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Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (17 November 2023) | Viewed by 24244

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Arefin Shezan

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Engineering Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
2. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Interests: renewable energy integration; microgrid optimization; operation and control; power system analysis; power electronics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mohammed Nazmus Shakib

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Interests: renewable energy integration; microgrid optimization; operation and control; power system analysis; power electronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The escalation of power systems and power electronics based on renewable energy sources integration into the grid has led to concerns regarding stability and dynamic responses. Power-system- and dispatch-strategy-based resources can render various ancillary services with advanced control strategies. To fully utilize the capability of power conversion, the comprehensive modelling and integration of a large-scale system are essential to understand and maintain the stable operation of power grids with the penetration of power-electronic-based renewable resources. The efficient generation of green energy is the prime challenge for researchers in this field. Due to the ongoing rapid industrialization, energy demand is increasing drastically, whereas fossil fuel-based sources of energy such as coal, oil, and natural gas are limited in reserve and going to be finished before 2045. Hence, the only way to overcome the current challenges is to develop renewable and inexhaustible energy sources. Inverters are key components of distributed generation systems because of their function as an effective interface between renewable energy sources and the utility grid. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of various inverters for grid-tied renewable energy systems. Among the standalone renewable energy application techniques, the implementation of the maximum power point tracking algorithm is the most popular because it improves PV efficiency significantly. To ensure system stability and reliability, along with the optimal sizing of the designed islanded microgrid, it is critical to make a bridge between the optimal sizing domain and the power system analysis domain. A proper dispatch strategy for solar wind Islanded Hybrid Microgrid System (IHMS) is required to minimize the Cost of Energy (COE), Net Present Cost (NPC) and Greenhouse Gasss (GHG) emissions while ensuring power system performance. As indicated by results under various dispatch systems, the best mixes of sustainable power sources can be discovered with the best and worst dispatch techniques by comparing the the values of LCOE, NPC and CO₂ emissions. The system stability analysis in terms of voltage, frequency and power need to be examined for steady state and transient analysis for Islanded and grid microgrid and conventional power systems. The implementation of different optimization strategies and control strategies can improve the power quality and ensure the technical feasibility of the IHMS and smartgrids.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Optimization algorithm implementation for optimized hybrid microgrids.
Optimization Technique implementation for optimized hybrid microgrids.
Control technique implementation for optimized hybrid microgrids.
Techno-economic analysis, optimal sizing, system stability and reliability analysis of hybrid microgrids.
Power electronics evaluation and power system analysis of hybrid microgrids.

Dr. Arefin Shezan
Dr. Mohammed Nazmus Shakib
Guest Editors

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Keywords

renewable energy integration
microgrid optimization
techno-economic analysis operation and control
power system analysis
power electronics

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 6292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Storage System in a Microgrid with EDR and Economic Dispatch Considering Renewable and Conventional Energy Sources

by O. Aguilar-Mejía, H. Minor-Popocatl, O. S. Caballero-Morales and A. F. Miranda-Pérez

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020568 - 9 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1185

Abstract

Due to the importance that organizations and governments have placed on environmental pollution and the policies that force organizations to comply with environmental standards, the use of renewable energy sources to meet energy requirements becomes important. The problem of the economic dispatch consists of satisfying the energy demand of the clients, establishing the most convenient source of supply at each moment, considering the established objective (minimize the operating cost of the microgrid) and satisfying the established restrictions. This paper addresses the problem of economic dispatch in a microgrid with a mathematical programming approach. The proposal to meet the energy demand considers: (a) interconnection to the main grid, (b) conventional diesel generators, (c) a photovoltaic system, (d) a hydroelectric turbine, (e) a wind system, (f) a battery-based storage system, (g) capacity to exchange energy with the main grid, (h) incentive for reducing electricity demand (EDR) by customers when an environmental contingency occurs and (i) regeneration of pollutants emitted by conventional generators. The proposal is implemented in the Lingo 17 software. The results show that by including a BESS and the EDR program, it is possible to save between 18% and 75% of the costs of the objective function and stop emitting a little more than 195 kg of pollutants into the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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24 pages, 3329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable-Energy-Based Microgrid Design and Feasibility Analysis for King Saud University Campus, Riyadh

by Mohammed Abdullah H. Alshehri, Youguang Guo and Gang Lei

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310708 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2728

Abstract

The world is forced to think about alternate energy sources because fossil fuel stocks are unreliable, harmful, and depleting quickly. Deployments of microgrids powered by renewable energy are some of the most economical, effective, dependable, and sustainable answers to this problem. The design of a power system with the least amount of economic and environmental impact is the main challenge because the world is currently facing climate change disasters on a scale that has never been seen before. As a result, there is an urgent need to transition to renewable energy resources to meet energy demands. This study examines the creation of a hybrid microgrid to meet the electrical load requirements of the King Saud University campus in Riyadh by utilizing the site’s solar and wind potential. A software called HOMER Pro Version 3.14.5 is used to simulate the planned microgrid system. The software can run numerous simulations while taking into account various system configurations. The ultimate objective is to choose the best combination of different power sources to create a microgrid with low energy costs, dependability, minimal GHG emissions, and a high penetration of renewable energy. The solar, wind, and battery system connected to the grid was shown to be the most advantageous choice in terms of cost of energy (COE), net present cost (NPC), operational costs, and GHG emissions after the software ran numerous simulations. The most economically advantageous way to meet the load demands of a university campus while still achieving more than 82% renewable penetration is to use an optimal system architecture. In this study, the ideal system configuration is subjected to sensitivity analysis to confirm the system’s performance. This optimal system design is used as a benchmark for examining the potential usage of renewable energy in the education sector in Saudi Arabia in particular and in any educational facility worldwide in general. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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23 pages, 6087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Energy Conservation-Based Demand-Side Management to Optimize an Off-Grid Integrated Renewable Energy System Using Different Battery Technologies

by Polamarasetty P Kumar, Akhlaqur Rahman, Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula, Ilhami Colak, S. M. Muyeen, Sk. A. Shezan, G. M. Shafiullah, Md. Fatin Ishraque, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Faisal Alsaif and Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10137; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310137 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

Rural electrification is necessary for both the country’s development and the well-being of the villagers. The current study investigates the feasibility of providing electricity to off-grid villages in the Indian state of Odisha by utilizing renewable energy resources that are currently available in the study area. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, it is highly improbable to ensure a continuous electricity supply to the off-grid areas. To ensure a reliable electricity supply to the off-grid areas, three battery technologies have been incorporated to find the most suitable battery system for the study area. In addition, we evaluated various demand side management (DSM) techniques and assessed which would be the most suitable for our study area. To assess the efficiency of the off-grid system, we applied different metaheuristic algorithms, and the results showed great promise. Based on our findings, it is clear that energy-conservation-based DSM is the ideal option for the study area. From all the algorithms tested, the salp swarm algorithm demonstrated the best performance for the current study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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19 pages, 5232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Control of an Autonomous Microgrid Integrated with Super Magnetic Energy Storage Using an Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

by Sherif A. Zaid, Ahmed M. Kassem, Aadel M. Alatwi, Hani Albalawi, Hossam AbdelMeguid and Atef Elemary

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118827 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1527

Abstract

This article presents a microgrid that uses sustainable energy sources. It has a fuel cell (FC), wind energy production devices, and a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device. The performance of the suggested microgrid is improved by adapting an optimal control method using an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The ABC algorithm has many advantages, including simplicity, adaptability and resilience to handle difficult optimization issues. Under usual circumstances, wind and FC energies are typically appropriate for meeting load demands. The SMES, however, makes up the extra capacity requirement during transient circumstances. Using the ABC optimum controller, the load frequency and voltage are controlled. Measurements of the microgrid’s behavior using the newly developed optimal controller were made in response to step variations in wind power and load demand. To assess the performance of the suggested system, simulations in Matlab were run. The outcomes of the simulations demonstrated that the suggested microgrid supplied the load with AC power of steady amplitude and frequency for all disruptions. Additionally, the necessary load demand was precisely mitigated. Furthermore, even in the presence of variable wind speeds and SMES, the microgrid performed superbly. The outcomes under the same circumstances with and without the optimal ABC processor were compared. It was discovered that the microgrid delivered superior responses using the optimal ABC controller with SMES compared to the microgrid without SMES. The performance was also compared to the optimally controlled microgrid using particle swarm (PS) optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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22 pages, 82071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid Connected Microgrid Optimization and Control for a Coastal Island in the Indian Ocean

by Md. Fatin Ishraque, Akhlaqur Rahman, Sk. A. Shezan and S. M. Muyeen

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16697; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416697 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2779

Abstract

For the suggested site in the Maldives, this research paper analyzes the possibility of a hybrid renewable microgrid that is dispatch strategy-governed in both off-grid and on-grid scenarios. The planned microgrid’s techno-environmental-economic-power-system responses have been assessed. Both the power system response study and the techno-environmental-economic study of the modelled microgrid were carried out using the software platforms DIgSILENT PowerFactory and HOMER Pro respectively. Cycle charging (CC) dispatch technique had the lowest performance for both on and off-grid modes, according to the research, with cost of energy (COE) of 0.135 and 0.213 dollars per kWh, and net present costs (NPC) of 132,906 and 147,058 dollars respectively. With an NPC of 113,137 dollars and a COE of 0.166 dollars/kWh, the generator order strategy operates optimally while in on-grid mode. On the other hand, load following operates at its finest in off-grid mode, with a COE of 0.024 dollars/kWh and a NPC of 141,448 dollars. The microgrid’s reactive power, different bus voltages and frequency responses demonstrate how the proposed system, which employs the dispatch approach, voltage Q droop, and input mode PQ controller, operates steadily. For the purpose of illustrating the importance of the research effort, a comparison section between the planned HOMER optimizer and other optimization approaches is also included. The research was done with the Maldives in mind, but it offers a general notion for setting up a microgrid anyplace in the world with comparable weather and load circumstances. The research was done with the Maldives in mind, but it offers a general notion for setting up a microgrid anyplace in the world with comparable weather and load circumstances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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18 pages, 50328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operation and Assessment of a Microgrid for Maldives: Islanded and Grid-Tied Mode

by Md. Fatin Ishraque, Akhlaqur Rahman, Sk. A. Shezan and GM Shafiullah

Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 15504; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142315504 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2233

Abstract

This research work examines the prospect of a dispatch strategy governed hybrid renewable energy microgrid for the proposed location in Maldives for both off and on grid conditions. The techno-environmental-economic-power system responses of the proposed microgrid have been evaluated. The techno-environmental-economic analysis of the proposed microgrid has been conducted utilizing HOMER Pro and the power system response analysis has been conducted using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software platforms. The evaluation shows that, for both on and off grid modes, cycle charging strategy has the worst performance having net present costs (NPC) of $132,906 and $147,058 and cost of energy (COE) of 0.135 $/kWh and 0.213 $/kWh respectively. During on grid mode, generator order performs the best having NPC of $113,137, COE of 0.166 $/kWh. In off grid mode, load following strategy performs the best with NPC of $141,448 and COE of 0.024 $/kWh. The active power and voltage responses of the microgrid shows the stable operation of the proposed system by implementing dispatch techniques and voltage Q-droop and input mode P-Q controller. A comparison section is also presented for demonstrating the significance of the research work. The research work has been conducted considering a location in Maldives but provides an overall idea about establishing a microgrid in anywhere in the world having similar meteorological and load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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Review

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29 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessReview

A State-of-the-Art Review on Optimization Methods and Techniques for Economic Load Dispatch with Photovoltaic Systems: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations

by Khairul Eahsun Fahim, Liyanage C. De Silva, Fayaz Hussain and Hayati Yassin

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11837; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511837 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Fossil fuel is considered to be the primary power generation source. As this source is not that eco- and environmentally friendly, researchers are constantly searching for an alternative source for power generation. Renewable energy has drawn much attention in this regard in recent times. For solving economic load dispatch issues, numerous operational constraints must be considered. Due to the restructuring of the power sector, there is competition between different power systems organizations. Increasing fossil fuel costs drive power-producing utilities to adopt a cost-effective technique for dispatching actual power output. Due to the presence of nonlinearity and non-convexity in the fuel of cost function of generators, the economic load dispatch is often considered a complex optimization problem. Many researchers have been optimizing fuel costs to solve the economic power dispatch problem. This paper offers a critical analysis of ELD that takes into account both traditional and non-traditional energy sources. The review covers a variety of algorithms, including hybrid algorithms for integrating renewable energy sources (RES). The paper also focuses on several restricted optimization techniques and contemporary algorithms including PSO, Jaya, GWO, SMO, TLBO, Rao, MRao-2, and MFO to reduce the fuel cost of generation units using large-scale solar PV. Moreover, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of economic load dispatch and provides valuable insights for electricity researchers and practitioners. It also discusses future technologies and next steps in the field of ELD, emphasizing the need for more environmentally friendly and cost-effective power generation and distribution solutions. Overall, the paper demonstrates the benefits of renewable energy sources as well as optimization techniques for creating a more sustainable and efficient power generation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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27 pages, 5438 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Evaluation of ASEAN Renewable Energy Path to Carbon Neutrality

by Khairul Eahsun Fahim, Liyanage C. De Silva, Fayaz Hussain, Sk. A. Shezan and Hayati Yassin

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6961; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086961 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8105

Abstract

Maintaining our standard of living and keeping the economy running smoothly is heavily reliant on a consistent supply of energy. Renewable energy systems create abundant energy by utilizing resources such as the sun, wind, earth, and plants. The demand for renewable energy is increasing, despite power scarcity, pollution, and climate change posing challenges to long-term development in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which has seen significant social and economic growth in recent years. To achieve its 23% renewable energy (RE) target, ASEAN can develop solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity. Members of the ASEAN have established regulations and incentives to encourage individuals and businesses to use renewable energy in the future. This paper explores Southeast Asian countries’ comprehensive fossil-free energy options, the region’s renewable energy potential, current capacity, goals, and energy needs. Through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016–2025 and the ASEAN Declaration on Renewable Energy, ASEAN is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development aligning with the Paris Agreement’s aim to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Results show that decarbonizing the region’s energy system is possible, but current policies and actions must be altered to reach that target level. Further research is necessary to optimize the ASEAN region’s renewable resource technical potential and commercial viability with available technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Design of Hybrid Microgrid)

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