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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2018) | Viewed by 97228

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Dr. Cristina Ariño

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Departament d’Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrochemical sensors; biosensors; multi-sensor arrays; voltammetric techniques; electrochemical detection; chemometrics
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Dr. Núria Serrano

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Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrochemical sensors; screen-printed devices; chemometrics; persistent and emerging pollutants; electronic tongues; liquid chromatography; food authentication
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Screen-printed electrodes are, nowadays, a very well-stablished approach to be used as transducers for the development of chemical sensors and biosensors for electrochemical purposes, due to their disposable character and simple, rapid and low-cost production.

Screen-printed based electrodes have a great capability to by modified; these modifications, not only consider metal film formation, but also the incorporation of nanomaterials or (bio)molecules. This versatility, together with their miniaturized size and the possibility to be connected to portable instrumentation make them very appropriate for on-site determination of target analytes, not only in environmental monitoring, but also in food, agricultural and biomedical analysis.

The relevance of these screen-printed electrodes and the great number of researches that are, nowadays, using this technology for the development of new sensors justify the publication of a Special Issue devoted to screen-printed electrodes, in which works describing novel sensors based on screen-printing technology, multi-sensor arrays based on screen-printed electrodes and their related applications in environmental monitoring, agri-food control and biomedical analysis are welcome, as well as contributions illustrating the applicability of screen-printed electrodes in electrochemical detection.

Dr. Cristina Ariño Blasco
Dr. Núria Serrano
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Chemical sensors
Biosensors
Multi-sensor arrays
Voltammetric sensors
Amperometric sensors
Electrochemical detection
Data analysis or pattern recognition
Environmental monitoring
Agri-food analysis
Biomedical applications
On-site analysis

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Glyphosate in Drinking Water: A Fast and Direct Detection Method without Sample Pretreatment

by Jafar Safaa Noori, Maria Dimaki, John Mortensen and Winnie E. Svendsen

Sensors 2018, 18(9), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092961 - 5 Sep 2018

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 10671

Abstract

Glyphosate (Gly) is one of the most problematic pesticides that repeatedly appears in drinking water. Continuous on-site detection of Gly in water supplies can provide an early warning in incidents of contamination, before the pesticide reaches the drinking water. Here, we report the first direct detection of Gly in tap water with electrochemical sensing. Gold working electrodes were used to detect the pesticide in spiked tap water without any supporting electrolyte, sample pretreatment or electrode modifications. Amperometric measurements were used to quantify Gly to a limit of detection of 2 μM, which is below the regulation limit of permitted contamination of drinking water in the United States. The quantification of Gly was linearly proportional with the measured signal. The selectivity of this method was evaluated by applying the same technique on a Gly Metabolite, AMPA, and on another pesticide, omethoate, with a chemical structure similar to Gly. The testing revealed no interfering electrochemical activity at the potential range used for Gly detection. The simple detection of Gly presented in this work may lead to direct on-site monitoring of Gly contamination at drinking water sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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12 pages, 3507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Sensor for Bilirubin Detection Using Screen Printed Electrodes Functionalized with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

by Madasamy Thangamuthu, Willimann Eric Gabriel, Christian Santschi and Olivier J. F. Martin

Sensors 2018, 18(3), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030800 - 7 Mar 2018

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 11536

Abstract

Practice oriented point-of-care diagnostics require easy-to-handle, miniaturized, and low-cost analytical tools. In a novel approach, screen printed carbon electrodes (SPEs), which were functionalized with nanomaterials, are employed for selective measurements of bilirubin, which is an important biomarker for jaundice. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene separately deposited on SPEs provide the core of an electrochemical sensor for bilirubin. The electrocatalytic activity towards bilirubin oxidation (bilirubin to biliverdin) was observed at +0.25 V. In addition, a further peak corresponding to the electrochemical conversion of biliverdin into purpurin appeared at +0.48 V. When compared to MWCNT, the graphene type shows a 3-fold lower detection limit (0.3 ± 0.022 nM and 0.1 ± 0.018 nM, respectively), moreover, the graphene type exhibits a larger linear range (0.1–600 µM) than MWCNT (0.5–500 µM) with a two-fold better sensitivity, i.e., 30 nA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², and 15 nA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², respectively. The viability is validated through measurements of bilirubin in blood serum samples and the selectivity is ensured by inhibiting common interfering biological substrates using an ionic nafion membrane. The presented approach enables the design and implementation of low cost and miniaturized electrochemical sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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11 pages, 4107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of a Textile-Based Wearable Blood Leakage Sensor Using Screen-Offset Printing

by Ken-ichi Nomura, Yoshinori Horii, Shusuke Kanazawa, Yasuyuki Kusaka and Hirobumi Ushijima

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010240 - 15 Jan 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6581

Abstract

We fabricate a wearable blood leakage sensor on a cotton textile by combining two newly developed techniques. First, we employ a screen-offset printing technique that avoids blurring, short circuiting between adjacent conductive patterns, and electrode fracturing to form an interdigitated electrode structure for the sensor on a textile. Furthermore, we develop a scheme to distinguish blood from other substances by utilizing the specific dielectric dispersion of blood observed in the sub-megahertz frequency range. The sensor can detect blood volumes as low as 15 μL, which is significantly lower than those of commercially available products (which can detect approximately 1 mL of blood) and comparable to a recently reported value of approximately 10 μL. In this study, we merge two technologies to develop a more practical skin-friendly sensor that can be applied for safe, stress-free blood leakage monitoring during hemodialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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4953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screen-Printed Electrode Modified by Bismuth /Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle/Ionic Liquid Composite Using Internal Standard Normalization for Accurate Determination of Cd(II) in Soil

by Hui Wang, Guo Zhao, Yuan Yin, Zhiqiang Wang and Gang Liu

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010006 - 21 Dec 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6366

Abstract

The quality and safety of agricultural products are threatened by heavy metal ions in soil, which can be absorbed by the crops, and then accumulated in the human body through the food chain. In this paper, we report a low-cost and easy-to-use screen-printed electrode (SPE) for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) detection based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which decorated with ionic liquid (IL), magnetite nanoparticle (Fe₃O₄), and deposited a bismuth film (Bi). The characteristics of Bi/Fe₃O₄/ILSPE were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and linear sweep voltammetry. We found that the sensitivity of SPE was improved dramatically after functionalized with Bi/Fe₃O₄/IL. Under optimized conditions, the concentrations of Cd(II) are linear with current responses in a range from 0.5 to 40 µg/L with the lowest detection limit of 0.05 µg/L (S/N = 3). Additionally, the internal standard normalization (ISN) was used to process the response signals of Bi/Fe₃O₄/ILSPE and established a new linear equation. For detecting three different Cd(II) concentrations, the root-mean-square error using ISN (0.25) is lower than linear method (0.36). Finally, the proposed electrode was applied to trace Cd(II) in soil samples with the recovery in the range from 91.77 to 107.83%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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2248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Amaranth and Tartrazine in Drinks and Gelatins Using a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode

by Yeny Perdomo, Verónica Arancibia, Olimpo García-Beltrán and Edgar Nagles

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112665 - 18 Nov 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4834

Abstract

A fast, sensitive, and selective method for the simultaneous determination of one pair of synthetic colorants commonly found mixed in food products, Amaranth (AM) and Tartrazine (TZ), based on their adsorption and oxidation on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) is presented. The variation of peak current with pH, supporting electrolyte, adsorption time, and adsorption potential were optimized using square wave adsorptive voltammetry. The optimal conditions were found to be: pH 3.2 (PBS), E_ads 0.00 V, and t_ads 30 s. Under these conditions, the AM and TZ signals were observed at 0.56 and 0.74 V, respectively. A linear response were found over the 0.15 to 1.20 µmol L⁻¹ and 0.15 to 0.80 µmol L⁻¹ concentrations, with detection limits (3σ/slope) of 26 and 70 nmol L⁻¹ for AM and TZ, respectively. Reproducibility for 17.7 µmol L^–1 AM and TZ solutions were 2.5 and 3.0% (n = 7), respectively, using three different electrodes. The method was validated by determining AM and TZ in spiked tap water and unflavored gelatin spiked with AM and TZ. Because a beverage containing both AM and TZ was not found, the method was applied to the determination of AM in a kola soft drink and TZ in an orange jelly and a soft drink powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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4710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Silver Using a Carbon Paste Electrode and a Screen Printed Electrode Modified with Chromium(III) Oxide

by Zuzana Koudelkova, Tomas Syrovy, Pavlina Ambrozova, Zdenek Moravec, Lubomir Kubac, David Hynek, Lukas Richtera and Vojtech Adam

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081832 - 9 Aug 2017

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 8811

Abstract

In this study, the preparation and electrochemical application of a chromium(III) oxide modified carbon paste electrode (Cr-CPE) and a screen printed electrode (SPE), made from the same material and optimized for the simple, cheap and sensitive simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and the detection of silver ions, is described. The limits of detection and quantification were 25 and 80 µg·L⁻¹ for Zn(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Cd(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Pb(II), 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Cu(II), and 3 and 10 µg·L⁻¹ for Ag(I), respectively. Furthermore, this promising modification was transferred to the screen-printed electrode. The limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead on the screen printed electrodes were found to be 350 µg·L⁻¹ for Zn(II), 25 µg·L⁻¹ for Cd(II), 3 µg·L⁻¹ for Pb(II) and 3 µg·L⁻¹ for Cu(II). Practical usability for the simultaneous detection of these heavy metal ions by the Cr-CPE was also demonstrated in the analyses of wastewaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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2459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Disposable Amperometric Sensor Based on High-Performance PEDOT:PSS/Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Thin Film-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode for the Analysis of Catechol in Natural Water Samples

by Francis D. Krampa, Yaw Aniweh, Gordon A. Awandare and Prosper Kanyong

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081716 - 26 Jul 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7537

Abstract

A conducting polymer-based composite material of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) doped with different percentages of a room temperature ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF₄]), was prepared and a very small amount of the composite (2.0 µL) was drop-coated on the working area of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The SPCE, modified with PEDOT:PSS/IL composite thin-film, was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), profilometry and sessile contact angle measurements. The prepared PEDOT:PSS/IL composite thin-film exhibited a nano-porous microstructure and was found to be highly stable and conductive with enhanced electrocatalytic properties towards catechol, a priority pollutant. The linear working range for catechol was found to be 0.1 µM–330.0 µM with a sensitivity of 18.2 mA·mM·cm⁻² and a calculated limit of detection (based on 3× the baseline noise) of 23.7 µM. When the PEDOT:PSS/IL/SPCE sensor was used in conjunction with amperometry in stirred solution for the analysis of natural water samples, the precision values obtained on spiked samples (20.0 µM catechol added) (n = 3) were 0.18% and 0.32%, respectively, with recovery values that were well over 99.0%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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3293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ag Nanoparticles Drop-Casting Modification of Screen-Printed Electrodes for the Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Cu(II) and Pb(II)

by Clara Pérez-Ràfols, Julio Bastos-Arrieta, Núria Serrano, José Manuel Díaz-Cruz, Cristina Ariño, Joan De Pablo and Miquel Esteban

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061458 - 21 Jun 2017

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 7750

Abstract

A new silver nanoparticle modified screen-printed electrode was developed and applied to the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cu(II). Two different types of silver nanoparticles with different shapes and sizes, Ag nanoseeds and Ag nanoprisms, were microscopically characterized and three different carbon substrates, graphite, graphene and carbon nanofibers, were tested. The best analytical performance was achieved for the combination of Ag nanoseeds with a carbon nanofiber modified screen-printed electrode. The resulting sensor allowed the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cu(II) at trace levels and its applicability to natural samples was successfully tested with a groundwater certified reference material, presenting high reproducibility and trueness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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Review

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23 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessReview

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with “Green” Metals for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis of Toxic Elements

by Anastasios Economou

Sensors 2018, 18(4), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041032 - 29 Mar 2018

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 6742

Abstract

This work reviews the field of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with “green” metals for electrochemical stripping analysis of toxic elements. Electrochemical stripping analysis has been established as a useful trace analysis technique offering many advantages compared to competing optical techniques. Although mercury has been the preferred electrode material for stripping analysis, the toxicity of mercury and the associated legal requirements in its use and disposal have prompted research towards the development of “green” metals as alternative electrode materials. When combined with the screen-printing technology, such environment-friendly metals can lead to disposable sensors for trace metal analysis with excellent operational characteristics. This review focuses on SPEs modified with Au, Bi, Sb, and Sn for stripping analysis of toxic elements. Different modification approaches (electroplating, bulk modification, use of metal precursors, microengineering techniques) are considered and representative applications are described. A developing related field, namely biosensing based on stripping analysis of metallic nanoprobe labels, is also briefly mentioned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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26 pages, 3259 KiB

Open AccessReview

Detection of Antibiotics and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity with Screen-Printed Electrodes

by Florentina-Daniela Munteanu, Ana Maria Titoiu, Jean-Louis Marty and Alina Vasilescu

Sensors 2018, 18(3), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030901 - 18 Mar 2018

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11705

Abstract

This review provides a brief overview of the fabrication and properties of screen-printed electrodes and details the different opportunities to apply them for the detection of antibiotics, detection of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility. Among the alternative approaches to costly chromatographic or ELISA methods for antibiotics detection and to lengthy culture methods for bacteria detection, electrochemical biosensors based on screen-printed electrodes present some distinctive advantages. Chemical and (bio)sensors for the detection of antibiotics and assays coupling detection with screen-printed electrodes with immunomagnetic separation are described. With regards to detection of bacteria, the emphasis is placed on applications targeting viable bacterial cells. While the electrochemical sensors and biosensors face many challenges before replacing standard analysis methods, the potential of screen-printed electrodes is increasingly exploited and more applications are anticipated to advance towards commercial analytical tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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21 pages, 3774 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Integrated Affinity Biosensing Platforms on Screen-Printed Electrodes Electrografted with Diazonium Salts

by Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, Susana Campuzano and José M. Pingarrón

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020675 - 24 Feb 2018

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 12226

Abstract

Adequate selection of the electrode surface and the strategies for its modification to enable subsequent immobilization of biomolecules and/or nanomaterials integration play a major role in the performance of electrochemical affinity biosensors. Because of the simplicity, rapidity and versatility, electrografting using diazonium salt reduction is among the most currently used functionalization methods to provide the attachment of an organic layer to a conductive substrate. This particular chemistry has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to covalently immobilize in a stable and reproducible way a wide range of biomolecules or nanomaterials onto different electrode surfaces. Considering the great progress and interesting features arisen in the last years, this paper outlines the potential of diazonium chemistry to prepare single or multianalyte electrochemical affinity biosensors on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and points out the existing challenges and future directions in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen-Printed Electrodes)

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