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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 6199

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jialun Ping

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Physics, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Interests: cosmology elementary; particle physics; experimental physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the advance of high-energy physics experiments, new hadron states are continuously reported and experimental data on hadron properties are accumulated. To understand the experimental data, various pictures, conventional three-quark baryons, quark-antiquark mesons, pentaquark states, tetraquark states, quark-gluon hybrid states, glue-ball, etc., are proposed. The study of the hadron spectrum is in a golden era. Just as the study of the atomic spectrum leads to the invention of quantum mechanics, the study of the hadron spectrum will deepen our understanding of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Because of the nonperturbative property and complexity of QCD, one cannot directly apply QCD to hadron physics. Various methods are proposed. Clearly, symmetry plays a fundamental role in these approaches. In fact, the Gel-Mann–Zweig quark model was based on SU(3) flavor symmetry. Nowadays, various symmetries, chiral symmetry and its breaking, heavy-quark spin symmetry, hidden local symmetry, etc., are proposed and applied in hadron physics.

The underlying intention of the Special Issue “Symmetry in Hadron Physics” is to collect research articles and reviews on the study of symmetry in hadrons. It is expected that a reasonable picture of hadrons can be set up. Please note that all submitted papers must be within the general scope of Symmetry.

Prof. Dr. Jialun Ping
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

hadrons
quantum chromodynamics
baryon spectrum
meson spectrum
multiquark states
exotic states

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Conventions in Hadron Physics from the Perspective of the Quark Model

by Yu Lu, Haojie Jing and Jiajun Wu

Symmetry 2024, 16(8), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081061 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Convenient and consistent phase convention is important in the construction of the hadronic Lagrangian. However, the importance of phase convention has been overlooked for a long time, and the sources of different conventions are never explicitly addressed. This obscure situation can cause mistakes [...] Read more.

S U_{3}

phase conventions from the perspective of the quark model. All sources that could lead to different conventions are pointed out and carefully studied. With the tool of the quark model, we also clarify some misconceptions and demonstrate a consistent way to incorporate different conventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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15 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strong Decays of the ϕ(2170) as a Fully Strange Tetraquark State

by Yi-Wei Jiang, Wei-Han Tan, Hua-Xing Chen and Er-Liang Cui

Symmetry 2024, 16(8), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081021 - 9 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 476

Abstract

We study the strong decays of the

ϕ (2170)

, along with its possible partner

X (2436)

, as two fully strange tetraquark states of

J^{P C} = 1^{- -}

. These two states are assumed to [...] Read more.

We study the strong decays of the

ϕ (2170)

, along with its possible partner

X (2436)

, as two fully strange tetraquark states of

J^{P C} = 1^{- -}

. These two states are assumed to contain two strange quarks and two anti-strange quarks, with the flavor symmetry

6_{s s} \otimes {\bar{6}}_{\bar{s} \bar{s}}

. We consider seven decay channels:

ϕ η

ϕ η^{'}

ϕ f_{0} (980)

ϕ f_{1} (1420)

h_{1} (1415) η

h_{1} (1415) η^{'}

, and

h_{1} (1415) f_{1} (1420)

. Some of these channels are kinematically possible, and we calculate their relative branching ratios through the Fierz rearrangement. Future experimental measurements on these ratios could be useful in determining the nature of the

ϕ (2170)

and

X (2436)

. The

ϕ (2170)

has been observed in the

ϕ f_{0} (980)

ϕ η

, and

ϕ η^{'}

channels, and we propose to further examine it in the

h_{1} (1415) η

channel. Evidences of the

X (2436)

have been observed in the

ϕ f_{0} (980)

channel, and we propose to verify whether this structure exists or not in the

ϕ η

ϕ η^{'}

h_{1} (1415) η

, and

h_{1} (1415) η^{'}

channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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28 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bubble Dynamics in the Polyakov Quark-Meson Model

by Junrong Wang, Jinshuang Jin and Hong Mao

Symmetry 2024, 16(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16070893 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1119

Abstract

In the framework of the Polyakov quark-meson model with two flavors, the bubble dynamics of a first-order phase transition in the region of high density and low temperature are investigated by using the homogeneous thermal nucleation theory. In mean-field approximation, after obtaining the effective potential with the inclusion of the fermionic vacuum term, we build a geometric method to search two existing minima, which can be actually connected by a bounce interpolated between a local minimum to an adjacent global one. For both weak and strong first-order hadron quark phase transitions, as fixing the chemical potentials at

μ = 306 MeV

and

μ = 310 MeV

, the bubble profiles, the surface tension, the typical radius of the bounce, and the saddle-point action as a function of temperature are numerically calculated in the presence of a nucleation bubble. It is found that the surface tension remains at a very small value even when the density is high. It is also noticed that the deconfinement phase transition does not change the chiral phase transition dramatically for light quarks and phase boundaries for hadron and quark matter should be resized properly according to the saddle-point action evaluated on the bounce solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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18 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radial Oscillations of Strange Quark Stars Admixed with Dark Matter

by Yu Zhen, Ting-Ting Sun, Jin-Biao Wei, Zi-Yue Zheng and Huan Chen

Symmetry 2024, 16(7), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16070807 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1037

Abstract

We investigate the equilibrium structure and radial oscillations of strange quark stars admixed with fermionic dark matter. For strange quark matter, we employ a stiff equation of state from a color-superconductivity improved bag model. For dark matter, we adopt the cold free Fermi gas model. We rederive and numerically solve the radial oscillation equations of two-fluid stars based on general relativity, in which the dark matter and strange quark matter couple through gravity and oscillate with the same frequency. Our results show that the stellar maximum mass and radius are reduced by inclusion of dark matter. As to the fundamental mode of the radial oscillations, the frequency

f_{0}

is also reduced comparing to pure strange stars, and

f_{0}^{2}

reaches the zero point at the maximum stellar mass with

d M / d ϵ_{q, c} = 0

. Therefore, the stability criteria

f_{0}^{2} > 0

and

d M / d ϵ_{q, c} > 0

are consistent in our dark matter-mixed strange quark stars with a fixed fraction of dark matter. We also find a discontinuity of

f_{0}

as functions of the stellar mass, in contrast to the continuous function in pure strange stars. And it is also accompanied with discontinuity of the oscillation amplitudes as well as a discontinuous in-phase-to-out-phase transition between oscillations of dark matter and strange quark matter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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12 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bridge between Trace Anomalies and Deconfinement Phase Transitions

by Bing-Kai Sheng and Yong-Liang Ma

Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060718 - 10 Jun 2024

Viewed by 763

Abstract

Inspired by the fact that both the dilaton potential encoding the trace anomalies of QCD and the Polyakov loop potential measuring the deconfinement phase transition can be expressed in the logarithmic forms, as well as the fact that the scale symmetry is expected to be restoring and colors are deconfined in extreme conditions such as high temperatures and/or densities, we conjecture a relation between the dilaton potential and the Polyakov loop potential. Explicitly, we start from the Coleman–Weinberg type potential of a real scalar field—a dilaton or conformal compensator—and make an ansatz of the relation between this scalar field and the Polyakov loop to obtain the Polyakov loop potential, which can be parameterized in Lattice QCD (LQCD) in the pure glue sector. We find that the coefficients of Polyakov potential fitted from Lattice data are automatically satisfied in this ansatz, the locations of deconfinement and scale restoration are locked to each other, and the first-order phase transition can be realized. Extensions to the low-energy effective quark models are also discussed. The conjectured relation may deepen our understanding of the evolution of the universe, the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, the phase diagram of QCD matter, and the properties of neutron stars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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19 pages, 1097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Chromodynamics of the Nucleon in Terms of Complex Probabilistic Processes

by Ashot S. Gevorkyan and Aleksander V. Bogdanov

Symmetry 2024, 16(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16030256 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

Despite the obvious progress made by the Feynman, Ravndal, and Kislinger relativistic model in describing the internal motion of a system with confinement of quarks in a nucleon, it turned out to be insufficiently realistic for a number of reasons. In particular, the model does not take into account some cornerstone properties of QCD, namely, gluon exchange between quarks, the influence of the resulting quark sea on valence quarks, and the self-interaction of colored gluons. It is these phenomena that spontaneously break the chiral symmetry of the quark system and form the bulk of the nucleon. To eliminate the above shortcomings of the model, the problem of self-organization of a three-quark dynamical system immersed in a colored quark–antiquark sea is considered within the framework of complex probabilistic processes that satisfy the stochastic differential equation of the Langevin–Kline–Gordon–Fock type. Taking into account the hidden symmetry of the internal motion of a dynamical system, a mathematically closed nonperturbative approach was developed, which makes it possible to construct the mathematical expectation of the wave function and other parameters of the nucleon in the form of multiple integral representations. It is shown that additional subspaces arising in a representation characterized by a noncommutative geometry with topological features participate in the formation of an effective interaction between valence quarks against the background of harmonic interaction between them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Hadron Physics)

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