Snake Venom-Omics and Next Generation Antivenom

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Venoms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 6425

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Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Blvd, BRBII Building, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
Interests: proteomics; snake venom; molecular toxinology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Snakes and snake venom diversity has been very well studied for many species. However, the detailed mechanism of action of snake envenomation is still not known. Snake venoms contain a diverse and extensive variety of toxins used to capture and immobilize their prey. As such, these toxins are used to cause severe localized damage, such as through cell necrosis, hemolysis, edema, and inflammation, leading to hemorrhage, coagulopathy, and eventually death. Snake venoms and their isolated toxins as a pharmacological source have enormous biomedical potential for treating heart attacks, strokes, and cancer. The global exploration of snake venom and understanding the pathophysiology of snakebites require the use of omics approaches to characterize snake venom and these omic approaches offer insights into the venom proteome, although further investigation is needed as many of these snake venoms have not been characterized. With 5.4 million snakebites worldwide per year, snake envenomation is a serious health concern affecting 1.8-2.7 million people, causing 81,000-138,000 deaths, and leading >400,000 cases of chronic disabilities such as amputations as well as post-traumatic stress. As the only current therapy to counteract envenoming, which is a 100-year-old practice, antivenoms are produced by immunization of large domestic animals (horses and sheep) and consequently have profound limitations, including low antivenom titer, narrow spectrum, adverse reaction, rapid clearance, low efficacy, high cost, and batch-to-batch variability. Herein, this Special Issue of Toxins is specifically focused on publishing recent research activities exploring snake venom and the development of antivenom serum. Toxins is an outstanding forum for venom research due to its notable reputation on snake venom and broader toxicology interest. We strongly believe that the articles published will be of great interest to evolutionary biologists studying snake toxins, as well as immunologists, biotechnologists, and pharmacologists working in developing next generation therapeutics.

Dr. Jacob Galan
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • snake venom metalloproteinase (svMP)
  • hemorrhage
  • coagulopathy
  • inhibitory antibody
  • synthetic library
  • toxicity score
  • venomics
  • proteomics
  • next-generation antivenom

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2271 KiB  
Article
Computer-Aided Analysis of West Sub-Saharan Africa Snakes Venom towards the Design of Epitope-Based Poly-Specific Antivenoms
by Albert Ros-Lucas, Pascal Bigey, Jean-Philippe Chippaux, Joaquim Gascón and Julio Alonso-Padilla
Toxins 2022, 14(6), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060418 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease that causes over 100,000 deaths each year. The only effective treatment consists of antivenoms derived from animal sera, but these have been deemed with highly variable potency and are usually inaccessible and too costly for victims. [...] Read more.
Snakebite envenomation is a neglected tropical disease that causes over 100,000 deaths each year. The only effective treatment consists of antivenoms derived from animal sera, but these have been deemed with highly variable potency and are usually inaccessible and too costly for victims. The production of antivenoms by venom-independent techniques, such as the immunization with multi-epitope constructs, could circumvent those drawbacks. Herein, we present a knowledge-based pipeline to prioritize potential epitopes of therapeutic relevance from toxins of medically important snakes in West Sub-Saharan Africa. It is mainly based on sequence conservation and protein structural features. The ultimately selected 41 epitopes originate from 11 out of 16 snake species considered of highest medical importance in the region and 3 out of 10 of those considered as secondary medical importance. Echis ocellatus, responsible for the highest casualties in the area, would be covered by 12 different epitopes. Remarkably, this pipeline is versatile and customizable for the analysis of snake venom sequences from any other region of the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Snake Venom-Omics and Next Generation Antivenom)
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Review

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30 pages, 2031 KiB  
Review
The Need for Next-Generation Antivenom for Snakebite Envenomation in India
by Muralidharan Vanuopadath, Karthika Rajan, Aswathy Alangode, Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair and Bipin Gopalakrishnan Nair
Toxins 2023, 15(8), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15080510 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
The limitations posed by currently available antivenoms have emphasized the need for alternative treatments to counteract snakebite envenomation. Even though exact epidemiological data are lacking, reports have indicated that most global snakebite deaths are reported in India. Among the many problems associated with [...] Read more.
The limitations posed by currently available antivenoms have emphasized the need for alternative treatments to counteract snakebite envenomation. Even though exact epidemiological data are lacking, reports have indicated that most global snakebite deaths are reported in India. Among the many problems associated with snakebite envenomation, issues related to the availability of safer and more efficient antivenoms are of primary concern. Since India has the highest number of global snakebite deaths, efforts should be made to reduce the burden associated with snakebite envenoming. Alternative methods, including aptamers, camel antivenoms, phage display techniques for generating high-affinity antibodies and antibody fragments, small-molecule inhibitors, and natural products, are currently being investigated for their effectiveness. These alternative methods have shown promise in vitro, but their in vivo effectiveness should also be evaluated. In this review, the issues associated with Indian polyvalent antivenoms in neutralizing venom components from geographically distant species are discussed in detail. In a nutshell, this review gives an overview of the current drawbacks of using animal-derived antivenoms and several alternative strategies that are currently being widely explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Snake Venom-Omics and Next Generation Antivenom)
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