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Toxics
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2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use
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2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Toxicology and Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 14904

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Interests: thirdhand smoke exposure; secondhand smoke exposure; tobacco smoke exposure biomarkers; tobacco cessation; tobacco prevention; child health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ashley L. Merianos

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Health Promotion and Education Program, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
Interests: tobacco smoke exposure; secondhand smoke exposure; thirdhand smoke exposure; secondhand aerosol exposure; thirdhand aerosol exposure; child health; epidemiology; public health education
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the second edition of our Special Issue. The first edition attracted the interest of researchers worldwide, leading to over 20 peer-reviewed publications that are freely available for download at the following IJERPH website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/Tobacco_Product.

Although prevalence rates of cigarette use are at an all-time low, the rates of noncombustible tobacco product use (e.g., electronic cigarettes) continue to increase. There is concern that this rapidly changing landscape of tobacco product use will negate the positive gains we have achieved with decades worth of tobacco control efforts. There is also concern that a new generation of young people will soon be addicted to nicotine and tobacco use. Along with this broad spectrum of tobacco use patterns, health concerns related to tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure are also changing. More research is needed to investigate vaping-related harms and concerns related to smoking/vaping and COVID-19 and other infections. Evolution is also being seen in tobacco smoke exposure research, in which studies are needed to evaluate the epidemiology, sources, and related clinical effects of exposure to secondhand smoke, secondhand aerosol, thirdhand smoke, and thirdhand aerosol. Given these issues, tobacco control and tobacco smoke exposure reduction interventions and policies are urgently needed to curb these alarming trends in tobacco product use and exposure.

The second edition of this Special Issue aims to continue providing an overview for patterns of newer tobacco product use and exposure, biomarkers of tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure, the related spectrum of clinical or neurobehavioral effects in diverse age and racial/ethnic groups, and interventions aimed to reduce current tobacco use and exposure patterns.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Epidemiology and/or biomarker patterns of tobacco use and tobacco smoke exposure;
  • Clinical effects of tobacco product use, particularly electronic cigarettes;
  • Clinical and neurobehavioral effects of prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure;
  • Associations of tobacco product use or tobacco smoke exposure and clinical biomarkers or diagnostic tests;
  • Healthcare utilization patterns associated with tobacco product use and tobacco smoke exposure;
  • Interventions to promote tobacco cessation or tobacco smoke exposure.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in IJERPH.

Disclaimer: We will not accept research funded in part or full by any tobacco companies in this Special Issue. For more details, please check: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/12/2831/htm.

Prof. Dr. E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
Dr. Ashley L. Merianos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nicotine
  • tobacco
  • e-cigarettes
  • electronic cigarettes
  • vaping
  • tobacco cessation
  • smoking cessation
  • tobacco smoke exposure
  • environmental tobacco smoke pollution
  • secondhand smoke
  • secondhand aerosol
  • thirdhand smoke
  • thirdhand aerosol
  • biomarkers

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1851 KiB  
Article
Nicotine, Humectants, and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs) in IQOS Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs): A Cross-Country Study
by Noel J. Leigh, Michelle K. Page, Denisha L. Robinson, Scott D. Heldwein, Richard J. O’Connor and Maciej L. Goniewicz
Toxics 2024, 12(3), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030180 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2502
Abstract
Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) purport to reduce exposure to tobacco-related toxicants compared to combustible cigarettes. This cross-sectional study examined the content of nicotine, two humectants (propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG)), and four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs: NNN, NNK, NAT, and NAB) in [...] Read more.
Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) purport to reduce exposure to tobacco-related toxicants compared to combustible cigarettes. This cross-sectional study examined the content of nicotine, two humectants (propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG)), and four tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs: NNN, NNK, NAT, and NAB) in the tobacco filler of a popular HTP brand (IQOS). Non-menthol and menthol IQOS sticks were purchased from nine countries between 2017 and 2020 and were classified into two versions (“Bold” and “Light”) using Philip Morris’s flavor descriptors. The average nicotine concentration was 4.7 ± 0.5 mg/stick, and the highest nicotine concentration was found in products from Japan (5.1 ± 0.2 mg/stick). VG was the dominant humectant found in all sticks, with an average concentration of (31.5 ± 2.3 mg/stick). NNN, NNK, and NAT were substantially higher in the “Bold” sticks than the “Light” sticks. Significant differences between countries for TSNAs were also observed: the NAT and NAB contents were the highest in the “Light” products from Canada (192.5 ± 24.1 and 22.9 ± 1.0 ng/stick, respectively); the NNK concentration was the highest in the “Bold” products from Poland (64.8 ± 7.9 ng/stick); and the highest NNN concentrations were observed in the “Bold” products from South Africa (488.9 ± 26.7 ng/stick). As NNN and NNK are known human carcinogens, and as humectants like PG and VG can degrade into toxic carbonyl compounds upon heating, monitoring the concentration of these chemicals in HTPs is important for protecting users’ health and ensuring compliance with regulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
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12 pages, 292 KiB  
Article
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Electronic Cigarette Use among U.S. Young Adults
by Afolakemi C. Olaniyan, Laura A. Nabors, Keith A. King and Ashley L. Merianos
Toxics 2023, 11(11), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110907 - 6 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1557
Abstract
(1) Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which are potentially traumatic childhood events, have been associated with increased tobacco product use. Less is known about electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use during young adulthood. This study explored the associations between ACEs and current e-cigarette use among [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which are potentially traumatic childhood events, have been associated with increased tobacco product use. Less is known about electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use during young adulthood. This study explored the associations between ACEs and current e-cigarette use among U.S. young adults. (2) Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data including 2537 young adults aged 18–24 years. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted. (3) Results: Of the participants, 19.2% currently used e-cigarettes, and 22.1% reported 1 ACE, 13.0% reported 2 ACEs, 10.7% reported 3 ACEs, and 30.6% reported ≥4 ACEs. Unadjusted results indicated that participants who experienced 1 ACE (odds ratio (OR) = 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–3.07), 2 ACEs (OR = 2.18, 95%CI = 1.24–3.83), 3 ACEs (OR = 2.63, 95%CI = 1.41–4.90), and ≥4 ACEs (OR = 3.69, 95%CI = 2.23–6.09) were at increased odds of reporting current e-cigarette use than participants who experienced 0 ACEs. Adjusted results indicated that participants who experienced 3 ACEs were at 2.20 times higher odds (95%CI = 1.15–4.23) and participants who experienced ≥4 ACEs were at 2.73 times higher odds (95%CI = 1.58–4.71) of reporting current e-cigarette use than participants who experienced 0 ACEs. (4) Conclusions: Young adults exposed to ACEs are at risk of using e-cigarettes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
13 pages, 791 KiB  
Article
Effect of Capsule Burst in Cigarette Filters on the Compound Composition of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
by Hyeon-Su Lim, Ji-Sang You and Heung-Bin Lim
Toxics 2023, 11(11), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110901 - 3 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2546
Abstract
The number of cigarette capsule users is increasing; however, a comprehensive epidemiological investigation comparing the harmfulness of capsule and non-capsule cigarettes, particularly concerning the composition of flavor components and mainstream smoke, is lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of capsule [...] Read more.
The number of cigarette capsule users is increasing; however, a comprehensive epidemiological investigation comparing the harmfulness of capsule and non-capsule cigarettes, particularly concerning the composition of flavor components and mainstream smoke, is lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of capsule burst on the compound composition of mainstream smoke by quantifying the Hoffmann list and flavor (geraniol, eugenol, menthofuran, and pulegone) in mainstream smoke with and without crushing the capsules. The findings indicate that while tar values tended to increase when the capsules were burst, there was no significant change observed in the other Hoffmann list components, such as nicotine, benzo[α]pyrene, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, aromatic amines, and phenolics. However, when the capsules burst, menthofuran and pulegone, which were present in the capsule and could cause toxicity, were found in the mainstream smoke via the International Standard Organization (1.5–4.0 μg/cig and 5.13–6.00 μg/cig smoking regime) and Health Canada Intense (12.8–18.2 μg/cig and 22.77–24.67 μg/cig smoking regime). Therefore, understanding the capsule composition is important, as the toxic components of the capsules can be inhaled as smoke, posing a potential health risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
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9 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Neonatal AVPR1a Methylation and In-Utero Exposure to Maternal Smoking
by Nichole Nidey, Katherine Bowers, Lili Ding, Hong Ji, Robert T. Ammerman, Kimberly Yolton, E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens and Alonzo T. Folger
Toxics 2023, 11(10), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100855 - 13 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1454
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Epigenetic changes have been proposed as a biologic link between in-utero exposure to maternal smoking and health outcomes. Therefore, we examined if in-utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with infant DNA methylation (DNAm) of cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpG sites) in the [...] Read more.
(1) Introduction: Epigenetic changes have been proposed as a biologic link between in-utero exposure to maternal smoking and health outcomes. Therefore, we examined if in-utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with infant DNA methylation (DNAm) of cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides (CpG sites) in the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A AVPR1a gene. The AVPR1a gene encodes a receptor that interacts with the arginine vasopressin hormone and may influence physiological stress regulation, blood pressure, and child development. (2) Methods: Fifty-two infants were included in this cohort study. Multivariable linear models were used to examine the effect of in-utero exposure to maternal smoking on the mean DNAm of CpG sites located at AVPR1a. (3) Results: After adjusting the model for substance use, infants with in-utero exposure to maternal smoking had a reduction in DNAm at AVPR1a CpG sites by −0.02 (95% CI −0.03, −0.01) at one month of age. In conclusion, in-utero exposure to tobacco smoke can lead to differential patterns of DNAm of AVPR1a among infants. Conclusions: Future studies are needed to identify how gene expression in response to early environmental exposures contributes to health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
14 pages, 2987 KiB  
Article
Impact of Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Combustible Cigarettes on Small Airways and Arterial Stiffness
by Isabel Goebel, Theresa Mohr, Paul N. Axt, Henrik Watz, Frederik Trinkmann, Markus Weckmann, Daniel Drömann and Klaas F. Franzen
Toxics 2023, 11(9), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090758 - 6 Sep 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5032
Abstract
Smoking cessation is difficult but maintaining smoke-free without nicotine replacement therapy is even harder. During the last few years, several different alternative products, including heated tobacco products (HTP), have been introduced to the market. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of [...] Read more.
Smoking cessation is difficult but maintaining smoke-free without nicotine replacement therapy is even harder. During the last few years, several different alternative products, including heated tobacco products (HTP), have been introduced to the market. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of IQOSTM and gloTM (two HTP) consumption on small airway function and arterial stiffness in a head-to-head design, comparing them to combustible cigarettes, nicotine-free e-cigarettes and a sham smoking group. Seventeen healthy occasional smokers were included in a single-center, five-arm, crossover study. The parameters of small airway function and hemodynamics were collected at several time points before and after consumption using Mobil-O-Graph™ (I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany) and TremoFlo® c-100 (THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). Small airway obstruction and resistance were both significantly increased after the consumption of cigarettes and substitute products. All products containing nicotine led to similar significant increases in blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Hemodynamic parameters were also increased after the consumption of e-cigarettes without nicotine, but compared to nicotine-containing products, the increase was shorter and weaker. We conclude that, although it has yet to be determined why, HTP have acute harmful effects on small airway function, possibly even exceeding the effects of combustible cigarettes. Like other nicotine-containing products, HTP leads to a nicotine-related acute increase in arterial stiffness and cardiovascular stress, similar to combustible cigarettes, which associates these products with an increased cardiovascular risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
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10 pages, 248 KiB  
Article
“I Don’t Want My Child to Be a Guinea Pig”: Reasons for Non-Participation in a Parental Tobacco Cessation Trial in the Pediatric Emergency Department Setting
by Sinem Toraman Turk, Ashley L. Merianos, Lara Stone, David Schnadower, Kamali Bouvay and E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
Toxics 2023, 11(8), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080655 - 28 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1148
Abstract
(1) Background: Pediatric emergency department (PED) settings are opportune venues in which to recruit parental smokers into tobacco cessation interventions. However, the barriers associated with parents’ participation in PED-based cessation trials are unknown. The objective was to explore parents’ reasons for non-participation in [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Pediatric emergency department (PED) settings are opportune venues in which to recruit parental smokers into tobacco cessation interventions. However, the barriers associated with parents’ participation in PED-based cessation trials are unknown. The objective was to explore parents’ reasons for non-participation in a PED-based tobacco cessation trial. (2) Methods: We employed the framework method and conducted a qualitative data analysis of parental smokers who were eligible to participate in a PED-based tobacco cessation trial and did not choose to participate (n = 371). (3) Results: Two main themes emerged about reasons for non-participation: (a) Not interested in participating in a research study, and (b) concerns specific to the study. Parents had various reasons for not participating in the cessation trial including not being interested in quitting, parents’ health and well-being, parents’ beliefs about research, and time required for the study and follow-up visits. (4) Conclusion: General disinterest and specific study-related concerns were touted as reasons for non-participation in a PED-based tobacco cessation trial. Given the potential reductions in tobacco-related morbidity to both parents and children that tobacco control interventions can facilitate, future tobacco interventions should consider alterations in study design and recruitment strategies to encourage all eligible parental smokers to participate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use)
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