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Symmetry
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Cosmic Rays
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Cosmic Rays

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 28766

Special Issue Editor

Dr. David Edwin Alvarez-Castillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
Interests: compact stars; dense matter; equation of state

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleague,

The physics of cosmic rays is an active research area today, ranging from the nature of the production of high energy cosmic rays to state-of-the-art detection already in the framework of multi-messenger astronomy. Moreover, the data acquisition of cosmic ray signals has found applications in the field of gravitational wave detectors, as well as in seismology and in the earthquake prediction research. Since we have already reached the multi-messenger and open science/open data era, it is important to update and incorporate the cosmic ray research methodologies in order to improve efficiencies that shall result in quick developments. This Special Issue shall address all these topics and provide a landscape for future discoveries in the growing field of cosmic ray science. Please note that all submitted papers must be within the general scope of the Symmetry journal.

Dr. David Edwin Alvarez-Castillo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Cosmic ray detection in the framework of multi-messenger astronomy
  • cosmic ray physics as an open data and open science tool
  • cosmic ray signals as a probe to fundamental physics
  • physics of cosmic ray ensembles and super-preshowers
  • theoretical mechanisms for generation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
  • cosmic ray signals in coincidence with gravitational wave and seismology detectors

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

21 pages, 1535 KiB  
Article
Predictions of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Context of Homogeneously Modified Special Relativity
by Marco Danilo Claudio Torri, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Armando di Matteo, Andrea Maino and Lino Miramonti
Symmetry 2020, 12(12), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121961 - 27 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
Ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) may interact with photon backgrounds and thus the universe is opaque to their propagation. Many Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) theories predict a dilation of the expected horizon from which UHECRs can arrive to Earth, in some case [...] Read more.
Ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) may interact with photon backgrounds and thus the universe is opaque to their propagation. Many Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) theories predict a dilation of the expected horizon from which UHECRs can arrive to Earth, in some case even making the interaction probability negligible. In this work, we investigate this effect in the context of the LIV theory that goes by the name of Homogeneously Modified Special Relativity (HMSR). In this work, making use of a specifically modified version of the SimProp simulation program in order to account for the modifications introduced by the theory to the propagation of particles, the radius of the proton opacity horizon (GZK sphere), and the attenuation length for the photopion production process are simulated and the modifications of these quantities introduced by the theory are studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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8 pages, 740 KiB  
Article
Exploring Finite-Sized Scale Invariance in Stochastic Variability with Toy Models: The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Model
by Nachiketa Chakraborty
Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111927 - 23 Nov 2020
Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Stochastic variability is ubiquitous among astrophysical sources. Quantifying stochastic properties of observed time-series or lightcurves, can provide insights into the underlying physical mechanisms driving variability, especially those of the particles that radiate the observed emission. Toy models mimicking cosmic ray transport are particularly [...] Read more.
Stochastic variability is ubiquitous among astrophysical sources. Quantifying stochastic properties of observed time-series or lightcurves, can provide insights into the underlying physical mechanisms driving variability, especially those of the particles that radiate the observed emission. Toy models mimicking cosmic ray transport are particularly useful in providing a means of linking the statistical analyses of observed lightcurves to the physical properties and parameters. Here, we explore a very commonly observed feature; finite sized self-similarity or scale invariance which is a fundamental property of complex, dynamical systems. This is important to the general theme of physics and symmetry. We investigate it through the probability density function of time-varying fluxes arising from a Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Model, as this model provides an excellent description of several time-domain observations of sources like active galactic nuclei. The probability density function approach stems directly from the mathematical definition of self-similarity and is nonparametric. We show that the OU model provides an intuitive description of scale-limited self-similarity and stationary Gaussian distribution while potentially showing a way to link to the underlying cosmic ray transport. This finite size of the scale invariance depends upon the decay time in the OU model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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55 pages, 7357 KiB  
Article
Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory
by Piotr Homola, Dmitriy Beznosko, Gopal Bhatta, Łukasz Bibrzycki, Michalina Borczyńska, Łukasz Bratek, Nikolay Budnev, Dariusz Burakowski, David E. Alvarez-Castillo, Kevin Almeida Cheminant, Aleksander Ćwikła, Punsiri Dam-o, Niraj Dhital, Alan R. Duffy, Piotr Głownia, Krzysztof Gorzkiewicz, Dariusz Góra, Alok C. Gupta, Zuzana Hlávková, Martin Homola, Joanna Jałocha, Robert Kamiński, Michał Karbowiak, Marcin Kasztelan, Renata Kierepko, Marek Knap, Péter Kovács, Szymon Kuliński, Bartosz Łozowski, Marek Magryś, Mikhail V. Medvedev, Justyna Mędrala, Jerzy W. Mietelski, Justyna Miszczyk, Alona Mozgova, Antonio Napolitano, Vahab Nazari, Y. Jack Ng, Michał Niedźwiecki, Cristina Oancea, Bogusław Ogan, Gabriela Opiła, Krzysztof Oziomek, Maciej Pawlik, Marcin Piekarczyk, Bożena Poncyljusz, Jerzy Pryga, Matías Rosas, Krzysztof Rzecki, Jilberto Zamora-Saa, Katarzyna Smelcerz, Karel Smolek, Weronika Stanek, Jarosław Stasielak, Sławomir Stuglik, Jolanta Sulma, Oleksandr Sushchov, Manana Svanidze, Kyle M. Tam, Arman Tursunov, José M. Vaquero, Tadeusz Wibig and Krzysztof W. Woźniakadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111835 - 5 Nov 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11697
Abstract
The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO [...] Read more.
The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and preparing to observe unexpected physics, it is also suitable for multi-messenger and multi-mission applications. Perfectly matched to CREDO capabilities, CRE could be formed both within classical models (e.g., as products of photon–photon interactions), and exotic scenarios (e.g., as results of decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter particles). Their fronts might be significantly extended in space and time, and they might include cosmic rays of energies spanning the whole cosmic-ray energy spectrum, with a footprint composed of at least two extensive air showers with correlated arrival directions and arrival times. As the CRE are predominantly expected to be spread over large areas and, due to the expected wide energy range of the contributing particles, such a CRE detection might only be feasible when using all available cosmic-ray infrastructure collectively, i.e., as a globally extended network of detectors. Thus, with this review article, the CREDO Collaboration invites the astroparticle physics community to actively join or to contribute to the research dedicated to CRE and, in particular, to pool together cosmic-ray data to support specific CRE detection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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17 pages, 835 KiB  
Article
Towards A Global Cosmic Ray Sensor Network: CREDO Detector as the First Open-Source Mobile Application Enabling Detection of Penetrating Radiation
by Łukasz Bibrzycki, Dariusz Burakowski, Piotr Homola, Marcin Piekarczyk, Michał Niedźwiecki, Krzysztof Rzecki, Sławomir Stuglik, Arman Tursunov, Bohdan Hnatyk, David E. Alvarez Castillo, Katarzyna Smelcerz, Jarosław Stasielak, Alan R. Duffy, Leonie Chevalier, Eman Ali, Lewis Lakerink, Gregory B. Poole, T. Wibig and Jilberto Zamora-Saa
Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111802 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5458
Abstract
We present the purpose, long-term development vision, basic design, detection algorithm and preliminary results obtained with the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Detector mobile application. The CREDO Detector app and related infrastructure are unique in terms of their scale, targeting many form-factors [...] Read more.
We present the purpose, long-term development vision, basic design, detection algorithm and preliminary results obtained with the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Detector mobile application. The CREDO Detector app and related infrastructure are unique in terms of their scale, targeting many form-factors and open-access philosophy. This philosophy translates to the open-source code of the app, open-access in terms of both data inflow as well as data consumption and above all, the citizen science philosophy that means that the infrastructure is open to all who wish to participate in the project. The CREDO infrastructure and CREDO Detector app are designed for the large-scale study of various radiation forms that continuously reach the Earth from space, but with the sensitivity to local radioactivity as well. Such study has great significance both scientifically and educationally as cosmic radiation has an impact on diverse research areas from life on Earth to the functioning of modern electronic devices. The CREDO Detector app is now working worldwide across phones, tablets, laptops, PCs and cheap dedicated registration stations. These diverse measurements contribute to the broader search for large-scale cosmic ray correlations, as well as the CREDO-specific proposed extensive air showers and incoherent secondary cosmic rays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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14 pages, 1263 KiB  
Article
Cosmic-Ray Studies with Experimental Apparatus at LHC
by Emma González Hernández, Juan Carlos Arteaga, Arturo Fernández Tellez and Mario Rodríguez-Cahuantzi
Symmetry 2020, 12(10), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12101694 - 15 Oct 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2932
Abstract
The study of cosmic rays with underground accelerator experiments started with the LEP detectors at CERN. ALEPH, DELPHI and L3 studied some properties of atmospheric muons such as their multiplicity and momentum. In recent years, an extension and improvement of such studies has [...] Read more.
The study of cosmic rays with underground accelerator experiments started with the LEP detectors at CERN. ALEPH, DELPHI and L3 studied some properties of atmospheric muons such as their multiplicity and momentum. In recent years, an extension and improvement of such studies has been carried out by ALICE and CMS experiments. Along with the LHC high luminosity program some experimental setups have been proposed to increase the potential discovery of LHC. An example is the MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles detector (MATHUSLA) designed for searching of Ultra Stable Neutral Particles, predicted by extensions of the Standard Model such as supersymmetric models, which is planned to be a surface detector placed 100 meters above ATLAS or CMS experiments. Hence, MATHUSLA can be suitable as a cosmic ray detector. In this manuscript the main results regarding cosmic ray studies with LHC experimental underground apparatus are summarized. The potential of future MATHUSLA proposal is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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Review

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18 pages, 5055 KiB  
Review
High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy—Baikal-GVD Neutrino Telescope in Lake Baikal
by Jarosław Stasielak, Paweł Malecki, Dmitry Naumov, Vladimir Allakhverdian, Alexandra Karnakova, Konrad Kopański, Wojciech Noga and on behalf of the Baikal-GVD Collaboration
Symmetry 2021, 13(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13030377 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2981
Abstract
High-energy neutrino astronomy is a fascinating new field of research, rapidly developing over recent years. It opens a new observation window on the most violent processes in the universe, fitting very well to the concept of multi-messenger astronomy. This may be exemplified by [...] Read more.
High-energy neutrino astronomy is a fascinating new field of research, rapidly developing over recent years. It opens a new observation window on the most violent processes in the universe, fitting very well to the concept of multi-messenger astronomy. This may be exemplified by the recent discovery of the high-energy neutrino emissions from the γ-ray loud blazar TXS 0506+056. Constraining astrophysical neutrino fluxes can also help to understand the long-standing mystery of the origin of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Astronomical studies of high-energy neutrinos are carried out by large-scale next-generation neutrino telescopes located in different regions of the world, forming a global network of complementary detectors. The Baikal-GVD, being currently the largest neutrino telescope in the Northern Hemisphere and still growing up, is an important constituent of this network. This paper briefly reviews working principles, analysis methods, and some selected results of the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmic Rays)
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