75.6 GHz/RIU, respectively. In addition, an approach to optimizing resonant absorption peaks is explored, which can suppress unwanted absorption generated during the design process by analyzing the energy distribution and directing the current flow on the substrate. Four variables that have a more obvious impact on performance are listed, and the selection and change trend of the numerical values are focused on, fully considering the errors that may be caused by manufacturing and actual use. At the same time, the incident angle and polarization angle are also included in the considered range, and the device shows good stability at these angles. Finally, the influence of the number of resonant rings on the sensing performance is also discussed, and its conclusion has guiding value for optimizing the sensing demand. This new liquid crystal-modulated MS has the advantages of a small size and high sensitivity and is expected to be used for bio-detection, sensing, and so on. All results in this work were obtained with the aid of simulations based on the finite element method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Leptospira lipL32 Gene Using CRISPR Technology

by Satheesh Natarajan, Jayaraj Joseph, Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy and Pedro Estrela

Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6544; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146544 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed as other febrile illnesses such as dengue. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precise diagnostic tool at the field level to detect the pathogenic Leptospira lipL32 gene at the molecular level for prompt therapeutic [...] Read more.

The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed as other febrile illnesses such as dengue. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precise diagnostic tool at the field level to detect the pathogenic Leptospira lipL32 gene at the molecular level for prompt therapeutic decisions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is widely used as the primary diagnostic tool, but its applicability is limited by high equipment cost and the lack of availability in every hospital, especially in rural areas where leptospirosis mainly occurs. Here, we report the development of a CRISPR dFnCas9-based quantitative lateral flow immunoassay to detect the lipL32 gene. The developed assay showed superior performance regarding the lowest detectable limit of 1 fg/mL. The test is highly sensitive and selective, showing that leptospirosis diagnosis can be achieved with a low-cost lateral flow device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Highly Sensitive 3D Resonator Sensor for Fluid Measurement

by Ali M. Almuhlafi and Omar M. Ramahi

Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6453; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146453 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1385

Abstract

Planar sub-wavelength resonators have been used for sensing applications, but different types of resonators have different advantages and disadvantages. The split ring resonator (SRR) has a smaller sensing region and is suitable for microfluidic applications, but the sensitivity can be limited. Meanwhile, the [...] Read more.

Planar sub-wavelength resonators have been used for sensing applications, but different types of resonators have different advantages and disadvantages. The split ring resonator (SRR) has a smaller sensing region and is suitable for microfluidic applications, but the sensitivity can be limited. Meanwhile, the complementary electric-LC resonator (CELCR) has a larger sensing region and higher sensitivity, but the topology cannot be easily designed to reduce the sensing region. In this work, we propose a new design that combines the advantages of both SRR and CELCR by incorporating metallic bars in a trapezoid-shaped resonator (TSR). The trapezoid shape allows for the sensing region to be reduced, while the metallic bars enhance the electric field in the sensing region, resulting in higher sensitivity. Numerical simulations were used to design and evaluate the sensor. For validation, the sensor was fabricated using PCB technology with aluminum bars and tested on dielectric fluids. The results showed that the proposed sensor provides appreciably enhanced sensitivity in comparison to earlier sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Refractive Index Sensitivity Using Small Footprint S-Shaped Double-Spiral Resonators for Biosensing

by Anh Igarashi, Maho Abe, Shigeki Kuroiwa, Keishi Ohashi and Hirohito Yamada

Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136177 - 5 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1728

Abstract

We demonstrate an S-shaped double-spiral microresonator (DSR) for detecting small volumes of analytes, such as liquids or gases, penetrating a microfluidic channel. Optical-ring resonators have been applied as label-free and high-sensitivity biosensors by using an evanescent field for sensing the refractive index of [...] Read more.

We demonstrate an S-shaped double-spiral microresonator (DSR) for detecting small volumes of analytes, such as liquids or gases, penetrating a microfluidic channel. Optical-ring resonators have been applied as label-free and high-sensitivity biosensors by using an evanescent field for sensing the refractive index of analytes. Enlarging the ring resonator size is a solution for amplifying the interactions between the evanescent field and biomolecules to obtain a higher refractive index sensitivity of the attached analytes. However, it requires a large platform of a hundred square millimeters, and 99% of the cavity area would not involve evanescent field sensing. In this report, we demonstrate the novel design of a Si-based S-shaped double-spiral resonator on a silicon-on-insulator substrate for which the cavity size was 41.6 µm × 88.4 µm. The proposed resonator footprint was reduced by 680 times compared to a microring resonator with the same cavity area. The fabricated resonator exposed more sensitive optical characteristics for refractive index biosensing thanks to the enhanced contact interface by a long cavity length of DSR structures. High quality factors of 1.8 × 10⁴ were demonstrated for 1.2 mm length DSR structures, which were more than two times higher than the quality factors of microring resonators. A bulk sensitivity of 1410 nm/RIU was calculated for detecting 1 µL IPA solutions inside a 200 µm wide microchannel by using the DSR cavity, which had more than a 10-fold higher sensitivity than the sensitivity of the microring resonators. A DSR device was also used for the detection of 100 ppm acetone gas inside a closed bottle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Determine the Post-COVID State of a Person by Their Rhythmogram

by Sergey V. Stasenko, Andrey V. Kovalchuk, Evgeny V. Eremin, Olga V. Drugova, Natalya V. Zarechnova, Maria M. Tsirkova, Sergey A. Permyakov, Sergey B. Parin and Sofia A. Polevaya

Sensors 2023, 23(11), 5272; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115272 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2167

Abstract

This study introduces a novel method for detecting the post-COVID state using ECG data. By leveraging a convolutional neural network, we identify “cardiospikes” present in the ECG data of individuals who have experienced a COVID-19 infection. With a test sample, we achieve an [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel method for detecting the post-COVID state using ECG data. By leveraging a convolutional neural network, we identify “cardiospikes” present in the ECG data of individuals who have experienced a COVID-19 infection. With a test sample, we achieve an 87 percent accuracy in detecting these cardiospikes. Importantly, our research demonstrates that these observed cardiospikes are not artifacts of hardware–software signal distortions, but rather possess an inherent nature, indicating their potential as markers for COVID-specific modes of heart rhythm regulation. Additionally, we conduct blood parameter measurements on recovered COVID-19 patients and construct corresponding profiles. These findings contribute to the field of remote screening using mobile devices and heart rate telemetry for diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Novel Siloxane Derivatives as Membrane Precursors for Lactate Oxidase Immobilization

by Darya V. Vokhmyanina, Olesya E. Sharapova, Ksenia E. Buryanovataya and Arkady A. Karyakin

Sensors 2023, 23(8), 4014; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084014 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1601

Abstract

We report new enzyme-containing siloxane membranes for biosensor elaboration. Lactate oxidase immobilization from water–organic mixtures with a high concentration of organic solvent (90%) leads to advanced lactate biosensors. The use of the new alkoxysilane monomers—(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and trimethoxy[3-(methylamino)propyl]silane (MAPS)—as the base for enzyme-containing [...] Read more.

We report new enzyme-containing siloxane membranes for biosensor elaboration. Lactate oxidase immobilization from water–organic mixtures with a high concentration of organic solvent (90%) leads to advanced lactate biosensors. The use of the new alkoxysilane monomers—(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and trimethoxy[3-(methylamino)propyl]silane (MAPS)—as the base for enzyme-containing membrane construction resulted in a biosensor with up to a two times higher sensitivity (0.5 A·M⁻¹·cm⁻²) compared to the biosensor based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) we reported previously. The validity of the elaborated lactate biosensor for blood serum analysis was shown using standard human serum samples. The developed lactate biosensors were validated through analysis of human blood serum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychophysiological Parameters Predict the Performance of Naive Subjects in Sport Shooting Training

by Artem Badarin, Vladimir Antipov, Vadim Grubov, Nikita Grigorev, Andrey Savosenkov, Anna Udoratina, Susanna Gordleeva, Semen Kurkin, Victor Kazantsev and Alexander Hramov

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063160 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2750

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the neural and behavioral mechanisms associated with precision visual-motor control during the learning of sport shooting. We developed an experimental paradigm adapted for naïve individuals and a multisensory experimental paradigm. We showed that in the proposed experimental paradigms, [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the neural and behavioral mechanisms associated with precision visual-motor control during the learning of sport shooting. We developed an experimental paradigm adapted for naïve individuals and a multisensory experimental paradigm. We showed that in the proposed experimental paradigms, subjects trained well and significantly increased their accuracy. We also identified several psycho-physiological parameters that were associated with shooting outcomes, including EEG biomarkers. In particular, we observed an increase in head-averaged delta and right temporal alpha EEG power before missing shots, as well as a negative correlation between theta-band energies in the frontal and central brain regions and shooting success. Our findings suggest that the multimodal analysis approach has the potential to be highly informative in studying the complex processes involved in visual-motor control learning and may be useful for optimizing training processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 4336 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview on Recent Advances in Biomimetic Sensors for the Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances

by Fatemeh Ahmadi Tabar, Joseph W. Lowdon, Soroush Bakhshi Sichani, Mehran Khorshid, Thomas J. Cleij, Hanne Diliën, Kasper Eersels, Patrick Wagner and Bart van Grinsven

Sensors 2024, 24(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010130 - 26 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3633

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of materials that have been widely used in the industrial production of a wide range of products. After decades of bioaccumulation in the environment, research has demonstrated that these compounds are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of materials that have been widely used in the industrial production of a wide range of products. After decades of bioaccumulation in the environment, research has demonstrated that these compounds are toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Therefore, it is essential to map the extent of the problem to be able to remediate it properly in the next few decades. Current state-of-the-art detection platforms, however, are lab based and therefore too expensive and time-consuming for routine screening. Traditional biosensor tests based on, e.g., lateral flow assays may struggle with the low regulatory levels of PFAS (ng/mL), the complexity of environmental matrices and the presence of coexisting chemicals. Therefore, a lot of research effort has been directed towards the development of biomimetic receptors and their implementation into handheld, low-cost sensors. Numerous research groups have developed PFAS sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or aptamers. In order to transform these research efforts into tangible devices and implement them into environmental applications, it is necessary to provide an overview of these research efforts. This review aims to provide this overview and critically compare several technologies to each other to provide a recommendation for the direction of future research efforts focused on the development of the next generation of biomimetic PFAS sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 1851 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photoplethysmography for the Assessment of Arterial Stiffness

by Parmis Karimpour, James M. May and Panicos A. Kyriacou

Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9882; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249882 - 17 Dec 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3772

Abstract

This review outlines the latest methods and innovations for assessing arterial stiffness, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence indicating a recent growth in research focused on assessing arterial stiffness using photoplethysmography (PPG) and propose PPG as a [...] Read more.

This review outlines the latest methods and innovations for assessing arterial stiffness, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence indicating a recent growth in research focused on assessing arterial stiffness using photoplethysmography (PPG) and propose PPG as a potential tool for assessing vascular ageing in the future. Blood vessels deteriorate with age, losing elasticity and forming deposits. This raises the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), widely reported as the global leading cause of death. The ageing process induces structural modifications in the vascular system, such as increased arterial stiffness, which can cause various volumetric, mechanical, and haemodynamic alterations. Numerous techniques have been investigated to assess arterial stiffness, some of which are currently used in commercial medical devices and some, such as PPG, of which still remain in the research space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3967 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Three-Dimensional Handheld Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging Systems and Their Applications

by Changyeop Lee, Chulhong Kim and Byullee Park

Sensors 2023, 23(19), 8149; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198149 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2783

Abstract

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-invasive biomedical imaging technique that combines the benefits of optics and acoustics to provide high-resolution structural and functional information. This review highlights the emergence of three-dimensional handheld PA imaging systems as a promising approach for various biomedical applications. [...] Read more.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-invasive biomedical imaging technique that combines the benefits of optics and acoustics to provide high-resolution structural and functional information. This review highlights the emergence of three-dimensional handheld PA imaging systems as a promising approach for various biomedical applications. These systems are classified into four techniques: direct imaging with 2D ultrasound (US) arrays, mechanical-scanning-based imaging with 1D US arrays, mirror-scanning-based imaging, and freehand-scanning-based imaging. A comprehensive overview of recent research in each imaging technique is provided, and potential solutions for system limitations are discussed. This review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in advancements and opportunities in three-dimensional handheld PA imaging technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 7916 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Convenience of Polydopamine in Designing SERS Biosensors with a Sustainable Prospect for Medical Application

by Lulu Tian, Cong Chen, Jing Gong, Qi Han, Yujia Shi, Meiqi Li, Liang Cheng, Lin Wang and Biao Dong

Sensors 2023, 23(10), 4641; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104641 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3328

Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA) is a multifunctional biomimetic material that is friendly to biological organisms and the environment, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors have the potential to be reused. Inspired by these two factors, this review summarizes examples of PDA-modified materials at the micron [...] Read more.

Polydopamine (PDA) is a multifunctional biomimetic material that is friendly to biological organisms and the environment, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors have the potential to be reused. Inspired by these two factors, this review summarizes examples of PDA-modified materials at the micron or nanoscale to provide suggestions for designing intelligent and sustainable SERS biosensors that can quickly and accurately monitor disease progression. Undoubtedly, PDA is a kind of double-sided adhesive, introducing various desired metals, Raman signal molecules, recognition components, and diverse sensing platforms to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and practicality of SERS sensors. Particularly, core-shell and chain-like structures could be constructed by PDA facilely, and then combined with microfluidic chips, microarrays, and lateral flow assays to provide excellent references. In addition, PDA membranes with special patterns, and hydrophobic and strong mechanical properties can be used as independent platforms to carry SERS substances. As an organic semiconductor material capable of facilitating charge transfer, PDA may possess the potential for chemical enhancement in SERS. In-depth research on the properties of PDA will be helpful for the development of multi-mode sensing and the integration of diagnosis and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Feature Papers in Section Biosensors 2023

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI