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Toxins
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Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi: Genetic and Toxicity Aspects
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Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi: Genetic and Toxicity Aspects

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 9905

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Life Sciences, the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
Interests: risk assessment for mycotoxins; toxicity of mycotoxins
Dr. Naoki Kobayashi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
2. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
Interests: mycotoxins; fungi; molecular genetics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycotoxins, a secondary metabolite of fungi, are chemical compounds that threaten food safety. With global warming, emerging mycotoxins such as enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, sterigmatocystin, etc., are appearing, and their contamination of commodities has increased. There have also been re-emerging mycotoxin outbreaks in Brazil, of citreoviridin, for example. The mycotoxin-producing fungi are known to mainly be the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, however their ability to produce mycotoxins and the genes related to toxins are not fully understood yet.

The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is new toxicity reports of emerging and re-emerging mycotoxins and the related genes in mycotoxin-producing fungi. The aim of the issue is to contribute to risk assessment and to develop genetic detection method for these toxins.

Dr. Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
Dr. Naoki Kobayashi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • emerging mycotoxins
  • citreoviridin
  • mycotoxin-related genes
  • cytotoxicity
  • mycotoxin-producing fungi

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 6508 KiB  
Article
Signatures of TRI5, TRI8 and TRI11 Protein Sequences of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti Species Complex (FIESC) Indicate Differential Trichothecene Analogue Production
by Ria T. Villafana and Sephra N. Rampersad
Toxins 2020, 12(6), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12060386 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2568
Abstract
The variability and phylogeny among TRI5, TRI8 and TRI11 nucleotide and translated protein sequences of isolates from Trinidad belonging to Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) were compared with FIESC reference sequences. Taxa appeared to be more divergent when DNA sequences were analyzed [...] Read more.
The variability and phylogeny among TRI5, TRI8 and TRI11 nucleotide and translated protein sequences of isolates from Trinidad belonging to Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) were compared with FIESC reference sequences. Taxa appeared to be more divergent when DNA sequences were analyzed compared to protein sequences. Neutral and non-neutral mutations in TRI protein sequences that may correspond to variability in the function and structure of the selected TRI proteins were identified. TRI5p had the lowest amino acid diversity with zero predicted non-neutral mutations. TRI5p had potentially three protein disorder regions compared to TRI8p with five protein disorder regions. The deduced TRI11p was more conserved than TRI8p of the same strains. Amino acid substitutions that may be non-neutral to protein function were only detected in diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) producers of the reference sequence subset for TRI8p and TRI11p. The deduced TRI5 and TRI8 amino acid sequences were mapped to known 3D-structure models and indicated that variations in specific protein order/disorder regions exist in these sequences which affect the overall structural conservation of TRI proteins. Assigning single or combination non-neutral mutations to a particular toxicogenic phenotype may be more representative of potential compared to using genotypic data alone, especially in the absence of wet-lab, experimental validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi: Genetic and Toxicity Aspects)
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10 pages, 1172 KiB  
Communication
Whole Genome Analysis Revealed the Genes Responsible for Citreoviridin Biosynthesis in Penicillium citreonigrum
by Takumi Okano, Naoki Kobayashi, Kazuki Izawa, Tomoya Yoshinari and Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
Toxins 2020, 12(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020125 - 15 Feb 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3480
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CTV) is a mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus terreus, Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum and Penicillium citreonigrum, and CTV has been detected in a wide range of cereal grains throughout the world. Furthermore, it is especially a serious problem in regions where [...] Read more.
Citreoviridin (CTV) is a mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus terreus, Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum and Penicillium citreonigrum, and CTV has been detected in a wide range of cereal grains throughout the world. Furthermore, it is especially a serious problem in regions where rice is consumed as a staple food. Moreover, CTV is a well-known yellow rice toxin, and outbreaks of beriberi have occurred due to consumption of rice that is contaminated by CTV even in the recent years. Although CTV biosynthetic genes of A. terreus have been described, those of P. citreonigrum remain unclear, which is concerning since P. citreonigrum is the main cause of CTV contamination in rice. In the present study, we determined the draft genome of the P. citreonigrum strain IMI92228 and revealed the presence of all four genes that form a gene cluster and that are homologous to the CTV biosynthesis genes of A. terreus. The expression of these four homologous genes were highly correlated with CTV production, suggesting that they may play an important role in CTV biosynthesis in P. citreonigrum. We concluded that the gene cluster is a CTV biosynthesis cluster of P. citreonigrum. The findings will contribute to the understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of CTV and will ultimately lead to improvements in the CTV management of agricultural products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi: Genetic and Toxicity Aspects)
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16 pages, 2097 KiB  
Article
The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum
by Yosuke Uchiyama, Masahiko Takino, Michiko Noguchi, Nozomi Shiratori, Naoki Kobayashi and Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
Toxins 2019, 11(6), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060360 - 20 Jun 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3476
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings [...] Read more.
Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings to those from in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments revealed the high bioavailability of CTVD (116.4%) in swine. An intestinal permeability study using Caco-2 cells to estimate the toxicokinetics in humans showed that CTVD has a high permeability coefficient. When CTVD was incubated with hepatic S9 fraction from swine and humans, hydroxylation and methylation, desaturation, and dihydroxylation derivatives were produced as the predominant metabolites. The levels of these products produced using human S9 were higher than those obtained swine S9, while CTVD glucuronide was produced slowly in human S9 in comparison to swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CTVD by human S9 was significantly more rapid in comparison to that by swine S9. These results suggest that CTVD is easily absorbed in swine and that it remains in the body where it is slowly metabolized. In contrast, the absorption of CTVD in humans would be the same as that in swine, although its elimination would be faster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi: Genetic and Toxicity Aspects)
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