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Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace
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Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Intelligent Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2019) | Viewed by 33038

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jeremy Straub

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Interests: artificial/computational Intelligence; autonomy applications in aerospace; cybersecurity; 3D printing command/control and assessment; educational assessment in computing disciplines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sensors have a critical role in virtually all applications across the aerospace domain. Sensors serve as payloads for—and thus may be the principal purpose for the existence of—many aircraft and spacecraft. They are used to sense data that are used for path planning, collision avoidance, and other decision-making purposes. In aerospace, in particular, sensors and sensor systems benefit from the miniaturization of electronics. Modern sensing systems combine hardware and software synergistically to sense, process and potentially trigger alternate sensing, as needed.

This Special Issue invites papers related to sensors and sensing systems in the aerospace domain. Topics related to aircraft and spacecraft sensor and sensor system research and enhancements, data processing, sensing system autonomy, and noise identification and removal would be welcomed. Additionally of interest are papers related to the sensing systems of completed, current and upcoming aerospace missions. Papers from industry, papers related to aerospace sensor and sensing system education and papers related to UAV and small satellite sensing are similarly invited.

Dr. Jeremy Straub
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 6815 KiB  
Article
Skip Re-Entry Trajectory Detection and Guidance for Maneuvering Vehicles
by Hongqiang Sun and Shuguang Zhang
Sensors 2020, 20(10), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102976 - 24 May 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4108
Abstract
The re-entry trajectory of maneuvering vehicles with medium to high hypersonic lift-to-drag ratios is generally planned using quasi-equilibrium flight conditions known from Space Shuttles. They may exhibit an oscillation re-entry phenomenon termed skip re-entry when related components or sensors fail. However, conventional re-entry [...] Read more.
The re-entry trajectory of maneuvering vehicles with medium to high hypersonic lift-to-drag ratios is generally planned using quasi-equilibrium flight conditions known from Space Shuttles. They may exhibit an oscillation re-entry phenomenon termed skip re-entry when related components or sensors fail. However, conventional re-entry guidance only considers quasi-equilibrium flights and ignores the possibility of the occurrence of an unexpected skip trajectory; this may lead to the failure of the re-entry mission due to a lack of a corresponding guidance strategy. However, the detection of a skip trajectory is the necessary reference for the decision-making of calling a related guidance algorithm that helps improve the safety of vehicle re-entry. Herein, a skip re-entry detection and trajectory control solution is proposed to play an emergency role in the cases of skip re-entry. Firstly, the oscillation frequency characteristics of the linearized re-entry motion equation of a vehicle are analyzed, and an approximate analytical relationship is constructed for skip altitude estimation. Then, the residual deviation between the altitude feedback data and the estimated skip altitude is calculated and compared with the threshold to determine the occurrence of skip re-entry. In addition, a method for controlling the skip re-entry trajectory with the range extension is developed by controlling the bank angle with a fixed angle of attack profile, satisfying the path constraint requirements. The results indicate that the method effectively performs skip re-entry detection and that it can help extend the range of the vehicles in abnormal re-entry scenarios, keeping the flight within the path constraints and guiding it to the expected location. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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19 pages, 8322 KiB  
Article
An Onboard Vision-Based System for Autonomous Landing of a Low-Cost Quadrotor on a Novel Landing Pad
by Xuancen Liu, Shifeng Zhang, Jiayi Tian and Longbin Liu
Sensors 2019, 19(21), 4703; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19214703 - 29 Oct 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5853
Abstract
In this paper, an onboard vision-based system for the autonomous landing of a low-cost quadrotor is presented. A novel landing pad with different optical markers sizes is carefully designed to be robustly recognized at different distances. To provide reliable pose information in a [...] Read more.
In this paper, an onboard vision-based system for the autonomous landing of a low-cost quadrotor is presented. A novel landing pad with different optical markers sizes is carefully designed to be robustly recognized at different distances. To provide reliable pose information in a GPS (Global Positioning System)-denied environment, a vision algorithm for real-time landing pad recognition and pose estimation is implemented. The dynamic model of the quadrotor is established and a system scheme for autonomous landing control is presented. A series of autonomous flights have been successfully performed, and a video of the experiment is available online. The efficiency and accuracy of the presented vision-based system is demonstrated by using its position and attitude estimates as control inputs for the autonomous landing of a self-customized quadrotor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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18 pages, 4052 KiB  
Article
A Comparable Study of CNN-Based Single Image Super-Resolution for Space-Based Imaging Sensors
by Haopeng Zhang, Pengrui Wang, Cong Zhang and Zhiguo Jiang
Sensors 2019, 19(14), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143234 - 23 Jul 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4801
Abstract
In the case of space-based space surveillance (SBSS), images of the target space objects captured by space-based imaging sensors usually suffer from low spatial resolution due to the extremely long distance between the target and the imaging sensor. Image super-resolution is an effective [...] Read more.
In the case of space-based space surveillance (SBSS), images of the target space objects captured by space-based imaging sensors usually suffer from low spatial resolution due to the extremely long distance between the target and the imaging sensor. Image super-resolution is an effective data processing operation to get informative high resolution images. In this paper, we comparably study four recent popular models for single image super-resolution based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with the purpose of space applications. We specially fine-tune the super-resolution models designed for natural images using simulated images of space objects, and test the performance of different CNN-based models in different conditions that are mainly considered for SBSS. Experimental results show the advantages and drawbacks of these models, which could be helpful for the choice of proper CNN-based super-resolution method to deal with image data of space objects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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15 pages, 5392 KiB  
Article
Correction Strategy of Mortars with Trajectory Correction Fuze Based on Image Sensor
by Rupeng Li, Dongguang Li and Jieru Fan
Sensors 2019, 19(5), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051211 - 9 Mar 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4916
Abstract
For a higher accuracy of projectiles, a novel trajectory correction fuze is proposed. In this design, the sensor and actuator were reduced to achieve a balance between performance and affordability. Following introduction of the fuze concept, the flight model was presented and the [...] Read more.
For a higher accuracy of projectiles, a novel trajectory correction fuze is proposed. In this design, the sensor and actuator were reduced to achieve a balance between performance and affordability. Following introduction of the fuze concept, the flight model was presented and the crossrange and downrange components of trajectory response under control were investigated. The relationship between the inertial coordinate system and the detector coordinate system was studied so that the imager feedback could be used to derive the actual miss distance. The deployment time of canards and roll angle of the forward fuze were derived and used as the inputs of the control system in this strategy. Example closed-loop simulations were implemented to verify the effectiveness of the strategy. The results illustrate that the accuracy increase is evident and the proposed correction concept is applicable for terminal correction of mortars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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16 pages, 4460 KiB  
Article
PZT/PZT and PZT/BiT Composite Piezo-Sensors in Aerospace SHM Applications: Photochemical Metal Organic + Infiltration Deposition and Characterization
by Hamidreza Hoshyarmanesh, Nafiseh Ebrahimi, Amir Jafari, Parisa Hoshyarmanesh, Minjae Kim and Hyung-Ho Park
Sensors 2019, 19(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010013 - 20 Dec 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6540
Abstract
The composition of fine-ground lead zirconate-titanate powder Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3, suspended in PZT and bismuth titanate (BiT) solutions, is deposited on the curved surface of IN718 and IN738 nickel-based supper alloy substrates up to 100 µm thickness. Photochemical metal [...] Read more.
The composition of fine-ground lead zirconate-titanate powder Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3, suspended in PZT and bismuth titanate (BiT) solutions, is deposited on the curved surface of IN718 and IN738 nickel-based supper alloy substrates up to 100 µm thickness. Photochemical metal organic and infiltration techniques are implemented to produce smooth, semi-dense, and crack-free random orientated thick piezoelectric films as piezo-sensors, free of any dopants or thickening polymers. Every single layer of the deposited films is heated at 200 °C with 10 wt.% excess PbO, irradiated by ultraviolet lamp (365 nm, 6 watt) for 10 min, pyrolyzed at 400 °C, and subsequently annealed at 700 °C for one hour. This process is repeated successively until reaching the desired thickness. Au and Pt thin films are deposited as the bottom and top electrodes using evaporation and sputtering methods, respectively. PZT/PZT and PZT/BiT composite films are then characterized and compared to similar PZT and BiT thick films deposited on the similar substrates. The effect of the composition and deposition process is also investigated on the crystalline phase development and microstructure morphology as well as the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of piezo-films. The maximum remnant polarization of Pr = 22.37 ± 0.01, 30.01 ± 0.01 µC/cm2, the permittivity of εr = 298 ± 3, 566 ± 5, and piezoelectric charge coefficient of d33 = 126, 148 m/V were measured versus the minimum coercive field of Ec = 50, 20 kV/cm for the PZT/PZT and PZT/BiT thick films, respectively. The thick film piezo-sensors are developed to be potentially used at frequency bandwidth of 1–5 MHz for rotary structural health monitoring and also in other industrial or medical applications as a transceiver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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20 pages, 3745 KiB  
Article
Backstepping Sliding Mode Control for Radar Seeker Servo System Considering Guidance and Control System
by Yexing Wang, Humin Lei, Jikun Ye and Xiangwei Bu
Sensors 2018, 18(9), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092927 - 3 Sep 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5891
Abstract
This paper investigates the design of a missile seeker servo system combined with a guidance and control system. Firstly, a complete model containing a missile seeker servo system, missile guidance system, and missile control system (SGCS) was creatively proposed. Secondly, a designed high-order [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the design of a missile seeker servo system combined with a guidance and control system. Firstly, a complete model containing a missile seeker servo system, missile guidance system, and missile control system (SGCS) was creatively proposed. Secondly, a designed high-order tracking differentiator (HTD) was used to estimate states of systems in real time, which guarantees the feasibility of the designed algorithm. To guarantee tracking precision and robustness, backstepping sliding-mode control was adopted. Aiming at the main problem of projectile motion disturbance, an adaptive radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) was proposed to compensate for disturbance. Adaptive RBFNN especially achieves online adjustment of residual error, which promotes estimation precision and eliminates the “chattering phenomenon”. The boundedness of all signals, including estimation error of high-order tracking differentiator, was especially proved via the Lyapunov stability theory, which is more rigorous. Finally, in considered scenarios, line of sight angle (LOSA)-tracking simulations were carried out to verify the tracking performance, and a Monte Carlo miss-distance simulation is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Sensors Applications in Aerospace)
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