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TropicalMed
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Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases
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Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Vector-Borne Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 January 2022) | Viewed by 29998

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kinley Wangdi

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Guest Editor
Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Interests: epidemiology; spatial modelling; Bayesian modelling; infectious diseases
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Prof. Dr. Elivelton da Silva Fonseca

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Guest Editor
Geography Institute – Federal University of Uberlândia UFU, Geospatial Health NASA ROSES – Louisiana State University LSU, 2121, Av. João Naves de Ávila - Progresso, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
Interests: visceral leishmaniasis; geospatial technologies; health geography; public policies
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Dr. Apiporn Thinkhamrop Suwannatrai

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Interests: parasitology, tropical diseases; health GIS; spatial; modelling, Bayesian; ecology; epidemiology
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Prof. Dr. Marco Pombi

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Guest Editor
Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive - Sezione di Parassitologia, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
Interests: mosquito; vector-borne disease; sampling; ecology; surveillance; control; speciation
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Prof. Dr. Ayman Khattab

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Guest Editor
Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3), FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Interests: malaria; vector control; vector-borne diseases; antimalarial drug discovery; innate immunity; complement; vaccines
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are responsible for a significant health burden in low- and middle-income countries of the world, accounting for up to 17% of all infectious diseases. The distribution of VBDs is determined by complex demographic, environmental, and social factors. Global travel and trade, unplanned urbanization, and environmental challenges such as climate change can impact upon pathogen transmission, making seasonality longer or more intense or causing diseases to emerge in countries where they were previously unknown. Further, frequent outbreaks of VBDs are influenced by growing cross-border trade and travel, agricultural practices, environmental conditions, and individual behavior. The increasing rates of these diseases have major social, economic and developmental impacts in resource-constrained settings, affecting the ability of people to work and contribute to their families’ income, preventing children from attending school, and posing significant medical costs. Together, these factors contribute to rising health inequities and hinder socioeconomic development.

Spatial analytical methods allow for the robust analysis of complex environmental and climatic drivers of VBDs, incorporating both spatial and temporal dimensions. For this reason, geospatial modeling is a valuable instrument to target interventions for VBD surveillance and control programs, globally or regionally. These analytical approaches have recently seen increasing use in public health, with the invent of newer technologies and software. This Special Issue “Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases” welcomes high-quality original research articles and review articles in the broad subject area of spatial or spatiotemporal analysis/modelling.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Life.

Dr. Kinley Wangdi
Prof. Dr. Elivelton da Silva Fonseca
Asst. Prof. Dr. Apiporn Thinkhamrop Suwannatrai
Prof. Dr. Marco Pombi
Prof. Dr. Ayman Khattab
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Vector-borne diseases
  • Spatial modelling
  • Remote sensing
  • Public policy
  • Epidemiology
  • Ecology
  • Poverty
  • Disease surveillance and control
  • Health inequalities
  • Public health

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 4438 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Rodents during the Epizootic and Enzootic Periods of Plague, with a Focus on Exu, Northeastern Brazil
by Diego Leandro Reis da Silva Fernandes, Matheus Filgueira Bezerra, Bruna Mendes Duarte, Mayara Paes de França Silva, Hadassa de Almeida Souza, Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes and Alzira Maria Paiva de Almeida
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040195 - 8 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
The plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium is primarily a flea-transmitted zoonosis of rodents that can also be conveyed to humans and other mammals. In this work, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of rodent populations during epizootic and enzootic periods [...] Read more.
The plague caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium is primarily a flea-transmitted zoonosis of rodents that can also be conveyed to humans and other mammals. In this work, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of rodent populations during epizootic and enzootic periods of the plague in the municipality of Exu, northeastern Brazil. The geospatial analyses showed that all the rodent species appeared through the whole territory of the municipality, with different occurrence hotspots for the different species. Important fluctuations in the rodent populations were observed, with a reduction in the wild rodent fauna following the end of a plague epizootic period, mostly represented by Necromys lasiurus and an increase in the commensal species Rattus rattus. A higher abundance of rats might lead to an increased exposure of human populations, favoring spillovers of plague and other rodent-borne diseases. Our analysis highlights the role of wild rodent species as amplifier hosts and of commensal rats (R. rattus) as preserver hosts in the enzootic period of a specific transmission infection area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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11 pages, 1536 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Ross River Virus in Queensland, 2001–2020
by Wei Qian, Cameron Hurst, Kathryn Glass, David Harley and Elvina Viennet
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6(3), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030145 - 3 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5680
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV), the most common human arbovirus infection in Australia, causes significant morbidity and substantial medical costs. About half of Australian cases occur in Queensland. We describe the spatial and temporal patterns of RRV disease in Queensland over the past two [...] Read more.
Ross River virus (RRV), the most common human arbovirus infection in Australia, causes significant morbidity and substantial medical costs. About half of Australian cases occur in Queensland. We describe the spatial and temporal patterns of RRV disease in Queensland over the past two decades. RRV notifications, human population data, and weather data from 2001 to 2020 were analysed by the Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) area. Spatial interpolation or linear extrapolation were used for missing weather values and the estimated population in 2020, respectively. Notifications and incidence rates were analysed through space and time. During the study period, there were 43,699 notifications in Queensland. The highest annual number of notifications was recorded in 2015 (6182), followed by 2020 (3160). The average annual incidence rate was 5 per 10,000 people and the peak period for RRV notifications was March to May. Generally, SA2 areas in northern Queensland had higher numbers of notifications and higher incidence rates than SA2 areas in southern Queensland. The SA2 areas with high incidence rates were in east coastal areas and western Queensland. The timely prediction may aid disease prevention and routine vector control programs, and RRV management plans are important for these areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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15 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Dengue Incidence in Medan City, North Sumatera, Indonesia
by Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu, Tsheten Tsheten, Muhammad Yamin, Yulia Maryani, Fahmi Fahmi, Archie C. A. Clements, Darren J. Gray and Kinley Wangdi
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010030 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4617
Abstract
Dengue has been a perennial public health problem in Medan city, North Sumatera, despite the widespread implementation of dengue control. Understanding the spatial and temporal pattern of dengue is critical for effective implementation of dengue control strategies. This study aimed to characterize the [...] Read more.
Dengue has been a perennial public health problem in Medan city, North Sumatera, despite the widespread implementation of dengue control. Understanding the spatial and temporal pattern of dengue is critical for effective implementation of dengue control strategies. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology and spatio-temporal patterns of dengue in Medan City, Indonesia. Data on dengue incidence were obtained from January 2016 to December 2019. Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistic was used to identify dengue clusters. The Getis-Ord Gi* and Anselin Local Moran’s I statistics were used for further characterisation of dengue hotspots and cold spots. Results: A total of 5556 cases were reported from 151 villages across 21 districts in Medan City. Annual incidence in villages varied from zero to 439.32 per 100,000 inhabitants. According to Kulldorf’s space-time scan statistic, the most likely cluster was located in 27 villages in the south-west of Medan between January 2016 and February 2017, with a relative risk (RR) of 2.47. Getis-Ord Gi* and LISA statistics also identified these villages as hotpot areas. Significant space-time dengue clusters were identified during the study period. These clusters could be prioritized for resource allocation for more efficient prevention and control of dengue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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21 pages, 2637 KiB  
Article
Identification, Distribution, and Habitat Suitability Models of Ixodid Tick Species in Cattle in Eastern Bhutan
by Jamyang Namgyal, Tim J. Lysyk, Isabelle Couloigner, Sylvia Checkley, Ratna B. Gurung, Tenzin Tenzin, Sithar Dorjee and Susan C. Cork
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010027 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6547
Abstract
Tick infestation is the most reported parasitological problem in cattle in Bhutan. In May and June 2019, we collected ticks from 240 cattle in two districts of Eastern Bhutan. Tick presence, diversity, and infestation prevalence were examined by morphological identification of 3600 live [...] Read more.
Tick infestation is the most reported parasitological problem in cattle in Bhutan. In May and June 2019, we collected ticks from 240 cattle in two districts of Eastern Bhutan. Tick presence, diversity, and infestation prevalence were examined by morphological identification of 3600 live adult ticks. The relationships between cattle, geographic factors, and infestation prevalence were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Habitat suitability for the tick species identified was determined using MaxEnt. Four genera and six species of ticks were found. These were Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini) (70.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 68.7–71.7)), Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino (18.8% (95% CI: 17.5–20.1)), Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (8.2% (95% CI: 7.3–9.1)), Haemaphysalis spinigera Neumann (2.5% (95% CI: 2–3)), Amblyomma testudinarium Koch (0.19% (95% CI: 0.07–0.4)), and a single unidentified Ixodes sp. Logistic regression indicated that the variables associated with infestation were: longitude and cattle age for R. microplus; latitude for R. haemaphysaloides; and altitude and cattle breed for H. bispinosa and H. spinigera. MaxEnt models showed land cover to be an important predictor for the occurrence of all tick species examined. These findings provide information that can be used to initiate and plan enhanced tick surveillance and subsequent prevention and control programs for ticks and tick-borne diseases in cattle in Bhutan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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Review

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16 pages, 1094 KiB  
Review
Dengue Fever in Italy: The “Eternal Return” of an Emerging Arboviral Disease
by Matteo Riccò, Simona Peruzzi, Federica Balzarini, Alessandro Zaniboni and Silvia Ranzieri
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7010010 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4364
Abstract
Enhanced surveillance for dengue virus (DENV) infections in Italy has been implemented since 2012, with annual reports from the National Health Institute. In this study, we summarize available evidence on the epidemiology of officially notified DENV infections from 2010–2021. In total, 1043 DENV [...] Read more.
Enhanced surveillance for dengue virus (DENV) infections in Italy has been implemented since 2012, with annual reports from the National Health Institute. In this study, we summarize available evidence on the epidemiology of officially notified DENV infections from 2010–2021. In total, 1043 DENV infection cases were diagnosed, and most of them occurred in travelers, with only 11 autochthonous cases. The annual incidence rates of DENV infections peaked during 2019 with 0.277 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.187–0.267), (age-adjusted incidence rate: 0.328, 95% CI 0.314–0.314). Cases of DENV were clustered during the summer months of July (11.4%), August (19.3%), and September (12.7%). The areas characterized by higher notification rates were north-western (29.0%), and mostly north-eastern Italy (41.3%). The risk for DENV infection in travelers increased in the time period 2015–2019 (risk ratio [RR] 1.808, 95% CI 1.594–2.051) and even during 2020–2021 (RR 1.771, 95% CI 1.238–2.543). Higher risk for DENV was additionally reported in male subjects compared with females subjects, and aged 25 to 44 years, and in individuals from northern and central Italy compared to southern regions and islands. In a multivariable Poisson regression model, the increased number of travelers per 100 inhabitants (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.065, 95% CI 1.036–1.096), the incidence in other countries (IRR 1.323, 95% CI 1.165–1.481), the share of individuals aged 25 to 44 years (IRR 1.622, 95% CI 1.338–1.968), and foreign-born residents (IRR 2.717, 95% CI 1.555–3.881), were identified as effectors of annual incidence. In summary, although the circulation of DENV remains clustered among travelers, enhanced surveillance is vital for the early detection of human cases and the prompt implementation of response measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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Other

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10 pages, 1356 KiB  
Case Report
Double Trouble: Dengue Followed by COVID-19 Infection Acquired in Two Different Regions: A Doctor’s Case Report and Spatial Distribution of Cases in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
by Sérgio Munhoz Pereira, Charlene Troiani do Nascimento, Rodrigo Sala Ferro, Edilson Ferreira Flores, Elaine Aparecida Maldonado Bertacco, Elivelton da Silva Fonseca and Luiz Euribel Prestes-Carneiro
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030156 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3359
Abstract
Co-epidemics of COVID-19 and dengue in dengue-endemic countries represent a serious public health concern. In Brazil, São Paulo state ranks first for cases and deaths from COVID-19, and dengue is endemic in most regions of the country. In 2020, an outbreak of dengue [...] Read more.
Co-epidemics of COVID-19 and dengue in dengue-endemic countries represent a serious public health concern. In Brazil, São Paulo state ranks first for cases and deaths from COVID-19, and dengue is endemic in most regions of the country. In 2020, an outbreak of dengue occurred in western São Paulo. We determined the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue in the context of COVID-19 cases in Presidente Prudente, a mid-sized city in western São Paulo. To illustrate the burden of both infections, a case report of a doctor and his family, infected with dengue and COVID-19, is presented. There were three clusters of dengue and COVID-19 in the periphery. A dengue cluster was found in a region where there were no corresponding COVID-19 cases. Meanwhile, there were COVID-19 clusters where dengue activity was lower. In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic emerged when dengue reached its seasonal peak, resulting in a simultaneous outbreak of both diseases. Lower rates of dengue were found in the city compared with 2019, and the fear of patients with mild dengue symptoms about remaining in hospital and acquiring COVID-19 infection may be the main cause. Simultaneous spatial clusters of dengue and COVID-19 in environmentally and socioeconomically vulnerable areas can guide public health authorities in intensive interventions to improve clinical diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, and management of both diseases. The patient and his family were first infected with dengue and he then carried COVID-19 to his family, reinforcing the risk of health care workers spreading the virus to the community. We highlight the epidemiological significance of presenting a case report and spatial analysis of COVID-19 in the same study in the context of a dengue outbreak. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Diseases)
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