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Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems
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Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 13276

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Di He

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location-Based Services, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: wireless localization; navigation; nonlinear signal processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapid advancement of wireless communication technologies has brought us to the brink of a new era—the era of 6G systems. As we prepare for the next generation of mobile networks, it becomes crucial to explore and understand the potential of communication, sensing, and localization within these groundbreaking systems.

One of the key areas of focus in 6G systems is communication, which aims to provide seamless connectivity for a wide array of devices. It involves exploring advanced techniques such as MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output), millimeter-wave communication, and terahertz communication to enable efficient and reliable transmission.

Sensing capabilities in 6G systems will play a pivotal role in enabling a vast range of applications and services. By integrating sensing technologies into the network infrastructure, 6G systems can facilitate real-time monitoring, environment perception, and context awareness. These sensing capabilities can be harnessed for various domains, including smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, and more.

Localization, another critical aspect of 6G systems, aims to provide accurate positioning and tracking of devices and users. With advancements in localization techniques such as ultra-wideband (UWB), mmWave-based localization, and advanced signal processing algorithms, 6G systems can offer precise location information, paving the way for location-based services, navigation systems, augmented reality, and beyond.

In this rapidly evolving landscape, it is crucial to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with communication, sensing, and localization in 6G systems. This Special Issue aims to gather cutting-edge research, novel technologies, and innovative applications that drive the development of these essential components in the 6G ecosystem. We invite both original research papers and review articles that showcase the significant developments in these fields. Potential areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • 6G systems;
  • Communication technologies;
  • Sensing capabilities;
  • Localization techniques;
  • Ultra-wideband (UWB);
  • MIMO;
  • NOMA;
  • Millimeter-wave communication;
  • Terahertz communication;
  • Real-time monitoring;
  • Internet of Things;
  • GNSS;
  • Navigation;
  • Integration of communication, sensing and navigation.

If you want to learn more information or need any advice, you can contact the Special Issue Editor Anika Deng via <[email protected]> directly.

Dr. Di He
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4728 KiB  
Article
A 3-D Near-Field Source Localization Approach Based on the Combination of a Phase Interferometer, the Centroid Algorithm and the Perpendicular Foot Algorithm
by Zhijun Qin, Tengfei Xie, Chen Xie, Ziwei Ma, Di He, Xin Chen and Wenxian Yu
Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6364; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196364 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 616
Abstract
In this study, several 3-dimensional (3-D) parameter estimation and localization algorithms for wireless near-field (NF) sources are proposed employing the uniform circular array (UCA) structure. In the single-base-station case, the algebraic relation is demonstrated between the azimuth angle under the far-field (FF) assumption [...] Read more.
In this study, several 3-dimensional (3-D) parameter estimation and localization algorithms for wireless near-field (NF) sources are proposed employing the uniform circular array (UCA) structure. In the single-base-station case, the algebraic relation is demonstrated between the azimuth angle under the far-field (FF) assumption and the actual NF source firstly. Secondly, two groups of antenna pairs are selected with distances less than half the wavelength, which are called short baselines in the interferometer method. The foregoing short-baseline method is qualified to localize an NF source. In addition, a long-baseline method is also proposed with further research. Two groups of antenna pairs with distances greater than half the wavelength are selected as two long baselines. In the multiple-base-stations case, another two novel algorithms are also proposed. The first one is the centroid algorithm, which is based on the centroid calculation of three estimated source locations. And the second one is the perpendicular foot algorithm, which takes the perpendicular foot within three estimated source locations as the final positioning location. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithms can achieve higher localization accuracy than the conventional 3-D Root MUSIC method. Moreover, the long-baseline method performs better than the short-baseline method. And it is also shown that the proposed perpendicular foot algorithm shows better performance than the proposed centroid algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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15 pages, 18666 KiB  
Article
Switchable Terahertz Metasurfaces for Spin-Selective Absorption and Anomalous Reflection Based on Vanadium Dioxide
by Jinxian Mao, Fengyuan Yang, Qian Wang, Yuzi Chen and Nan Wang
Sensors 2024, 24(14), 4548; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24144548 - 13 Jul 2024
Viewed by 781
Abstract
Conventional chiral metasurfaces are constrained by predetermined functionalities and have limited versatility. To address these constraints, we propose a novel chirality-switchable terahertz (THz) metasurface with integrated heating control circuits tailored for spin-selective anomalous reflection, leveraging the phase-change material vanadium dioxide (VO2). [...] Read more.
Conventional chiral metasurfaces are constrained by predetermined functionalities and have limited versatility. To address these constraints, we propose a novel chirality-switchable terahertz (THz) metasurface with integrated heating control circuits tailored for spin-selective anomalous reflection, leveraging the phase-change material vanadium dioxide (VO2). The reversible and abrupt insulator-to-metal phase transition feature of VO2 is exploited to facilitate a chiral meta-atom with spin-selectivity capabilities. By employing the Pancharatnam–Berry phase principle, complete 2π reflection phase coverage is achieved by adjusting the orientation of the chiral structure. At the resonant frequency of 0.137 THz, the designed metasurface achieves selective absorption of a circularly polarized wave corresponding to the state of the VO2 patches. Concurrently, it reflects the circularly polarized wave of the opposite chirality anomalously at an angle of 28.4° while maintaining its handedness. This chirality-switchable THz metasurface exhibits promising potential across various applications, including wireless communication data capacity enlargement, polarization modulation, and chirality detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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21 pages, 4181 KiB  
Article
Caching Policy in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Mega-Constellation Information-Centric Networking for Internet of Things
by Hongqiu Luo, Tingting Yan and Shengbo Hu
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113412 - 25 May 2024
Viewed by 853
Abstract
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is the emerging next-generation internet paradigm. The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellation based on ICN can achieve seamless global coverage and provide excellent support for Internet of Things (IoT) services. Additionally, in-network caching, typically characteristic of ICN, plays a [...] Read more.
Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is the emerging next-generation internet paradigm. The Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite mega-constellation based on ICN can achieve seamless global coverage and provide excellent support for Internet of Things (IoT) services. Additionally, in-network caching, typically characteristic of ICN, plays a paramount role in network performance. Therefore, the in-network caching policy is one of the hotspot problems. Especially, compared to caching traditional internet content, in-networking caching IoT content is more challenging, since the IoT content lifetime is small and transient. In this paper, firstly, the framework of the LEO satellite mega-constellation Information-Centric Networking for IoT (LEO-SMC-ICN-IoT) is proposed. Then, introducing the concept of “viscosity”, the proposed Caching Algorithm based on the Random Forest (CARF) policy of satellite nodes combines both content popularity prediction and satellite nodes location prediction, for achieving good cache matching between the satellite nodes and content. And using the matching rule, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm is adopted to predict the matching relationship among satellite nodes and content for guiding the deployment of caches. Especially, the content is cached in advance at the future satellite to maintain communication with the current ground segment at the time of satellite switchover. Additionally, the policy considers both the IoT content lifetime and the freshness. Finally, a simulation platform with LEO satellite mega-constellation based on ICN is developed in Network Simulator 3 (NS-3). The simulation results show that the proposed caching policy compared with the Leave Copy Everywhere (LCE), the opportunistic (OPP), the Leave Copy down (LCD), and the probabilistic algorithm which caches each content with probability 0.5 (prob 0.5) yield a significant performance improvement, such as the average number of hops, i.e., delay, cache hit rate, and throughput. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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14 pages, 1571 KiB  
Article
Integrated Communication, Sensing, and Computation Framework for 6G Networks
by Xu Chen, Zhiyong Feng, J. Andrew Zhang, Zhaohui Yang, Xin Yuan, Xinxin He and Ping Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102968 - 7 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1622
Abstract
In the sixth generation (6G) era, intelligent machine network (IMN) applications, such as intelligent transportation, require collaborative machines with communication, sensing, and computation (CSC) capabilities. This article proposes an integrated communication, sensing, and computation (ICSAC) framework for 6G to achieve the reciprocity among [...] Read more.
In the sixth generation (6G) era, intelligent machine network (IMN) applications, such as intelligent transportation, require collaborative machines with communication, sensing, and computation (CSC) capabilities. This article proposes an integrated communication, sensing, and computation (ICSAC) framework for 6G to achieve the reciprocity among CSC functions to enhance the reliability and latency of communication, accuracy and timeliness of sensing information acquisition, and privacy and security of computing to realize the IMN applications. Specifically, the sensing and communication functions can merge into unified platforms using the same transmit signals, and the acquired real-time sensing information can be exploited as prior information for intelligent algorithms to enhance the performance of communication networks. This is called the computing-empowered integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) reciprocity. Such reciprocity can further improve the performance of distributed computation with the assistance of networked sensing capability, which is named the sensing-empowered integrated communications and computation (ICAC) reciprocity. The above ISAC and ICAC reciprocities can enhance each other iteratively and finally lead to the ICSAC reciprocity. To achieve these reciprocities, we explore the potential enabling technologies for the ICSAC framework. Finally, we present the evaluation results of crucial enabling technologies to show the feasibility of the ICSAC framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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27 pages, 40189 KiB  
Article
Tensor-Free Holographic Metasurface Leaky-Wave Multi-Beam Antennas with Tailorable Gain and Polarization
by Chuan-Kuei Weng, Yu-Zhan Tsai, Artem Vilenskiy and Malcolm Ng Mou Kehn
Sensors 2024, 24(8), 2422; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082422 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1401
Abstract
Recently, the community has seen a rise in interest and development regarding holographic antennas. The planar hologram is made of subwavelength metal patches printed on a grounded dielectric board, constituting flat metasurfaces. When a known reference wave is launched, the hologram produces a [...] Read more.
Recently, the community has seen a rise in interest and development regarding holographic antennas. The planar hologram is made of subwavelength metal patches printed on a grounded dielectric board, constituting flat metasurfaces. When a known reference wave is launched, the hologram produces a pencil beam towards a prescribed direction. Most earlier works on such antennas have considered only a single beam. For the few later ones that studied multiple beams, they were achieved either by having each beam taken care of by a distinct frequency or by partitioning the hologram, thereby depriving each beam of the directivity it could have had it not shared the holographic aperture with other beams. There have been recent studies related to the use of tensor surface impedance concepts for the synthesis of holograms which have attained control over the polarizations and intensities of the beams. However, this approach is complicated, tedious, and time-consuming. In this paper, we present a method for designing a planar holographic leaky-wave multi-beam metasurface antenna, of which each simultaneous beam radiating at the same frequency towards any designated direction has a tailorable amplitude, phase, and polarization, all without hologram partitioning. Most importantly, this antenna is exempted from the need for the cumbersome technique of tensor impedance. Such features of beam configurability are useful in selective multiple-target applications that require differential gain and polarization control among the various beams. Only a single source is needed, which is another benefit. In addition, effective methods to mitigate sidelobes are also proposed here. Designs by simulations according to the method are herein validated with measurements performed on fabricated prototypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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Review

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40 pages, 3570 KiB  
Review
Emerging Technologies for 6G Communication Networks: Machine Learning Approaches
by Annisa Anggun Puspitasari, To Truong An, Mohammed H. Alsharif and Byung Moo Lee
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7709; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187709 - 6 Sep 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7113
Abstract
The fifth generation achieved tremendous success, which brings high hopes for the next generation, as evidenced by the sixth generation (6G) key performance indicators, which include ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), extremely high data rate, high energy and spectral efficiency, ultra-dense connectivity, integrated [...] Read more.
The fifth generation achieved tremendous success, which brings high hopes for the next generation, as evidenced by the sixth generation (6G) key performance indicators, which include ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), extremely high data rate, high energy and spectral efficiency, ultra-dense connectivity, integrated sensing and communication, and secure communication. Emerging technologies such as intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and others have the ability to provide communications for massive users, high overhead, and computational complexity. This will address concerns over the outrageous 6G requirements. However, optimizing system functionality with these new technologies was found to be hard for conventional mathematical solutions. Therefore, using the ML algorithm and its derivatives could be the right solution. The present study aims to offer a thorough and organized overview of the various machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms concerning the emerging 6G technologies. This study is motivated by the fact that there is a lack of research on the significance of these algorithms in this specific context. This study examines the potential of ML algorithms and their derivatives in optimizing emerging technologies to align with the visions and requirements of the 6G network. It is crucial in ushering in a new era of communication marked by substantial advancements and requires grand improvement. This study highlights potential challenges for wireless communications in 6G networks and suggests insights into possible ML algorithms and their derivatives as possible solutions. Finally, the survey concludes that integrating Ml algorithms and emerging technologies will play a vital role in developing 6G networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication, Sensing and Localization in 6G Systems)
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