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Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 23002

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ruoyu Jin

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Guest Editor

School of Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK.
Interests: recycled aggregate concrete; sustainable construction; construction waste management; digital construction

Prof. Dr. Yidong Xu

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 325100, China.
Interests: recycled aggregate concrete; concrete durability; construction management

Prof. Dr. Libo Yan

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Guest Editor

1. Division of Organic and Wooden Based Materials, Institute of Building Materials, Concrete Construction and Fire Safety, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany
2. Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Interests: FRP; fibre reinforced concrete; wood science; bio-composites; hybrid structures; durability of materials; dynamics of structures; recycling and reuse of construction and demolition; agricultural and forestry, and plastic wastes; thermal and fire performance of materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Zhenhua Duan

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: low-carbon concrete; sustainability; rheological properties; 3D printing; recycled aggregate; wind turbine blades
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The circular economy, as an alternative to the linear approach of treating waste, is rooted in the principles of reducing waste and protecting the environment (Barón et al., 2020). The overwhelming amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generated worldwide from industrial activities is causing negative impacts on the environment and on society (Lu and Yuan, 2010). Recycling and reusing C&D wastes such as recycled aggregates (RAs) is one of the most common circular treatments of C&D waste. Circular treatment of C&D waste can be studied from different disciplinary perspectives, such as the generation of new cementitious materials (Xu et al., 2020), the marketing of recycled products (Huang et al., 2018), and policy development (Ajayi and Oyedele, 2017). Adopting C&D waste for circular use is not without barriers; for example, the uncertainty of the waste source may compromise the quality of the recycled products. Researchers believe that adopting RAs should not be limited to engineering properties of products containing RAs, but also a variety of RA sources, varied RA applications, as well as interdisciplinary research incorporating data science, digital technologies, policy making, and sustainability assessment in promoting RA research and practice (Chen et al., 2019). This Special Issue aims to address the latest research and practices of adopting recycled C&D wastes as concrete aggregate for sustainable construction. Following the suggestions of Chen et al. (2019), this Special Issue covers themes from multiple perspectives, including, but not limited to, the following:

Novel cementitious materials developed with proper mixes involving C&D wastes (e.g., self-cleaning concrete);
Engineering properties of sustainable cement composites adopting C&D wastes (e.g., self-compacting concrete, high-performance concrete, pervious concrete, etc.);
New technologies (e.g., information tools) developed to track the source and quality of RAs;
Digital technologies to manufacture new concrete with RAs, e.g., 3D printing concrete;
Comprehensive sustainability indicator system for adopting RAs against natural aggregates;
Data analytics methods applied in estimating more properties of cement composites containing RAs;
Promoting the circular use of C&D wastes from the perspectives of management, policy, standard, and legislation (e.g., life cycle assessment of concrete adopting RAs, increasing the reuse rate of RAs, etc.)
Overview of existing studies for 1) providing an overview of existing research and practices of recycled aggregate concrete; 2) introducing the latest studies of high-performance concrete adopting recycled aggregates from C&D wastes; or 3) evaluating the latest findings of recycled aggregate concrete by achieving waste reuse whist realizing other environmental sustainability goals.

References:

Ajayi, S.O.; Oyedele, L.O. Policy imperatives for diverting construction waste from landfill: Experts’ recommendations for UK policy expansion. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 147, 57–65.

Barón, A. de Castro R.; Giménez, G. Circular Economy Practices among Industrial EMASRegistered SMEs in Spain. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9011; doi:10.3390/su12219011

Chen W.; Jin R.; Xu Y.; Wanatowski, D.; Li, B.; Yan, L.; Pang, Z.; Yang, Y. “Adopting recycled aggregates as sustainable construction materials: a review of the scientific literature.” Construction and Building Materials. 2019, 218, 483–496.

Huang, B.; Wang, X., Kua, H., Geng, Y., Bleischwitz, R., Ren, J. Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 129, 36–44.

Lu, W.; Yuan, H. Exploring critical success factors for waste management in construction projects of China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2010, 55(2), 201–208.

Xu, Y.; Jin, R.; Hu, L.; Li, B.; Chen, W.; Shen, J.; Wu, P.; Fang, J. Studying the mix design and investigating the photocatalytic performance of pervious concrete containing TiO2-soaked recycled aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 248, 119281.

Dr. Ruoyu Jin
Prof. Dr. Yidong Xu
Prof. Dr. Li-Bo Yan
Dr. Zhenhua Duan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

recycled aggregate concrete
construction & demolition waste
sustainable construction materials
sustainable concrete
circular economy

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable and Low-Cost Hemp FRP Composite Confinement of B-Waste Concrete

by Panuwat Joyklad, Ekkachai Yooprasertchai, Abdur Rahim, Nazam Ali, Krisada Chaiyasarn and Qudeer Hussain

Sustainability 2022, 14(13), 7673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137673 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2108

Abstract

Each year, massive amount of construction waste is generated that needs proper attention in terms of its disposal without deteriorating surrounding environment. A significant portion of this waste comprises bricks. Besides, large number of new construction works are resulting in the depletion of natural resources rapidly. Intuitively, a sustainable solution demands to consume this construction waste in the best way possible. This study targeted brick waste as a potential material to be used as a partial replacement of natural aggregates in structural concrete. It has been known that the concrete constructed with recycled brick aggregates possesses substandard mechanical properties. Traditionally, synthetic FRPs are known to strengthen recycled aggregate concrete. However, recognizing high costs associated with them, this study proposed the use of natural hemp fiber ropes to strengthen recycled aggregate concrete constructed with brick aggregates. To assess the efficacy of hemp ropes in strengthening mechanical properties of the concrete with coarse aggregates partially replaced with recycled brick aggregates (B-waste), an experimental framework was conducted. Sixteen cylindrical specimens were tested in two groups depending upon the concrete strength. Within each group, 2 specimens each were strengthened with 1, 2, and 3 layers of hemp fiber ropes. Axial monotonic compressive loading was applied to each specimen. Results revealed that hemp fiber ropes significantly improved ultimate compressive strength and the corresponding strain. A substantial improvement in axial ductility was observed. For the sake of performance-based non-linear modelling, accurate constitutive modelling at material level is necessary. For this purpose, several existing analytical stress-strain models were tested in this study to predict ultimate confined compressive strength and strain. It was found that several models predicted confined compressive strengths with reasonable accuracy. However, very few models were able to predict confined peak strain with good accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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14 pages, 27207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Prepared with Waste Marble Powder

by Yumei Wang, Jianzhuang Xiao, Jintuan Zhang and Zhenhua Duan

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4170; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074170 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2071

Abstract

Marble production and processing generates a large amount of marble powder waste that has great potential for cementitious material. This paper investigates the application of waste marble powder with different replacement ratios of cement in concrete and experimentally studies the physical and mechanical properties of this green concrete type. Artificial marble powder and original marble powder are used at different replacement levels. The effect of different kinds of marble powder and its replacement ratio on the mechanical properties of concrete are discussed. The results show that the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength change significantly when the substitution rate of marble powder exceeds 10%; the strength decreases as the substitution rate increases. The usage of artificial marble powder plays a weakening role on concrete performance due to its resin composition when compared to the performance using original marble powder. The stress–stain curves of the two types of marble powder concrete are compared. For concrete, by using the original marble powder, the variation of strain value is not obvious when the marble powder replacement ratio is less than 20%, but for concrete by using artificial marble powder, the peak and ultimate strain decrease significantly with the replacement ratio of marble powder increase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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17 pages, 9589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbonation Resistance in Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete with and without Recycled Coarse Aggregate in Natural and Simulated Environment

by Wajeeha Mahmood, Asad-ur-Rehman Khan and Tehmina Ayub

Sustainability 2022, 14(1), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010437 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2816

Abstract

This research aims to examine the effect of carbonation on the strength properties and carbonation depth of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete using two different water to cement ratios (w/c) and two different replacement percentages of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). Two concrete mixes were prepared using w/c of 0.4 and 0.43. The two concrete mixes were subdivided into two subgroups based on the use of NCA and 30% RCA. The first concrete mix having w/c of 0.4 was contained NCA and from this concrete, 42 cylinders of 100 mm dia. and 200 mm height were cast. Six out of 42 cylinders served as control specimens and were not exposed to CO₂. A total of 18 out of the remaining 36 cylinders was exposed to the simulated environment and the rest were exposed to the natural environment. The second concrete mix having a w/c of 0.4 contained 30% RCA/70% NCA, and using this concrete, 42 cylinders of similar size were cast. A similar scheme was adopted for w/c of 0.43 and, in total, 84 cylinders using four mix designs were cast. After casting and 28 days of curing, six out of 42 cylinders cast from each concrete mix design were tested for compression and splitting tensile strength, following ASTM C39 and ASTM C496 without any exposure to carbon dioxide (CO₂). A total of 18 out of the remaining 36 cylinders was exposed to the simulated environment in a carbonation chamber for an equivalent time duration of 90, 180 and 365 days following CEN test guidelines and the other 18 cylinders were kept in the natural environment for a period of 90, 180 and 365 days. After the completion of simulated and natural exposure periods, these cylinders were distributed equally to test for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength to observe the effect of carbon dioxide (CO₂) at each time duration (i.e., 90, 180 and 365 days), and replacement percentage of RCA (i.e., 0 and 30%), which showed that carbonation depth increases incrementally with the w/c ratio and CO₂ exposure duration. In both the simulated and the natural environment, the use of RCA in concrete cast using a w/c of 0.4 increased carbonation depth up to 38% and 46%, whereas, in the case of the concrete cast using a w/c ratio of 0.43, the use of RCA increased the carbonation depth up to 16% and 25%. In general, the use of RCA in the concrete exposed to the natural environment significantly affected the compressive strength of concrete, due to multiple interfaces and the porous structure of RCA, and the variation in the temperature, humidity and content of carbon dioxide (CO₂) present in the actual environment. The maximum compressive strength variation prepared from the mixes M0-0.4, M30-0.43, M0-0.43 and M30-0.43 differed by 5.88%, 7.69%, 16.67% and 20% for an exposure period up to 365 days. Similarly, the results of splitting tensile strength tests on cylinders prepared from the same mixes exposed to the natural environment differ by 7.4%, 27.6%, 25.41% and 18.2% up to 365 days of exposure, respectively, as compared to the simulated environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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15 pages, 4474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Recycled Coarse Aggregate on the Shrinkage Performance of Green Recycled Concrete

by Yang Yu, Peihan Wang, Zexin Yu, Gongbing Yue, Liang Wang, Yuanxin Guo and Qiuyi Li

Sustainability 2021, 13(23), 13200; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313200 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2829

Abstract

Shrinkage property is a significant indicator of the durability of concrete, and the shrinkage of green recycled concrete is particularly problematic. In this paper, construction waste was crushed and screened to generate simple-crushed recycled coarse aggregate (SCRCA). The SCRCA was then subjected to particle shaping to create primary particle-shaped recycled coarse aggregate (PPRCA). On this basis, the PPRCA was particle-shaped again to obtain the secondary particle-shaped recycled coarse aggregate (SPRCA). Under conditions where the dosage of cementitious material is 300 kg/m³ and the sand rate is 38%, a new high-belite sulphoaluminate cement (HBSAC) with low carbon emission and superior efficiency was used as the basic cementitious material. Taking the quality of recycled coarse aggregate (SCRCA, PPRCA, and SPRCA) and the replacement ratio (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as the influencing factors to prepare the green recycled concrete, the workability and shrinkage property of the prepared concrete were analyzed. The results show that the water consumption of green recycled concrete decreases as the quality of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) increases and the replacement ratio decreases, provided that the green recycled concrete achieves the same workability. With the improvement of RCA quality and the decrease of replacement ratio, the shrinkage of recycled concrete decreases. The shrinkage performance of green recycled concrete configured with the SPRCA completely replacing the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) is basically the same as that of the natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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21 pages, 5525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability Performance of SCC and SCGC Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A Comparative Study

by Tehmina Ayub, Wajeeha Mahmood and Asad-ur-Rehman Khan

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8621; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158621 - 2 Aug 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2958

Abstract

This study assesses the behaviour of self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) with and without recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) by studying the rheological, mechanical and durability properties and comparison with self-compacting concrete (SCC). The idea of using RCA in geopolymer is to attain sustainable development goals, i.e., with less carbon footprint and the use of waste materials such as fly ash and RCA. Two types of concretes were prepared, namely “self-compacting concrete (SCC)” and “self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC)”. Using each concrete type, two design mixes were prepared. The first mix contained 100% natural coarse aggregates (NCA), whereas, in the second mix, 30% NCA were replaced with RCA. The result of rheological properties indicated that the viscosity, passing ability, and segregation results of SCC and SCGC mixes were higher when NCA was partially replaced with RCA. Results of mechanical properties indicated that the increase in the compressive strength of the control mix of SCC (denoted as SCC-0) and SCGC mix (denoted as SCGC-0) at 28 days was 38.3% and 33.1% higher than those containing 30% RCA (denoted as SCC-30 and SCGC-30), respectively. The percentage increase in the compressive strength of SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes was 20.24% and 13.45% higher compared to SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes. The increase in the split tensile strength of SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes was 9% and 21.74% higher than SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes. The split tensile strength of control mixes SCC-0 and SCGC-0 is 47.73% and 55% higher than SCC-30 and SCGC-30 at 28 days, respectively. Durability performance of SCC and SCGC mixes was investigated by performing hydraulic permeability, accelerated carbonation, half-cell potential and pull-out tests at 28, 90, 180, 365, and 720 days, and were found inferior for SCGC mixes. The water penetration depth of SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes was 5.71% to 16.1% and 10% to 18.6% higher than SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes at 28 to 720 days. The carbonation depth in SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes was 8.11% to 20.83% and 7.89% to 13.73% higher than SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes at 28 to 720 days. The half-cell potential difference results for SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes were 27.5% to 50% and 8.3% to 16.41% higher than SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes at 28 to 720 days. The pull-out strength of SCC-0 and SCC-30 mixes was 11.36% to 29.5% and 8.3% to 38.97% higher than SCGC-0 and SCGC-30 mixes at 28 to 720 days, respectively. Overall, the mechanical and durability properties of SCC mixes were better than SCGC at the same exposure period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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17 pages, 49309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Properties of Full Component Recycled Dry-Mixed Masonry Mortar and Concrete Prepared from Construction Solid Waste

by Zhenwen Hu, Zhe Kong, Guisheng Cai, Qiuyi Li, Yuanxin Guo, Dunlei Su, Junzhe Liu and Shidong Zheng

Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8385; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158385 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

Solutions are needed to solve the problem of a large amount of construction solid waste and a shortage of natural aggregate (coarse and fine aggregates). In this paper, simple-crushed coarse aggregate (SCRCA) and simple-crushed fine aggregate (SCRFA) were obtained by simple-crushing of construction solid waste. On this basis, SCRCA and SCRFA were treated with particle-shaping to obtain particle-shaping coarse aggregate (PSRCA) and particle-shaping fine aggregate (PSRFA), and the recycled powder (RP) produced in the process of particle-shaping was collected. Under the condition of a 1:4 cement-sand ratio, RP was used to replace cement with four substitution rates of 0, 10%, 20%, and 30%, and dry-mixed masonry mortar was prepared with 100% SCRFA, PSRFA, and river sand (RS). The basic and mechanical properties and microstructure of hydration products of dry-mixed mortar were analyzed, and the maximum substitution rate of RP was determined. Under the condition that the amount of cementitious material is 400 kg/m³ and the RP is at the maximum replacement rate, three different aggregate combinations to prepare concrete are the 100% use of SCRCA and SCRFA, PSRCA and PSRFA, and RS and natural aggregate (NCA); the workability, mechanical properties, and aggregate interface transition zone of the prepared concrete were analyzed. The results show that when the replacement rate of RP is less than 20%, it has little effect on the properties of products. The performance of PSRCA and PSRFA after treatment is better than that of SCRCA and SCRFA. Under different RP substitution rates, the performance of dry-mixed mortar prepared with PSRFA is very close to that prepared with RS. The performance of recycled concrete prepared with PSRCA and PSRFA is also very close to that of products prepared with NCA and RS. The failure morphology of PSRCA and RSRFA concrete is also similar to that of NCA and RS concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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21 pages, 13259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Evaluation of Replacing River Sand with Copper Tailings

by Liyun Cui, Liang Wang, Ying Xu, Xing Lou and Hao Wang

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7575; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147575 - 7 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2818

Abstract

This study aims to realize the resource regeneration application of copper tailing (as fine aggregates for partial replacement of natural fine aggregates), which avoid environmental pollution due to many landfills of copper tailings. The compressive strength and durability (dry shrinkage and sulfate attack) tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of copper tailings replacement on the performance of mortar. The results show that the mortar with copper tailings has higher compressive strength than the one with natural sand. More than 14% improvement in compressive strength can be achieved by adding copper tailings with no more than 40% replacement level. The dry shrinkage of mortar was increased with the copper tailings due to the increase of micro pores in mortar by using copper tailings. Compared with the mortar with natural sand, the dry shrinkage can be reduced by adding copper tailings with no more than 20% replacement level. The sulfate attack resistance is improved by using copper tailings, when the replacement rate is more than 20%. In fact, the micro-aggregate filler effect of copper tailings effectively refines the pore structure and forms more stable, uniform and fine interface micro pores, which is of vital significance for mortar to resist external forces and sulfate ion erosion. However, copper tailings, as a porous material, have water release characteristics in cement mortar. This characteristic is not conducive to the filler effect, which decreases the filling rate in later hydration, leading to higher porosity of copper tailings mortar. More importantly, mortar can solidify heavy metals in copper tailings, which prevents loss of heavy metal such as Cu, Zn, Sr, Zr, As, Ga due to environmental problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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18 pages, 3409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbonization Durability of Two Generations of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete with Effect of Chloride Ion Corrosion

by Chunhong Chen, Ronggui Liu, Pinghua Zhu, Hui Liu and Xinjie Wang

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410544 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Carbonation durability is an important subject for recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RAC) applied to structural concrete. Extensive studies were carried out on the carbonation resistance of RAC under general environmental conditions, but limited researches investigated carbonation resistance when exposed to chloride ion corrosion, which is an essential aspect for reinforced concrete materials to be adopted in real-world applications. This paper presents a study on the carbonation durability of two generations of 100% RAC with the effect of chloride ion corrosion. The quality evolution of recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCA) with the increasing recycling cycles was analyzed, and carbonation depth, compressive strength and the porosity of RAC were measured before and after chloride ion corrosion. The results show that the effect of chloride ion corrosion negatively affected the carbonation resistance of RAC, and the negative effect was more severe with the increasing recycling cycles of RCA. Chloride ion corrosion led to a decrease in compressive strength, while an increase in carbonation depth and the porosity of RAC. The equation of concrete total porosity and carbonation depth was established, which could effectively judge the deterioration of carbonation resistance of RAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Construction & Demolition Waste as Concrete Aggregate for Sustainable Construction)

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