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Toxins
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Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence
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Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 May 2023) | Viewed by 11181

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Paola Battilani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
Interests: understanding fungal behaviour in different ecological conditions; predictive modelling; decision support systems; omics support in understanding plant-pathogen interaction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Chiara Dall'Asta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
Interests: characterization of masked mycotoxins; catabolic fate and toxicological relevance of parent and conjugate mycotoxins in humans; profiling of bioactive compounds in plant-derived food; mass spectrometry based methods for the profiling of bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

There are some topics related to mycotoxins that are becoming increasingly relevant for the scientific community because of their impact on mycotoxin occurrence and, consequently, on human and animal health. When defining the frame, using the keywords, "climate change, fungi and mycotoxin co-occurrence, native and modified mycotoxins, matrix-fungi interaction, microbiome, exposome" is essential. In other words, it is well known that mycotoxin production is the result of the three-way fungi-matrix-environment interaction. Recently, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins has been emphasised, both in terms of different parent mycotoxins and their modified forms. Climate change is confirmed to play a role, both for the well-known increase in temperature and CO2 in the atmosphere, or the different distribution of rainfall, but also for the increased occurrence of extreme events, within and between years. The microbiome, the whole community of microorganisms on the host, is strongly influenced, with the impact on mycotoxin producing fungi growth and metabolism governed by fungal gene expression, but also strictly linked with the matrix interaction. The occurrence of unexpected events will challenge both humans and animals. In this context, a multi-expertise approach is needed to collect sufficient data to improve knowledge, support tools and resilience. The support of big data management and machine learning techniques will obviously be crucial to add value to the huge amount of knowledge requested and hopefully available in the near future.

In this context, we hope scientists from different scientific areas will be happy to contribute to merge in this special issue different expertise and different perspectives. Our aim is to add value to the tassels that any author will provide driving those contribute all together to make the puzzle as much complete as possible.

Prof. Dr. Paola Battilani
Prof. Dr. Chiara Dall'Asta
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate change
  • fungi
  • mycotoxins
  • co-occurrence
  • native
  • modified
  • matrix–fungi interaction

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2507 KiB  
Article
Biocontrol Potential of Antagonistic Yeasts on In Vitro and In Vivo Aspergillus Growth and Its AFB1 Production
by Dilara Nur Dikmetas, Hayrettin Özer and Funda Karbancıoglu-Guler
Toxins 2023, 15(6), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15060402 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a major aflatoxin B1, posing significant health concerns to humans, crops, and producer fungi. Due to the undesirable consequences of the usage of synthetic fungicides, biological control using yeasts has gained more attention. In this study, eight isolates [...] Read more.
Aspergillus flavus is a major aflatoxin B1, posing significant health concerns to humans, crops, and producer fungi. Due to the undesirable consequences of the usage of synthetic fungicides, biological control using yeasts has gained more attention. In this study, eight isolates of epiphytic yeasts belonging to Moesziomyces sp., Meyerozyma sp. and Metschnikowia sp., which have been identified as antagonists, were isolated from different plants, including grapes, blueberries, hawthorns, hoşkıran, beans and grape leaf. While volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Moesziomyces bullatus DN-FY, Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima DN-MP and Metschnikowia aff. pulcherrima 32-AMM reduced in vitro A. flavus mycelial growth and sporulation, only VOCs produced by Metschnikowia aff. fructicola 1-UDM were found to be effective at reducing in vitro AFB1 production. All yeasts reduced the mycelial growth of A. flavus by 76–91%, while AFB1 production reduced to 1.26–10.15 ng/g and the control plates’ growth was 1773 ng/g. The most effective yeast, Metschnikowia aff. Pulcherrima DN-HS, reduced Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production on hazelnuts. The AFB1 content on hazelnuts reduced to 333.01 ng/g from 536.74 ng/g. To our knowledge, this is the first report of yeasts isolated from plants being tested as potential biological control agents to reduce AFB1 production on hazelnuts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence)
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27 pages, 23557 KiB  
Article
Novel Insights into the Inheritance of Gibberella Ear Rot (GER), Deoxynivalenol (DON) Accumulation, and DON Production
by Akos Mesterhazy, Balázs Szabó, Sándor Szél, Zoltán Nagy, Attila Berényi and Beata Tóth
Toxins 2022, 14(9), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14090583 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
Gibberella ear rot (GER) is an important fungal ear pathogen of maize that causes ear rot and toxin contamination. Most previous works have only dealt with the visual symptoms, but not with the toxins of GER. As food and feed safety rankings depend [...] Read more.
Gibberella ear rot (GER) is an important fungal ear pathogen of maize that causes ear rot and toxin contamination. Most previous works have only dealt with the visual symptoms, but not with the toxins of GER. As food and feed safety rankings depend on toxin contamination, including deoxynivalenol (DON), without toxins, nothing can be said about the risks involved in food and feed quality. Therefore, three susceptible, three medium-susceptible, and three medium-resistant mother lines were crossed with three testers with differing degrees of resistance and tested between 2017–2020. Two plot replicates and two fungal strains were used separately. The highest heterosis was found at the GER% with a 13% increase across 27 hybrids, including 7 hybrids showing negative heterosis (a higher hybrid performance above the parental mean), with a variance ranging between 63.5 and −55.4. For DON, the mean heterosis was negative at −35%, and only 10 of the 27 hybrids showed a positive heterosis. The mean heterosis for DON contamination, at 1% GER, was again negative (−19.6%, varying between 85% and 224%). Only 17 hybrids showed heterosis, while that of the other 17 was rated higher than the parental mean. A positive significant correlation was found only for GER% and DON; the other factors were not significant. Seven hybrids were identified with positive (2) or negative (5) heterosis for all traits, while the rest varied. For DON and GER, only 13 provided identical (positive or negative) heteroses. The majority of the hybrids appeared to diverge in the regulation of the three traits. The stability of GER and DON (variance across eight data sets) did not agree—only half of the genotypes responded similarly for the two traits. The genetic background for this trait is unknown, and there was no general agreement between traits. Thus, without toxin analyses, the evaluation of food safety is not possible. The variety in degrees of resistance to toxigenic fungi and resistance to toxin accumulation is an inevitable factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence)
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12 pages, 887 KiB  
Article
Combination of Bacillus velezensis RC218 and Chitosan to Control Fusarium Head Blight on Bread and Durum Wheat under Greenhouse and Field Conditions
by Juan Palazzini, Agustina Reynoso, Nadia Yerkovich, Vanessa Zachetti, María Ramírez and Sofía Chulze
Toxins 2022, 14(7), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14070499 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2329
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto is, worldwide, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight in small cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and oat. The pathogen causes not only reductions in yield and grain quality but also contamination with type-B trichothecenes such as [...] Read more.
Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto is, worldwide, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight in small cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and oat. The pathogen causes not only reductions in yield and grain quality but also contamination with type-B trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol. Prevention strategies include the use of less susceptible cultivars through breeding programs, cultural practices, crop rotation, fungicide application, or a combination of them through an integrated pest management. Additionally, the use of more eco-friendly strategies by the evaluation of microorganisms and natural products is increasing. The effect of combining Bacillus velezensis RC218 and chitosan on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol accumulation under greenhouse and field conditions in bread and durum wheat was evaluated. Under greenhouse conditions, both B. velezensis RC218 and chitosan (0.1%) demonstrated FHB control, diminishing the severity by 38 and 27%, respectively, while the combined treatment resulted in an increased reduction of 54% on bread wheat. Field trials on bread wheat showed a biocontrol reduction in FHB by 18 to 53%, and chitosan was effective only during the first year (48% reduction); surprisingly, the combination of these active principles allowed the control of FHB disease severity by 39 and 36.7% during the two harvest seasons evaluated (2017/18, 2018/19). On durum wheat, the combined treatment showed a 54.3% disease severity reduction. A reduction in DON accumulation in harvested grains was observed for either bacteria, chitosan, or their combination, with reductions of 50.3, 68, and 64.5%, respectively, versus the control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence)
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29 pages, 9238 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Fusarium-Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events
by Valeria Gagiu, Elena Mateescu, Nastasia Belc, Oana-Alexandra Oprea and Gina-Pușa Pîrvu
Toxins 2022, 14(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050326 - 4 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3631
Abstract
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in [...] Read more.
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples (N = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions. The occurrence of FDKs was favored for wheat cultivation in acidic soils and inhibited in alkaline soils. Wheat samples with FDKs ≥ 1% were sampled from crops grown in river meadows with high and very high risks of flooding. Knowing the contaminants’ geographical and spatial distributions under the influence of regular and extreme weather events is important for establishing measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and to ensure human and animal health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Host-Fungi-Environment Interaction on Parent and Modified Mycotoxin Co-occurrence)
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