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Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging...
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Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 18628

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Paola Saccomandi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy
Interests: optical fiber sensors; thermal and mechanical measurements; fiber Bragg gratings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Emiliano Schena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
Interests: physiological monitoring; wearable systems; wearable sensors; physiological measurements; active living; cardiorespiratory monitoring; soft sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optic and photonic technologies are well-established for the design of sensors used in several engineering and physics fields, thanks to their ability to achieve high sensitivity and low system noise through enhanced sensitivity packaging, interferometric demodulation technology, and other approaches. Their main advantages, such as small size and the possibility to make optimal design for controlling the cross sensitivity of certain quantities (e.g., temperature and strain), make optical and photonic sensors interesting and appreciated solutions, especially for biomedical applications. Indeed, optical and photonic sensors are nowadays widespread in different fields, e.g., for monitoring physiological parameters in minimally invasive therapies and wearable devices, for biorobotic and biomechanical applications, for chemical and biosensing, and many others. This Special Issue aims at gathering scientific contributions focused on the current state-of-the-art of optical sensing systems for biomedical applications, and on valuable advances in the design, fabrication, characterization, and application of novel sensors.

Prof. Dr. Paola Saccomandi
Prof. Dr. Emiliano Schena
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Photonic sensors
  • Integrated photonic sensors
  • Fiber optic sensors
  • Distributed sensors
  • Intensity-based sensors
  • Polarization-based sensors
  • Sensors based on fiber-optic interferometers
  • Grating-based sensors
  • Fiber laser sensors
  • Laser-based sensors
  • Micro and nanofabrication techniques for sensor optimization
  • Biosensing
  • Chemical sensing
  • Integration of optical and photonic sensors with smart materials.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4952 KiB  
Article
Closed-Loop Temperature Control Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Laser Ablation of Hepatic Tissue
by Sanzhar Korganbayev, Annalisa Orrico, Leonardo Bianchi, Martina De Landro, Alexey Wolf, Alexander Dostovalov and Paola Saccomandi
Sensors 2020, 20(22), 6496; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226496 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3418
Abstract
Laser ablation (LA) of cancer is a minimally invasive technique based on targeted heat release. Controlling tissue temperature during LA is crucial to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in the organs while preserving the healthy tissue around. Here, we report the design and [...] Read more.
Laser ablation (LA) of cancer is a minimally invasive technique based on targeted heat release. Controlling tissue temperature during LA is crucial to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in the organs while preserving the healthy tissue around. Here, we report the design and implementation of a real-time monitoring system performing closed-loop temperature control, based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) spatial measurements. Highly dense FBG arrays (1.19 mm length, 0.01 mm edge-to-edge distance) were inscribed in polyimide-coated fibers using the femtosecond point-by-point writing technology to obtain the spatial resolution needed for accurate reconstruction of high-gradient temperature profiles during LA. The zone control strategy was implemented such that the temperature in the laser-irradiated area was maintained at specific set values (43 and 55 °C), in correspondence to specific radii (2 and 6 mm) of the targeted zone. The developed control system was assessed in terms of measured temperature maps during an ex vivo liver LA. Results suggest that the temperature-feedback system provides several advantages, including controlling the margins of the ablated zone and keeping the maximum temperature below the critical values. Our strategy and resulting analysis go beyond the state-of-the-art LA regulation techniques, encouraging further investigation in the identification of the optimal control-loop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions)
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16 pages, 3738 KiB  
Article
Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Millimetric-Scale Temperature Monitoring of Cardiac Tissue Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation: A Feasibility Assessment
by Martina Zaltieri, Greta Allegretti, Carlo Massaroni, Emiliano Schena and Filippo Maria Cauti
Sensors 2020, 20(22), 6490; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226490 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most widely used technique for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. A variety of factors, such as the electrode tip shape, the force exerted on the tissue by the catheter and the delivered power, combine to determine the temperature [...] Read more.
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most widely used technique for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. A variety of factors, such as the electrode tip shape, the force exerted on the tissue by the catheter and the delivered power, combine to determine the temperature distribution, and as consequence, the lesion shape and size. In this context, being able to know the temperature reached in the myocardium during the RFA can be helpful for predicting the lesion dimensions to prevent the occurrence of undesired tissue damage. The catheters used so far in such procedures provide single-point temperature measurements within the probe (by means of embedded thermocouples or thermistors), so no information regarding the temperature changes occurring in myocardial tissues can be retrieved. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) to perform multi-point and millimetric-scale temperature measurements within myocardium subjected to RFA. The assessment has been performed on ex vivo porcine myocardium specimens undergoing RFA. Data show the feasibility of the proposed solution in providing spatial temperature distribution within the myocardial tissue during the entire RFA. These high-resolved measurements may allow reconstructing the temperature distribution in the tissue. This study lays the foundations for the implementation of 3D thermal maps to investigate how the supplied power, treatment time, force of contact and irrigation flow of the catheter influence the thermal effects within the tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions)
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Review

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18 pages, 2284 KiB  
Review
Review of Laser Raman Spectroscopy for Surgical Breast Cancer Detection: Stochastic Backpropagation Neural Networks
by Ragini Kothari, Yuman Fong and Michael C. Storrie-Lombardi
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6260; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216260 - 2 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2940
Abstract
Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) is a highly specific biomolecular technique which has been shown to have the ability to distinguish malignant and normal breast tissue. This paper discusses significant advancements in the use of LRS in surgical breast cancer diagnosis, with an emphasis [...] Read more.
Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) is a highly specific biomolecular technique which has been shown to have the ability to distinguish malignant and normal breast tissue. This paper discusses significant advancements in the use of LRS in surgical breast cancer diagnosis, with an emphasis on statistical and machine learning strategies employed for precise, transparent and real-time analysis of Raman spectra. When combined with a variety of “machine learning” techniques LRS has been increasingly employed in oncogenic diagnostics. This paper proposes that the majority of these algorithms fail to provide the two most critical pieces of information required by the practicing surgeon: a probability that the classification of a tissue is correct, and, more importantly, the expected error in that probability. Stochastic backpropagation artificial neural networks inherently provide both pieces of information for each and every tissue site examined by LRS. If the networks are trained using both human experts and an unsupervised classification algorithm as gold standards, rapid progress can be made understanding what additional contextual data is needed to improve network classification performance. Our patients expect us to not simply have an opinion about their tumor, but to know how certain we are that we are correct. Stochastic networks can provide that information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions)
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Other

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10 pages, 2719 KiB  
Letter
Fiber Optic Refractive Index Sensors Based on a Ball Resonator and Optical Backscatter Interrogation
by Madina Shaimerdenova, Takhmina Ayupova, Marzhan Sypabekova and Daniele Tosi
Sensors 2020, 20(21), 6199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20216199 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5195
Abstract
In this work, we introduced fabrication and interrogation of simple and highly sensitive fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensors based on ball resonators built on the tip of single-mode fibers. The probes have been fabricated through a CO2 fiber splicer, with a fast [...] Read more.
In this work, we introduced fabrication and interrogation of simple and highly sensitive fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensors based on ball resonators built on the tip of single-mode fibers. The probes have been fabricated through a CO2 fiber splicer, with a fast (~600 s) and repeatable method. The ball resonator acted as a weak interferometer with a return loss below −50 dB and was interrogated with an optical backscatter reflectometer measuring the reflection spectrum. The ball resonators behaved as weak interferometers with a shallow fringe and a spectrum that appeared close to a random signal, and RI sensitivity could be measured either through wavelength shift or amplitude change. In this work, we reported four samples having sensitivity ranges 48.9–403.3 nm/RIU and 256.0–566.2 dB/RIU (RIU = refractive index unit). Ball resonators appeared as a sensitive and robust platform for RI sensing in liquid and can be further functionalized for biosensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions)
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11 pages, 5276 KiB  
Letter
A Compact Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy System for Healthcare Applications Based on a Wavelength-Swept, Pulsed Quantum Cascade Laser
by Takuya Koyama, Naoto Shibata, Saiko Kino, Atsushi Sugiyama, Naota Akikusa and Yuji Matsuura
Sensors 2020, 20(12), 3438; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123438 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3606
Abstract
A mid-infrared spectroscopic system using a high-speed wavelength-swept and pulsed quantum cascade laser (QCL) for healthcare applications such as blood glucose measurement is proposed. We developed an attenuated total reflection measurement system comprising the QCL with a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-scanning grating, hollow optical [...] Read more.
A mid-infrared spectroscopic system using a high-speed wavelength-swept and pulsed quantum cascade laser (QCL) for healthcare applications such as blood glucose measurement is proposed. We developed an attenuated total reflection measurement system comprising the QCL with a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)-scanning grating, hollow optical fibers, and InAsSb detector and tested its feasibility for healthcare applications. A continuous spectrum was obtained by integrating comb-shaped spectra, the timing of which was slightly shifted. As this method does not require complex calculations, absorption spectra are obtained in real-time. We found that the signal-to-noise ratio of the obtained spectrum had been improved by increasing the number of spectra that were integrated into the spectrum calculation. Accordingly, we succeeded in measuring the absorption spectrum of a 0.1% aqueous glucose solution. Furthermore, the absorption spectra of human lips were measured, and it was shown that estimation of blood glucose levels were possible using a model equation derived using a partial least squares regression analysis of the measured absorption spectra. The spectroscopic system based on the QCL with MEMS-scanning grating has the advantages of compactness and low cost over conventional Fourier transform infrared-based systems and common spectroscopic systems with a tunable QCL that has a relatively large, movable grating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Photonic Sensors for Biomedical Applications: Advances and Emerging Solutions)
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