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Viruses
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Tobamoviruses 2023
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Tobamoviruses 2023

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 July 2023) | Viewed by 15532

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Steve Wylie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
Interests: plant and fungal viruses; wild plant viruses; spillover; virus evolution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Tobamovirus are ancient, likely existing before the major angiosperm groups that evolved 120–140 million years ago. Some cause enormous damage to agriculture, and new damaging species spill over from wild plant communities every few years to sweep across important crops. Tobamoviruses are a highly successful group, having eschewed the arthropod vectors that most plant viruses rely on for transmission, instead hijacking their host’s reproductive system to spread in pollen and seed, and by direct contact. This Special Issue examines the latest research on the diversity of tobamoviruses, their molecular biology, and their impact on global food security.

Dr. Steve Wylie
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 168 KiB  
Editorial
Tobamoviruses: Special Issue Editorial
by Steve Wylie
Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112174 - 30 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are plant-infecting viruses with an ancient lineage, understood to have arisen during the age of the dinosaurs in the Cretaceous period 145–66 million years ago [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 498 KiB  
Article
Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV) Isolates from Different Plant Families Show No Evidence of Differential Adaptation to Their Host of Origin
by Rafael de Andrés-Torán, Laura Guidoum, Adrian D. Zamfir, Miguel Ángel Mora, Santiago Moreno-Vázquez and Fernando García-Arenal
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122384 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
The relevance of tobamoviruses to crop production is increasing due to new emergences, which cannot be understood without knowledge of the tobamovirus host range and host specificity. Recent analyses of tobamovirus occurrence in different plant communities have shown unsuspectedly large host ranges. This [...] Read more.
The relevance of tobamoviruses to crop production is increasing due to new emergences, which cannot be understood without knowledge of the tobamovirus host range and host specificity. Recent analyses of tobamovirus occurrence in different plant communities have shown unsuspectedly large host ranges. This was the case of the tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), which previously was most associated with solanaceous hosts. We addressed two hypotheses concerning TMGMV host range evolution: (i) ecological fitting, rather than genome evolution, determines TMGMV host range, and (ii) isolates are adapted to the host of origin. We obtained TMGMV isolates from non-solanaceous hosts and we tested the capacity of genetically closely related TMGMV isolates from three host families to infect and multiply in 10 hosts of six families. All isolates systemically infected all hosts, with clear disease symptoms apparent only in solanaceous hosts. TMGMV multiplication depended on the assayed host but not on the isolate’s host of origin, with all isolates accumulating to the highest levels in Nicotiana tabacum. Thus, results support that TMGMV isolates are adapted to hosts in the genus Nicotiana, consistent with a well-known old virus–host association. In addition, phenotypic plasticity allows Nicotiana-adapted TMGMV genotypes to infect a large range of hosts, as encountered according to plant community composition and transmission dynamics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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32 pages, 4362 KiB  
Article
Facile Purification and Use of Tobamoviral Nanocarriers for Antibody-Mediated Display of a Two-Enzyme System
by Tim Wendlandt, Claudia Koch, Beate Britz, Anke Liedek, Nora Schmidt, Stefan Werner, Yuri Gleba, Farnoosh Vahidpour, Melanie Welden, Arshak Poghossian, Michael J. Schöning, Fabian J. Eber, Holger Jeske and Christina Wege
Viruses 2023, 15(9), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15091951 - 19 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2020
Abstract
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol [...] Read more.
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wild-type subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP, and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers via a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as a target, yielding synthetic multi-enzyme complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was also achieved on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing via modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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Graphical abstract

8 pages, 1230 KiB  
Communication
Prevalences of Tobamovirus Contamination in Seed Lots of Tomato and Capsicum
by David J. Dall, David A. Lovelock, Lindsay D. J. Penrose and Fiona E. Constable
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040883 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Seed lots of tomato and capsicum (Solanum lycopersicon and Capsicum annuum, respectively) are required to be free of quarantine pests before their entry to Australia is permitted. Testing of samples from 118 larger seed lots in the period 2019–2021 revealed that [...] Read more.
Seed lots of tomato and capsicum (Solanum lycopersicon and Capsicum annuum, respectively) are required to be free of quarantine pests before their entry to Australia is permitted. Testing of samples from 118 larger seed lots in the period 2019–2021 revealed that 31 (26.3%) carried one or more of four Tobamovirus species, including tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), which is a quarantine pest for Australia. Testing of samples from a further 659 smaller seed lots showed that 123 (18.7%) carried a total of five Tobamovirus species, including ToMMV and tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), which is also a quarantine pest for Australia. Estimated prevalence of contamination by tobamoviruses ranged from 0.388% to 0.004% in contaminated larger seed lots. Analyses of these data allow us to estimate probabilities of detection of contamination under different regulatory settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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19 pages, 2980 KiB  
Article
Genome Characterisation of the CGMMV Virus Population in Australia—Informing Plant Biosecurity Policy
by Joanne Mackie, Paul R. Campbell, Monica A. Kehoe, Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen, Brendan C. Rodoni and Fiona E. Constable
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030743 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
The detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic (CGMMV) in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in 2014 led to the introduction of strict quarantine measures for the importation of cucurbit seeds by the Australian federal government. Further detections in Queensland, Western Australia (WA), New [...] Read more.
The detection of cucumber green mottle mosaic (CGMMV) in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, in 2014 led to the introduction of strict quarantine measures for the importation of cucurbit seeds by the Australian federal government. Further detections in Queensland, Western Australia (WA), New South Wales and South Australia occurred in the period 2015–2020. To explore the diversity of the current Australian CGMMV population, 35 new coding sequence complete genomes for CGMMV isolates from Australian incursions and surveys were prepared for this study. In conjunction with published genomes from the NT and WA, sequence, phylogenetic, and genetic variation and variant analyses were performed, and the data were compared with those for international CGMMV isolates. Based on these analyses, it can be inferred that the Australian CGMMV population resulted from a single virus source via multiple introductions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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16 pages, 3979 KiB  
Article
A Novel Platform for Root Protection Applies New Root-Coating Technologies to Mitigate Soil-Borne Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease
by Eyal Klein, Elisheva Smith, Chen Klap, Elena Bakelman, Arie Ophir, Aviad Sela, Elena Poverenov, Dmitry Rein, Yachin Cohen, Dan Eliahu, Shai Shahal, Guy Mechrez, Karthik Ananth Mani, Pulikanti Guruprasad Reddy, Abraham J. Domb, Nadav Pass and Aviv Dombrovsky
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030728 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30–50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV [...] Read more.
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30–50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection by increasing the length of the pre-growth cycle to 90–120 days, adding a ToBRFV inoculum as well as truncating seedling roots, which increased seedling susceptibility to ToBRFV infection. These rigorous conditions were employed to challenge the efficiency of four innovative root-coating technologies in mitigating soil-mediated ToBRFV infection while avoiding any phytotoxic effect. We tested four different formulations, which were prepared with or without the addition of various virus disinfectants. We found that under conditions of 100% soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of uncoated positive control plants, root-coating with formulations based on methylcellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica Pickering emulsion and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) that were prepared with the disinfectant chlorinated-trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP) showed low percentages of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of 0%, 4.3%, 5.5% and 0%, respectively. These formulations had no adverse effect on plant growth parameters when compared to negative control plants grown under non ToBRFV inoculation conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 605 KiB  
Article
Ability of Non-Hosts and Cucurbitaceous Weeds to Transmit Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus
by David A. Lovelock, Sharl J. L. Mintoff, Nadine Kurz, Merran Neilsen, Shreya Patel, Fiona E. Constable and Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030683 - 4 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1838
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a Tobamovirus of economic importance affecting cucurbit crops and Asian cucurbit vegetables. Non-host crops of CGMMV, including capsicum (Capsicum annum), sweetcorn (Zea mays), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), were tested for [...] Read more.
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) is a Tobamovirus of economic importance affecting cucurbit crops and Asian cucurbit vegetables. Non-host crops of CGMMV, including capsicum (Capsicum annum), sweetcorn (Zea mays), and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), were tested for their susceptibility to the virus, with field and glasshouse trials undertaken. After 12 weeks post-sowing, the crops were tested for the presence of CGMMV, and in all cases, no CGMMV was detected. Commonly found within the growing regions of cucurbits and melons worldwide are weeds, such as black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), wild gooseberry (Physalis minima), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea), and Amaranth species. Several weeds/grasses were tested for their ability to become infected with CGMMV by inoculating weeds directly with CGMMV and routinely testing over a period of eight weeks. Amaranthus viridis was found to be susceptible, with 50% of the weeds becoming infected with CGMMV. To further analyse this, six Amaranth samples were used as inoculum on four watermelon seedlings per sample and tested after eight weeks. CGMMV was detected in three of six watermelon bulk samples, indicating that A. viridis is a potential host/reservoir for CGMMV. Further research into the relationship between CGMMV and weed hosts is required. This research also highlights the importance of proper weed management to effectively manage CGMMV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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Review

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18 pages, 2672 KiB  
Review
Quantifying Plant Viruses: Evolution from Bioassay to Infectivity Dilution Curves along the Model of Tobamoviruses
by Shaheen Nourinejhad Zarghani, Mehran Monavari, Amin Nourinejhad Zarghani, Sahar Nouri, Jens Ehlers, Joachim Hamacher, Martina Bandte and Carmen Büttner
Viruses 2024, 16(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030440 - 12 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1496
Abstract
This review describes the development of the bioassay as a means of quantifying plant viruses, with particular attention to tobamovirus. It delves into various models used to establish a correlation between virus particle concentration and the number of induced local lesions (the infectivity [...] Read more.
This review describes the development of the bioassay as a means of quantifying plant viruses, with particular attention to tobamovirus. It delves into various models used to establish a correlation between virus particle concentration and the number of induced local lesions (the infectivity dilution curve), including the Poisson, Furumoto and Mickey, Kleczkowski, Growth curve, and modified Poisson models. The parameters of each model are described, and their application or performance in the context of the tobacco mosaic virus is explored. This overview highlights the enduring value of the infectivity dilution curve in tobamovirus quantification, providing valuable insights for researchers or practitioners of bioassays and theoreticians of modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses 2023)
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