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Toxins
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Advances in the Effect of Mycotoxin on Lipid Peroxide and...
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Advances in the Effect of Mycotoxin on Lipid Peroxide and Antioxidant Status of Animals

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 3152

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Meca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
Interests: mycotoxins; antioxidant activity; antifungal activity; lactic acid bacteria; biopreservation; simulated gastrointestinal digestion; bioaccessibility; bioavailability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Insaf Riahi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Technical and RD Department, BIONTE NUTRITION, 43204 Reus, Spain
Interests: mycotoxins; animal nutrition; feed; oxidative stress; biomarkers of exposure; biomarkers of effect; feed additive; anti-mycotoxins agent
Dr. Laura Escrivá Llorens

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
Interests: mycotoxins; in vitro toxicity; lactic acid bacteria; biopreservation; simulated gastrointestinal digestion; bioaccessibility; bioavailability

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites found as contaminants in agricultural commodities and feed. Mycotoxins are considered a major risk for animal health worldwide. Oxidative stress is behind the toxicity of mycotoxins. In fact, the imbalance between free radicals (ROS) and the antioxidant capacity of the animals can cause chemical damage to DNA, membranes, proteins and lipids. The generation of ROS (as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical or perhydroxyl radical) activates p53, p38, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and caspases, up-regulates Bax expression and down-regulates the Bcl2 protein, inducing cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the overproduction of ROS may lead to the release of calcium and free iron into the cytoplasm, generating highly reactive radicals that damage DNA and membranes due to the polyunsaturated fatty acid residues of phospholipids contents. In turn, lipid peroxidation may also damage some organelles including peroxisomes, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum, causing detrimental changes in the main targets of ROS, involving the enzymatic systems of the electron-transport chain and antioxidant mechanisms as Nrf2, GPx, SOD and CAT expression. Therefore, the lipid peroxidation may also lead to cell apoptosis under a vicious cycle promoting ROS generation. Moreover, the production of ROS can promote the up-regulation of NF-ᴋB expression and the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8, leading to ROS overproduction. Hence, the oxidative stress induced by mycotoxins is a harmful feedback process that increases the cellular damage and determines the toxicity of mycotoxins.

Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Meca
Dr. Insaf Riahi
Dr. Laura Escrivá Llorens
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • oxidative stress
  • apoptosis
  • lipid peroxidation
  • animal health

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 354 KiB  
Article
Vitamin 25(OH)D3, E, and C Supplementation Impact the Inflammatory and Antioxidant Responses in Piglets Fed a Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diet and Challenged with Lipopolysaccharides
by Béatrice Sauvé, Younes Chorfi, Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy and Frédéric Guay
Toxins 2024, 16(7), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16070297 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1021
Abstract
Using alternative ingredients or low-quality grain grades to reduce feeding costs for pig diets can introduce mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) into feed, which is known to induce anorexia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adding vitamin 25(OH)D3 or vitamins E and C to [...] Read more.
Using alternative ingredients or low-quality grain grades to reduce feeding costs for pig diets can introduce mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) into feed, which is known to induce anorexia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adding vitamin 25(OH)D3 or vitamins E and C to the feed could increase piglets’ immune system to alleviate the effects of DON. This study used 54 pigs (7.8 ± 0.14 kg) in 27 pens (2 pigs/pen) with a vitamin 25(OH)D3 or vitamin E-C supplementation, or their combination, in DON-contaminated (5.1 mg/kg) feed ingredients over 21 days followed by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (20 µg/kg BW) 3 h prior to euthanasia for 1 piglet per pen. DON contamination induced anorexia, which reduced piglet growth. DON also induced immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and downregulated vitamin D status. The vitamin E and C supplementation and the combination of vitamins E, C, and 25(OH)D3 provided protection against DON contamination by not only decreasing blood and liver oxidative stress markers, but also by increasing antioxidant enzymes and tocopherol levels in blood, indicating improved antioxidant defense mechanisms. The combination of vitamins also restored the vitamin D status. After LPS challenge, DON contamination decreased intestinal and liver antioxidant statuses and increased inflammation markers. The addition of vitamins E and C to DON-contaminated feed reduced markers of inflammation and improved the antioxidant status after the LPS immune stimulation. The combination of all these vitamins also reduced the oxidative stress markers and the inflammation in the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Effect of Mycotoxin on Lipid Peroxide and Antioxidant Status of Animals)
13 pages, 3351 KiB  
Article
Involvement of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress-Mediated DNA Hypomethylation in Transgenerational Nephrotoxicity Induced in Rats by the Mycotoxin Fumonisin B1
by Nouf Aldawood, Sarah Almustafa, Saleh Alwasel, Waleed Aldahmash, Abir Ben Bacha, Abdullah Alamri, Mohammad Alanazi and Abdel Halim Harrath
Toxins 2023, 15(11), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15110663 - 17 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most common pollutants in natural foods and agricultural crops. It can cause chronic and severe health issues in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate [...] Read more.
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most common pollutants in natural foods and agricultural crops. It can cause chronic and severe health issues in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transgenerational effects of FB1 exposure on the structure and function of the kidneys in offspring. Virgin female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: group one (control) received sterile water, and groups two and three were intragastrically administered low (20 mg/kg) and high (50 mg/kg) doses of FB1, respectively, from day 6 of pregnancy until delivery. Our results showed that exposure to either dose of FB1 caused histopathological changes, such as atrophy, hypercellularity, hemorrhage, calcification, and a decrease in the glomerular diameter, in both the first and second generations. The levels of the antioxidant markers glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde levels increased. Moreover, autophagy was induced, as immunofluorescence analysis revealed that LC-3 protein expression was significantly increased in both generations after exposure to either dose of FB1. However, a significant decrease in methyltransferase (DNMT3) protein expression was observed in the first generation in both treatment groups (20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg), indicating a decrease in DNA methylation as a result of early-life exposure to FB1. Interestingly, global hypomethylation was also observed in the second generation in both treatment groups despite the fact that the mothers of these rats were not exposed to FB1. Thus, early-life exposure to FB1 induced nephrotoxicity in offspring of the first and second generations. The mechanisms of action underlying this transgenerational effect may include oxidative stress, autophagy, and DNA hypomethylation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Effect of Mycotoxin on Lipid Peroxide and Antioxidant Status of Animals)
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