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Universe
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Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN
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Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN

A special issue of Universe (ISSN 2218-1997). This special issue belongs to the section "Galaxies and Clusters".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 21801

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Anna Sajina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
Interests: dusty star-forming galaxies and AGN; galaxies–AGN co-evolution; multiwavelength galaxy surveys; mid-IR spectroscopy
Prof. Dr. Asantha R. Cooray

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Interests: cosmology; large-scale structure; IR background; reionization; sub-mm galaxies

Special Issue Information

Infrared observations of galaxies are crucial for a complete census of the build-up of stars and supermassive black holes throughout cosmic history. They also provide direct probes of the physical conditions of gas and dust in these galaxies, allowing us to gain insights into the processes that trigger or quench star-formation and black hole accretion. Observational studies benefit from fantastic ground-based facilities in the (sub)-mm wavelengths as well as the extensive legacy data from Spitzer and Herschel Space Telescopes.  However, significant open questions remain in interpreting these data. These include uncertainties in dust composition and spatial distribution as well as the relationships between gas and dust, especially toward higher redshifts. Current theoretical models and simulations continue to treat the interstellar medium and dust in over-simplified terms, resulting in significant mismatches between models and observational data for infrared galaxies. This Special Issue seeks to bring together infrared observations from low- and high-redshift galaxies with new modeling or computational approaches in their interpretation. Such a collection is very timely in preparing the community to maximize the science return of upcoming ground-based and space-based facilities, most notably the James Webb Space Telescope, and for the planning of a future infrared space facility. This Special Issue welcomes papers and reviews on any aspect of these issues.

Prof. Dr. Anna Sajina
Prof. Dr. Asantha Cooray
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Universe is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • infrared galaxies
  • dust-obscured star formation
  • obscured AGN
  • interstellar dust
  • molecular gas

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

17 pages, 853 KiB  
Article
Molecular Gas Heating, Star Formation Rate Relations, and AGN Feedback in Infrared-Luminous Galaxy Mergers
by Duncan Farrah, Andreas Efstathiou, Jose Afonso, David L. Clements, Kevin Croker, Evanthia Hatziminaoglou, Maya Joyce, Vianney Lebouteiller, Aláine Lee, Carol Lonsdale, Chris Pearson, Sara Petty, Lura K. Pitchford, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Aprajita Verma and Lingyu Wang
Universe 2023, 9(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9010003 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1858
Abstract
We examine the origin of molecular gas heating in a sample of 42 infrared-luminous galaxies at z<0.3 by combining two sets of archival data: first, integrated CO line luminosities in the 1–0 and 5–4 through 13–12 transitions; second, results from radiative [...] Read more.
We examine the origin of molecular gas heating in a sample of 42 infrared-luminous galaxies at z<0.3 by combining two sets of archival data: first, integrated CO line luminosities in the 1–0 and 5–4 through 13–12 transitions; second, results from radiative transfer modelling that decompose their bolometric emission into starburst, AGN, and host galaxy components. We find that the CO 1–0 and 5–4 through 9–8 lines primarily arise via radiative heating in the starburst and the host galaxy. In contrast, the CO 10–9 through 13–12 lines may arise primarily in the starburst and AGN, with an increasing contribution from mechanical heating and shocks. For the sample as a whole, we find no evidence that AGN luminosity affects the heating of molecular gas by star formation. However, for starbursts with low initial optical depths, a more luminous AGN may reduce the efficiency of starburst heating of the CO 5–4 and above lines, consistent with negative AGN feedback. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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29 pages, 3133 KiB  
Article
ALPINE: A Large Survey to Understand Teenage Galaxies
by Andreas L. Faisst, Lin Yan, Matthieu Béthermin, Paolo Cassata, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Michele Ginolfi, Carlotta Gruppioni, Gareth Jones, Yana Khusanova, Olivier LeFèvre, Francesca Pozzi, Michael Romano, John Silverman and Brittany Vanderhoof
Universe 2022, 8(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8060314 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2717
Abstract
A multiwavelength study of galaxies is important to understand their formation and evolution. Only in the recent past, thanks to the Atacama Large (Sub) Millimeter Array (ALMA), were we able to study the far-infrared (IR) properties of galaxies at high redshifts. In this [...] Read more.
A multiwavelength study of galaxies is important to understand their formation and evolution. Only in the recent past, thanks to the Atacama Large (Sub) Millimeter Array (ALMA), were we able to study the far-infrared (IR) properties of galaxies at high redshifts. In this article, we summarize recent research highlights and their significance to our understanding of early galaxy evolution from the ALPINE survey, a large program with ALMA to observe the dust continuum and 158μm C+ emission of normal star-forming galaxies at z= 4–6. Combined with ancillary data at UV through near-IR wavelengths, ALPINE provides the currently largest multiwavelength sample of post-reionization galaxies and has advanced our understanding of (i) the demographics of C+ emission; (ii) the relation of star formation and C+ emission; (iii) the gas content; (iv) outflows and enrichment of the intergalactic medium; and (v) the kinematics, emergence of disks, and merger rates in galaxies at z>4. ALPINE builds the basis for more detailed measurements with the next generation of telescopes, and places itself as an important post-reionization baseline sample to allow a continuous study of galaxies over 13 billion years of cosmic time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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Review

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106 pages, 17899 KiB  
Review
From Clusters to Proto-Clusters: The Infrared Perspective on Environmental Galaxy Evolution
by Stacey Alberts and Allison Noble
Universe 2022, 8(11), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8110554 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3177
Abstract
Environment is one of the primary drivers of galaxy evolution; via multiple mechanisms, it can control the critical process of transforming galaxies from star forming to quiescent, commonly termed “quenching”. Despite its importance, however, we still do not have a clear view of [...] Read more.
Environment is one of the primary drivers of galaxy evolution; via multiple mechanisms, it can control the critical process of transforming galaxies from star forming to quiescent, commonly termed “quenching”. Despite its importance, however, we still do not have a clear view of how environmentally-driven quenching proceeds even in the most extreme environments: galaxy clusters and their progenitor proto-clusters. Recent advances in infrared capabilities have enabled transformative progress not only in the identification of these structures but in detailed analyses of quiescence, obscured star formation, and molecular gas in (proto-)cluster galaxies across cosmic time. In this review, we will discuss the current state of the literature regarding the quenching of galaxies in (proto-)clusters from the observational, infrared perspective. Our improved understanding of environmental galaxy evolution comes from unique observables across the distinct regimes of the near-, mid-, and far-infrared, crucial in the push to high redshift where massive galaxy growth is dominated by highly extinct, infrared-bright galaxies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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40 pages, 11070 KiB  
Review
The Role of AGN in Luminous Infrared Galaxies from the Multiwavelength Perspective
by Vivian U
Universe 2022, 8(8), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080392 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3072
Abstract
Galaxy mergers provide a mechanism for galaxies to effectively funnel gas and materials toward their nuclei and fuel the central starbursts and accretion of supermassive black holes. In turn, the active nuclei drive galactic-scale outflows that subsequently impact the evolution of the host [...] Read more.
Galaxy mergers provide a mechanism for galaxies to effectively funnel gas and materials toward their nuclei and fuel the central starbursts and accretion of supermassive black holes. In turn, the active nuclei drive galactic-scale outflows that subsequently impact the evolution of the host galaxies. The details of this transformative process as they pertain to the supermassive black holes remain ambiguous, partially due to the central obscuration commonly found in the dust-reddened merger hosts, and also because there are relatively few laboratories in the nearby universe where the process can be studied in depth. This review highlights the current state of the literature on the role of accreting supermassive black holes in local luminous infrared galaxies as seen from various windows within the electromagnetic spectrum. Specifically, we discuss the multiwavelength signatures of the active nucleus, its associated feeding and feedback processes, and the implications of multiple supermassive black holes found in nearby interacting galaxy systems for galaxy evolution from the observational perspective. We conclude with a future outlook on how the topic of active nuclei in low- and high-redshift galaxy mergers will benefit from the advent of next-generation observing facilities with unparalleled resolving power and sensitivity in the coming decade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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37 pages, 14119 KiB  
Review
The Past and Future of Mid-Infrared Studies of AGN
by Anna Sajina, Mark Lacy and Alexandra Pope
Universe 2022, 8(7), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8070356 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
Observational studies of AGN in the mid-infrared regime are crucial to our understanding of AGN and their role in the evolution of galaxies. Mid-IR-based selection of AGN is complementary to more traditional techniques allowing for a more complete census of AGN activity across [...] Read more.
Observational studies of AGN in the mid-infrared regime are crucial to our understanding of AGN and their role in the evolution of galaxies. Mid-IR-based selection of AGN is complementary to more traditional techniques allowing for a more complete census of AGN activity across cosmic time. Mid-IR observations including time variability and spatially resolved imaging have given us unique insights into the nature of the obscuring structures around AGN. The wealth of fine structure, molecular, and dust features in the mid-IR allow us to simultaneously probe multiple components of the ISM allowing us to explore in detail the impact on the host galaxy by the presence of an AGN—a crucial step toward understanding galaxy-SMBH co-evolution. This review gives a broad overview of this wide range of studies. It also aims to show the evolution of this field starting with its nascency in the 1960s, through major advances thanks to several generations of space-based and ground-based facilities, as well as the promise of upcoming facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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15 pages, 6046 KiB  
Review
The Role of Radio Observations in Studies of Infrared-Bright Galaxies: Prospects for a Next-Generation Very Large Array
by Eric Joseph Murphy
Universe 2022, 8(6), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8060329 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
The bulk of the present-day stellar mass was formed in galaxies when the universe was less than half its current age (i.e., 1≲z≲3). While this likely marks one of the most critical time periods for galaxy evolution, we [...] Read more.
The bulk of the present-day stellar mass was formed in galaxies when the universe was less than half its current age (i.e., 1≲z≲3). While this likely marks one of the most critical time periods for galaxy evolution, we currently do not have a clear picture on the radial extent and distribution of cold molecular gas and associated star formation within the disks of galaxies during this epoch. Such observations are essential to properly estimate the efficiency at which such galaxies convert their gas into stars, as well as to account for the various energetic processes that govern this efficiency. Long-wavelength (i.e., far-infrared–to–radio) observations are critical to penetrate the high-levels of extinction associated with dusty, infrared-bright galaxies that are driving the stellar mass assembly at such epochs. In this article, we discuss how the next-generation Very Large Array will take a transformative step in our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution by delivering the ability to simultaneously study the relative distributions molecular gas and star formation on sub-kpc scales unbiased by dust for large populations of typical galaxies in the early universe detected by future far-infrared space missions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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50 pages, 9644 KiB  
Review
Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution and Variability of Active Galactic Nuclei: Clues to the Structure of Circumnuclear Material
by Jianwei Lyu and George Rieke
Universe 2022, 8(6), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8060304 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4119
Abstract
The active galactic nucleus (AGN) phenomenon results from a supermassive black hole accreting its surrounding gaseous and dusty material. The infrared (IR) regime provides most of the information to characterize the dusty structures that bridge from the galaxy to the black hole, providing [...] Read more.
The active galactic nucleus (AGN) phenomenon results from a supermassive black hole accreting its surrounding gaseous and dusty material. The infrared (IR) regime provides most of the information to characterize the dusty structures that bridge from the galaxy to the black hole, providing clues to the black hole growth and host galaxy evolution. Over the past several decades, with the commissioning of various ground, airborne and space IR observing facilities, our interpretations of the AGN circumnuclear structures have advanced significantly through an improved understanding of how their dust emission changes as a function of wavelength and how the heating of the dusty structures responds to variations in the energy released from the central engine. In this review, we summarize the current observational knowledge of the AGN IR broad-band spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and the IR time variability behavior covering large ranges of AGN luminosity and redshift, and discuss some first-order insights into the obscuring structures and host galaxy IR properties that can be obtained by integrating the relevant observations into a coherent picture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Infrared Galaxies and AGN)
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