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Viruses
Special Issues
T Cell Responses to Viral Infections
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T Cell Responses to Viral Infections

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 10427

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. William J. Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: virology; influenza; molecular epidemiology; T cell immunity; immune recognition; MHC; emerging and re-emerging viruses
Prof. Dr. Cong Jin

E-Mail
Guest Editor
HIV/HCV Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
Interests: viral immunology; identification of viral-infection-associated biomarks; technologies for the detection of viral infection
Dr. Ashley L. St. John

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Laboratory of Immunity and Immune Pathology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
Interests: viral immunology; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xi Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
Interests: virology; T cell immunity; NK cell immunity; epigenetic regulation of immune cell differentiation and functioning; signaling transduction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Host T cell immunity plays a pivotal role in the clearance of viruses and the alleviation of symptoms. However, T cell response is a complexed process, involving the antigen process and presentation, MHC polymorphisms, and the orchestration of multiple cells and molecules. Furthermore, different from antibody recognition, the targets of the T cell, so-called T cell epitopes are distributed among the whole virus proteome and relatively conserved. Thus, the features of T cell responses, such as intensity, durability, cross-reactivity, and individuality, are needed to be investigated parallelly to the antibody responses for an emerging virus. A technique breakthrough is still required for a standardized and user-friendly test of antigen-specific T cell response after infection or vaccination. Recent T-cell-oriented drug and vaccine developments are also based on potential theoretical breakthroughs. Here, we would like to address new concepts, theories, and techniques on T cell responses to viral infections. Research studies can be focused on T cell responses of patients/convalescents/vaccinees, molecular mechanisms in T cell recognition, development of T cell response assays, T-cell-oriented drugs, and peptide vaccines. Studies aiming at multidisciplinary studies involving the antiviral T cell immunity with epidemiology, ecology, evolution, bioinformatics, and crystallography are also within the scope of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. William J. Liu
Prof. Dr. Cong Jin
Dr. Ashley L. St. John
Prof. Dr. Xi Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral infection
  • T cell response
  • epitope
  • MHC/TCR
  • cross-reactivity
  • molecular mechanism
  • standardized test
  • T-cell-oriented drug
  • vaccine development
  • human cohorts
  • animal models
  • multidiscipline

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2080 KiB  
Article
Ad5-nCoV Vaccination Could Induce HLA-E Restricted CD8+ T Cell Responses Specific for Epitopes on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein
by Yuling Wang, Lu Yang, Kang Tang, Yusi Zhang, Chunmei Zhang, Yun Zhang, Boquan Jin, Yuan Zhang, Ran Zhuang and Ying Ma
Viruses 2024, 16(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010052 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1166
Abstract
We evaluated cellular immune responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in an immunized population based on HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell epitope identification. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cell nonamer peptides were predicted with software. An HLA-E-transfected K562 [...] Read more.
We evaluated cellular immune responses induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in an immunized population based on HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell epitope identification. HLA-E-restricted SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cell nonamer peptides were predicted with software. An HLA-E-transfected K562 cell binding assay was used to screen for high-affinity peptides. IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays were used to identify HLA-E-restricted epitopes. An HLA-E/epitope tetramer was employed to detect the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Four CD8+ T cell epitopes on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 restricted by both HLA-E*0101 and E*0103 were identified. HLA-E-restricted epitope-specific IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cell responses could be detected in individuals vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Importantly, the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in Ad5-nCoV vaccinated individuals were higher than in individuals vaccinated with recombinant protein or inactivated vaccines. Moreover, the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells could be maintained for at least 120 days after only one dose of Ad5-nCoV vaccine, while the frequencies of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells decreased in individuals after two doses of Ad5-nCoV vaccine. These findings may contribute to a more comprehensive evaluation of the protective effects of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2; meanwhile, they may provide information to characterize HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue T Cell Responses to Viral Infections)
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16 pages, 2040 KiB  
Article
The CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Immunogen Atlas of Zika Virus Reveals E, NS1 and NS4 Proteins as the Vaccine Targets
by Hangjie Zhang, Wenling Xiao, Min Zhao, Yingze Zhao, Yongli Zhang, Dan Lu, Shuangshuang Lu, Qingxu Zhang, Weiyu Peng, Liumei Shu, Jie Zhang, Sai Liu, Kexin Zong, Pengyan Wang, Beiwei Ye, Shihua Li, Shuguang Tan, Fuping Zhang, Jianfang Zhou, Peipei Liu, Guizhen Wu, Xuancheng Lu, George F. Gao and William J. Liuadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112332 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific T cells are activated by different peptides derived from virus structural and nonstructural proteins, and contributed to the viral clearance or protective immunity. Herein, we have depicted the profile of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immunogenicity of ZIKV proteins in [...] Read more.
Zika virus (ZIKV)-specific T cells are activated by different peptides derived from virus structural and nonstructural proteins, and contributed to the viral clearance or protective immunity. Herein, we have depicted the profile of CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immunogenicity of ZIKV proteins in C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) mice, and found that featured cellular immunity antigens were variant among different murine alleles. In H-2b mice, the proteins E, NS2, NS3 and NS5 are recognized as immunodominant antigens by CD8+ T cells, while NS4 is dominantly recognized by CD4+ T cells. In contrast, in H-2d mice, NS1 and NS4 are the dominant CD8+ T cell antigen and NS4 as the dominant CD4+ T cell antigen, respectively. Among the synthesized 364 overlapping polypeptides spanning the whole proteome of ZIKV, we mapped 91 and 39 polypeptides which can induce ZIKV-specific T cell responses in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Through the identification of CD8+ T cell epitopes, we found that immunodominant regions E294-302 and NS42351-2360 are hotspots epitopes with a distinct immunodominance hierarchy present in H-2b and H-2d mice, respectively. Our data characterized an overall landscape of the immunogenic spectrum of the ZIKV polyprotein, and provide useful insight into the vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue T Cell Responses to Viral Infections)
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13 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Booster Doses of the SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine KCONVAC against the Mutant Strains
by Chanchan Xiao, Jun Su, Chanjuan Zhang, Boya Huang, Lipeng Mao, Zhiyao Ren, Weibin Bai, Huayu Li, Guomin Lei, Jingshan Zheng, Guobing Chen, Xiaofeng Liang and Congling Qiu
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092016 - 12 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
As the COVID-19 epidemic progresses with the emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is important to know the effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the variants. To maximize efficiency, a third boost injection of the high-dose SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine KCONVAC was selected for [...] Read more.
As the COVID-19 epidemic progresses with the emergence of different SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is important to know the effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against the variants. To maximize efficiency, a third boost injection of the high-dose SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine KCONVAC was selected for investigation. In addition to the ancestral strain, KCONVAC boost vaccination induced neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific CD8 T cells to recognize several variants, including B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529 (Omicron), B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.3, B.1.526.1 (Lota), B.1.526.2, B.1.618, and B.1.617.3. Both humoral and cellular immunity against variants were lower than those of ancestral variants but continued to increase from day 0 to day 7 to day 50 after boost vaccination. Fifty days post-boost, the KCONVAC-vaccinated CD8 T-cell level reached 1.23-, 2.59-, 2.53-, and 1.01-fold that of convalescents against ancestral, Delta, Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants, respectively. Our data demonstrate the importance of KCONVAC boosters to broaden both humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue T Cell Responses to Viral Infections)
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Review

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25 pages, 1911 KiB  
Review
T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology
by E. Taylor Stone and Amelia K. Pinto
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040958 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3292
Abstract
The family Flaviviridae is comprised of a diverse group of arthropod-borne viruses that are the etiological agents of globally relevant diseases in humans. Among these, infection with several of these flaviviruses—including West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne [...] Read more.
The family Flaviviridae is comprised of a diverse group of arthropod-borne viruses that are the etiological agents of globally relevant diseases in humans. Among these, infection with several of these flaviviruses—including West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Powassan virus (POWV)—can result in neuroinvasive disease presenting as meningitis or encephalitis. Factors contributing to the development and resolution of tick-borne flavivirus (TBEV, POWV) infection and neuropathology remain unclear, though many recently undertaken studies have described the virus–host interactions underlying encephalitic disease. With access to neural tissues despite the selectively permeable blood–brain barrier, T cells have emerged as one notable contributor to neuroinflammation. The goal of this review is to summarize the recent advances in tick-borne flavivirus immunology—particularly with respect to T cells—as it pertains to the development of encephalitis. We found that although T cell responses are rarely evaluated in a clinical setting, they are integral in conjunction with antibody responses to restricting the entry of TBFV into the CNS. The extent and means by which they can drive immune pathology, however, merits further study. Understanding the role of the T cell compartment in tick-borne flavivirus encephalitis is instrumental for improving vaccine safety and efficacy, and has implications for treatments and interventions for human disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue T Cell Responses to Viral Infections)
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