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Universe
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Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
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Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy

A special issue of Universe (ISSN 2218-1997). This special issue belongs to the section "Cosmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 23682

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kazuharu Bamba

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
Interests: particle cosmology; gravity theory; inflation; late time acceleration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Exploring the origins of a field to realize inflation, dark matter, and dark energy is one of the most important problems in modern physics and cosmology. The future detection of primordial gravitational waves is strongly expected to reveal the energy scale of inflation in the early universe. Furthermore, there are two possibilities for the origin of dark matter, namely, new particles in particle-theory models beyond the standard model, and astrophysical objects. In addition, two representative studies have been proposed for the true character of dark energy, the existence of which leads to late-time cosmic acceleration. One is to introduce some unknown matter called dark energy with the negative pressure in general relativity. The other is to modify gravity at large scales. The latter is called geometrical dark energy. The main aim of this Special Issue is to understand the origins and true natures of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. We can consider both phenomenological approaches and more fundamental physics such as higher-dimensional gravity theories, quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, physics in the early universe, quantum field theories and gauge field theories in curved spacetime, string theories, brane world models, and the holographic principle. It is our pleasure to invite submissions to this Special Issue on inflation, dark matter, dark energy, and related foundations of physics.

Prof. Dr. Kazuharu Bamba
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • inflation
  • dark matter
  • dark energy
  • modified gravity
  • cosmology

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 201 KiB  
Editorial
Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
by Kazuharu Bamba
Universe 2024, 10(3), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10030144 - 15 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1891
Abstract
Various precise cosmological observations, e [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 3773 KiB  
Article
Design and Construction of a Variable-Angle Three-Beam Stimulated Resonant Photon Collider toward eV-Scale ALP Search
by Takumi Hasada, Kensuke Homma and Yuri Kirita
Universe 2023, 9(8), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9080355 - 29 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1052
Abstract
We aim to search for axion-like particles in the eV mass range using a variable-angle stimulated resonance photon collider (SRPC) with three intense laser beams. By changing angle of incidence of the three beams, the center-of-mass-system collision energy can be varied and the [...] Read more.
We aim to search for axion-like particles in the eV mass range using a variable-angle stimulated resonance photon collider (SRPC) with three intense laser beams. By changing angle of incidence of the three beams, the center-of-mass-system collision energy can be varied and the eV mass range can be continuously searched for. In this paper, we present the design and construction of such a variable-angle three-beam SRPC (tSRPC), the verification of the variable-angle mechanism using a calibration laser, and realistic sensitivity projections for searches in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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16 pages, 2017 KiB  
Article
Pilot Search for Axion-Like Particles by a Three-Beam Stimulated Resonant Photon Collider with Short Pulse Lasers
by Fumiya Ishibashi, Takumi Hasada, Kensuke Homma, Yuri Kirita, Tsuneto Kanai, ShinIchiro Masuno, Shigeki Tokita and Masaki Hashida
Universe 2023, 9(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9030123 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
Toward the systematic search for axion-like particles in the eV mass range, we proposed the concept of a stimulated resonant photon collider by focusing three short pulse lasers into a vacuum. In order to realize such a collider, we have performed a proof-of-principle [...] Read more.
Toward the systematic search for axion-like particles in the eV mass range, we proposed the concept of a stimulated resonant photon collider by focusing three short pulse lasers into a vacuum. In order to realize such a collider, we have performed a proof-of-principle experiment with a set of large incident angles between three beams to overcome the expected difficulty to ensure the space–time overlap between short pulse lasers and also established a method to evaluate the bias on the polarization states, which is useful for a future variable–incident–angle collision system. In this paper, we present a result from the pilot search with the developed system and the method. The search result was consistent with null. We thus have set the upper limit on the minimum ALP-photon coupling down to 1.5×10−4 GeV−1 at the ALP mass of 1.53 eV with a confidence level of 95%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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12 pages, 1755 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity to Axion-like Particles with a Three-Beam Stimulated Resonant Photon Collider around the eV Mass Range
by Kensuke Homma, Fumiya Ishibashi, Yuri Kirita and Takumi Hasada
Universe 2023, 9(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9010020 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
We propose a three-beam stimulated resonant photon collider with focused laser fields in order to directly produce an axion-like particle (ALP) with the two beams and to stimulate its decay by the remaining one. The expected sensitivity around the eV mass range has [...] Read more.
We propose a three-beam stimulated resonant photon collider with focused laser fields in order to directly produce an axion-like particle (ALP) with the two beams and to stimulate its decay by the remaining one. The expected sensitivity around the eV mass range has been evaluated. The result shows that the sensitivity can reach the ALP-photon coupling down to O(10−14) GeV−1 with 1 J class short-pulsed lasers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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6 pages, 214 KiB  
Article
Discretely Charged Dark Matter in Inflation Models Based on Holographic Space-Time
by Tom Banks and Willy Fischler
Universe 2022, 8(11), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8110600 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1567
Abstract
The holographic space-time (HST) model of inflation has a potential explanation for dark matter as tiny primordial black holes. Motivated by a recent paper of Barrau, we propose a version of this model where some of the inflationary black holes (IBHs), whose decay [...] Read more.
The holographic space-time (HST) model of inflation has a potential explanation for dark matter as tiny primordial black holes. Motivated by a recent paper of Barrau, we propose a version of this model where some of the inflationary black holes (IBHs), whose decay gives rise to the Hot Big Bang, carry the smallest value of a discrete symmetry charge. The fraction f of IBHs carrying this charge is difficult to estimate from first principles, but we determine it by requiring that the crossover between radiation and matter domination occurs at the correct temperature Teq∼1eV=10−28MP. The fraction is small, f∼2×10−9, so we believe this gives an extremely plausible model of dark matter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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14 pages, 469 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Charged Black Hole Solution in Rastall Gravity
by Gamal Gergess Lamee Nashed
Universe 2022, 8(10), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8100510 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1849
Abstract
We show that the spherically symmetric black hole (BH) solution of a charged (linear case) field equation of Rastall gravitational theory is not affected by the Rastall parameter and this is consistent with the results presented in the literature. However, when we apply [...] Read more.
We show that the spherically symmetric black hole (BH) solution of a charged (linear case) field equation of Rastall gravitational theory is not affected by the Rastall parameter and this is consistent with the results presented in the literature. However, when we apply the field equation of Rastall’s theory to a special form of nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) source, we derive a novel spherically symmetric BH solution that involves the Rastall parameter. The main source of the appearance of this parameter is the trace part of the NED source, which has a non-vanishing value, unlike the linear charged field equation. We show that the new BH solution is Anti−de-Sitter Reissner−Nordström spacetime in which the Rastall parameter is absorbed into the cosmological constant. This solution coincides with Reissner−Nordström solution in the GR limit, i.e., when Rastall’s parameter is vanishing. To gain more insight into this BH, we study the stability using the deviation of geodesic equations to derive the stability condition. Moreover, we explain the thermodynamic properties of this BH and show that it is stable, unlike the linear charged case that has a second-order phase transition. Finally, we prove the validity of the first law of thermodynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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9 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Bianchi I Spacetimes in Chiral–Quintom Theory
by Andronikos Paliathanasis
Universe 2022, 8(10), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8100503 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
In this paper, we study anisotropic exact solutions in the homogeneous Bianchi I background geometry in a multifield theory. Specifically, we consider the Chiral–Quintom theory, which is an extension of the Chiral theory, because at least one of the scalar fields can have [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study anisotropic exact solutions in the homogeneous Bianchi I background geometry in a multifield theory. Specifically, we consider the Chiral–Quintom theory, which is an extension of the Chiral theory, because at least one of the scalar fields can have negative energy density. Moreover, the Quintom theory can be recovered when one of the free parameters of the theory vanishes. We find that Kasner-like and anisotropic exponential solutions exist for specific functional forms of the scalar field potential. Finally, Noether symmetry analysis is applied for the classification of the theory according to the admitted symmetries. Conservation laws are determined, while we show that the Kasner-like solution is the analytic solution for the given model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
23 pages, 37045 KiB  
Article
Multi-Modal Clustering Events Observed by Horizon-10T and Axion Quark Nuggets
by Ariel Zhitnitsky
Universe 2021, 7(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7100384 - 15 Oct 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1738
Abstract
The Horizon-10T collaboration have reported observation of Multi-Modal Events (MME) containing multiple peaks suggesting their clustering origin. These events are proven to be hard to explain in terms of conventional cosmic rays (CR). We propose that these MMEs might be result of the [...] Read more.
The Horizon-10T collaboration have reported observation of Multi-Modal Events (MME) containing multiple peaks suggesting their clustering origin. These events are proven to be hard to explain in terms of conventional cosmic rays (CR). We propose that these MMEs might be result of the dark matter annihilation events within the so-called axion quark nugget (AQN) dark matter model, which was originally invented for completely different purpose to explain the observed similarity between the dark and the visible components in the Universe, i.e., ΩDM∼Ωvisible without any fitting parameters. We support this proposal by demonstrating that the observations, including the frequency of appearance, intensity, the spatial distribution, the time duration, the clustering features, and many other properties nicely match the emission characteristics of the AQN annihilation events in atmosphere. We list a number of features of the AQN events which are very distinct from conventional CR air showers. The observation (non-observation) of these features may substantiate (refute) our proposal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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12 pages, 445 KiB  
Article
Statefinder and Om Diagnostics for New Generalized Chaplygin Gas Model
by Abdulla Al Mamon, Vipin Chandra Dubey and Kazuharu Bamba
Universe 2021, 7(10), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7100362 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
We explore a unified model of dark matter and dark energy. This new model is a generalization of the generalized Chaplygin gas model and is known as a new generalized Chaplygin gas (NGCG) model. We study the evolutions of the Hubble parameter and [...] Read more.
We explore a unified model of dark matter and dark energy. This new model is a generalization of the generalized Chaplygin gas model and is known as a new generalized Chaplygin gas (NGCG) model. We study the evolutions of the Hubble parameter and the distance modulus for the model under consideration and the standard ΛCDM model and compare that with the observational datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate two geometric diagnostics analyses including the statefinder (r,s) and Om(z) to the discriminant NGCG model from the standard ΛCDM model. The trajectories of evolution for (r,s) and Om(z) diagnostic planes are shown to understand the geometrical behavior of the NGCG model by using different observational data points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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28 pages, 6156 KiB  
Article
Results of Search for Magnetized Quark-Nugget Dark Matter from Radial Impacts on Earth
by J. Pace VanDevender, Robert G. Schmitt, Niall McGinley, David G. Duggan, Seamus McGinty, Aaron P. VanDevender, Peter Wilson, Deborah Dixon, Helen Girard and Jacquelyn McRae
Universe 2021, 7(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7050116 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2370
Abstract
Magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) are a recently proposed dark-matter candidate consistent with the Standard Model and with Tatsumi’s theory of quark-nugget cores in magnetars. Previous publications have covered their formation in the early universe, aggregation into a broad mass distribution before they can [...] Read more.
Magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) are a recently proposed dark-matter candidate consistent with the Standard Model and with Tatsumi’s theory of quark-nugget cores in magnetars. Previous publications have covered their formation in the early universe, aggregation into a broad mass distribution before they can decay by the weak force, interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, and a first observation consistent MQNs: a nearly tangential impact limiting their surface-magnetic-field parameter Bo from Tatsumi’s ~1012+/−1 T to 1.65 × 1012 T +/− 21%. The MQN mass distribution and interaction cross section strongly depend on Bo. Their magnetopause is much larger than their geometric dimensions and can cause sufficient energy deposition to form non-meteorite craters, which are reported approximately annually. We report computer simulations of the MQN energy deposition in water-saturated peat, soft sediments, and granite, and report the results from excavating such a crater. Five points of agreement between observations and hydrodynamic simulations of an MQN impact support this second observation being consistent with MQN dark matter and suggest a method for qualifying additional MQN events. The results also redundantly constrain Bo to ≥ 4 × 1011 T. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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30 pages, 7763 KiB  
Article
Limits on Magnetized Quark-Nugget Dark Matter from Episodic Natural Events
by J. Pace VanDevender, Aaron P. VanDevender, Peter Wilson, Benjamin F. Hammel and Niall McGinley
Universe 2021, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7020035 - 4 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard [...] Read more.
A quark nugget is a hypothetical dark-matter candidate composed of approximately equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. Most models of quark nuggets do not include effects of their intrinsic magnetic field. However, Tatsumi used a mathematically tractable approximation of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and found that the cores of magnetar pulsars may be quark nuggets in a ferromagnetic liquid state with surface magnetic field Bo = 1012±1 T. We have applied that result to quark-nugget dark matter. Previous work addressed the formation and aggregation of magnetized quark nuggets (MQNs) into a broad and magnetically stabilized mass distribution before they could decay and addressed their interaction with normal matter through their magnetopause, losing translational velocity while gaining rotational velocity and radiating electromagnetic energy. The two orders of magnitude uncertainty in Tatsumi’s estimate for Bo precludes the practical design of systematic experiments to detect MQNs through their predicted interaction with matter. In this paper, we examine episodic events consistent with a unique signature of MQNs. If they are indeed caused by MQNs, they constrain the most likely values of Bo to 1.65 × 1012 T +/− 21% and support the design of definitive tests of the MQN dark-matter hypothesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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Review

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90 pages, 11352 KiB  
Review
Observational Constraints on Dynamical Dark Energy Models
by Olga Avsajanishvili, Gennady Y. Chitov, Tina Kahniashvili, Sayan Mandal and Lado Samushia
Universe 2024, 10(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10030122 - 4 Mar 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
Scalar field ϕCDM models provide an alternative to the standard ΛCDM paradigm, while being physically better motivated. Dynamical scalar field ϕCDM models are divided into two classes: the quintessence (minimally and non-minimally interacting with gravity) and phantom models. These models [...] Read more.
Scalar field ϕCDM models provide an alternative to the standard ΛCDM paradigm, while being physically better motivated. Dynamical scalar field ϕCDM models are divided into two classes: the quintessence (minimally and non-minimally interacting with gravity) and phantom models. These models explain the phenomenology of late-time dark energy. In these models, energy density and pressure are time-dependent functions under the assumption that the scalar field is described by the ideal barotropic fluid model. As a consequence of this, the equation of state parameter of the ϕCDM models is also a time-dependent function. The interaction between dark energy and dark matter, namely their transformation into each other, is considered in the interacting dark energy models. The evolution of the universe from the inflationary epoch to the present dark energy epoch is investigated in quintessential inflation models, in which a single scalar field plays a role of both the inflaton field at the inflationary epoch and of the quintessence scalar field at the present epoch. We start with an overview of the motivation behind these classes of models, the basic mathematical formalism, and the different classes of models. We then present a compilation of recent results of applying different observational probes to constraining ϕCDM model parameters. Over the last two decades, the precision of observational data has increased immensely, leading to ever tighter constraints. A combination of the recent measurements favors the spatially flat ΛCDM model but a large class of ϕCDM models is still not ruled out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Natures of Inflation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy)
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