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Viruses
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Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention
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Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 5942

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Andrea Trevisan

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Guest Editor
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
Interests: biological risk; public health; occupational health; toxicology; kidney toxicity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chiara Bertoncello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
Interests: biological risk; public health; health promotion; primary care; epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Marco Fonzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
Interests: vaccine-preventable diseases; public health; health promotion; primary care; epidemiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hepatitis B is a severe viral and infectious disease that is responsible for a large number of primary liver cancer cases, especially if acquired during the first year of life. The introduction of an effective vaccine against hepatitis B in the 1980s (plasma derived, then replaced by recombinant DNA technology) has made a drastic reduction in the number of cases worldwide possible, especially in the age groups most at risk. Particularly at risk are health care workers, due to the transmission of the virus via blood. The aim of this Special Issue is to convene all aspects of hepatitis B infection, such as those that follow:

  1. pathogenesis of the disease with particular attention to the molecular aspects;
  2. epidemiology of the infection in the world;
  3. vaccination against hepatitis B: efficacy, side effects, diffusion, vaccination schedule (age of the vaccine, doses), whether or not it is mandatory and if yes, for which age groups or professions;
  4. professions at risk;
  5. factors influencing vaccine efficacy over time;
  6. systematic reviews on the aspects listed above.

Prof. Dr. Andrea Trevisan
Dr. Chiara Bertoncello
Dr. Marco Fonzo
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hepatitis B
  • pathogenesis
  • epidemiology
  • vaccination
  • factors influencing vaccination
  • antibody persistence

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Smoking on Long-Term Protection Following Hepatitis B Vaccination: A 24-Year Cohort Study
by Marco Fonzo, Andrea Palmisano, Andrea Trevisan and Chiara Bertoncello
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071137 - 16 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1089
Abstract
The hepatitis B vaccination-induced immune response has been demonstrated to be associated with a number of factors, including age, sex, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities. Additionally, modifiable determinants such as smoking have been identified as influencing the response to vaccination. However, despite [...] Read more.
The hepatitis B vaccination-induced immune response has been demonstrated to be associated with a number of factors, including age, sex, BMI, and the presence of comorbidities. Additionally, modifiable determinants such as smoking have been identified as influencing the response to vaccination. However, despite the evidence that smokers are at an increased risk of not responding to vaccination, the long-term effects of smoking on antibody persistence remain poorly understood. This study aims to assess the impact of smoking habits on long-term immunity following the primary vaccination cycle. Participants were required to have received a standard three-dose vaccine schedule in childhood, without subsequent doses, and to be between 18 and 24 years of age. Data on age, sex, BMI, age of administration of the first vaccine dose, and time between doses were collected. An antibody concentration < 10 IU/L was considered as non-protective. A total of 2133 individuals were included, 14.2% of whom were smokers. The mean age was 20.28 ± 0.92 years. The probability of having a non-protective antibody concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (AOR: 1.287; 95% CI: 1.002–1.652). The detrimental effects of smoking extend beyond the immediate effects on the vaccine response, also impairing the long-term immune response in individuals who received vaccinations during childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention)
12 pages, 495 KiB  
Article
Simplified Criteria to Assess Long-Term Antiviral Treatment Indication in Chronic HBV-Infected Pregnant Women in Cambodia
by Jee-Seon Yang, Saren Sovann, Yusuke Shimakawa, Sovann Nhoueng, Bunnet Dim, Chanlina Vong, Channa Sann, Julia Guillebaud, Darapolin Vann, Bunrith Touch, Hyna Chea, Wathanak Pisey Choupoan Phirum, Eric Rosenthal, Christelle Paul, Leangchhun Khun, Chantana Yay, Denis Laurent, Samsorphea Chhun, Laurence Borand and Olivier Segeral
Viruses 2024, 16(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020194 - 26 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1525
Abstract
Pregnant women identified to carry hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be linked to care for the determination of the need for long-term antiviral therapy (LTT). We assessed the performance of simplified criteria, free from HBV DNA quantification, to select women eligible for [...] Read more.
Pregnant women identified to carry hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be linked to care for the determination of the need for long-term antiviral therapy (LTT). We assessed the performance of simplified criteria, free from HBV DNA quantification, to select women eligible for LTT using different international guidelines as a reference. A retrospective analysis of HBV-infected pregnant women enrolled in the phase 4 ANRS TA-PROHM study was conducted in Cambodia. Sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC were computed to compare three simplified criteria (TREAT-B, HBcrAg/ALT, and TA-PROHM) with the American (AASLD) and European (EASL) guidelines as a reference. An additional assessment was performed at 6 months postpartum. Of 651 HBsAg-positive women, 209 (32%) received peripartum antiviral prophylaxis using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). During pregnancy, 9% and 12% of women were eligible for LTT according to AASLD and EASL guidelines, respectively; 21% and 24% of women were eligible for prophylactic TDF and 2% and 5% in those ineligible (p < 0.001). Using the AASLD guidelines, the AUROC of TREAT-B, HBcrAg/ALT, and TA-PROHM scores were 0.88 (95%CI, 0.85–0.90), 0.90 (95%CI, 0.87–0.92), and 0.76 (95%CI, 0.73–0.80), respectively. Using the EASL guidelines, the AUROCs were lower: 0.73 (95%CI, 0.69–0.76), 0.76 (95%CI, 0.73–0.80), and 0.71 (95%CI, 0.67–0.74), respectively. Among those ineligible for prophylactic TDF, only 2% to 6% present an indication for LTT at 24 weeks postpartum. Few pregnant women are eligible for LTT, and the use of simplified criteria could represent an efficient triage option in decentralized areas to identify those negative for whom there is no urgent indication for LTT and focus on those positive for whom other exams must be conducted to confirm LTT indication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention)
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Review

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14 pages, 339 KiB  
Review
Hepatitis B in Healthcare Personnel: An Update on the Global Landscape
by Georgia B. Nikolopoulou, Ioannis Tzoutzas, Athanasios Tsakris and Helena C. Maltezou
Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2454; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122454 - 18 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2791
Abstract
Despite the outstanding progress that has been made in the prevention, detection, and management of hepatitis B during the past decades, hepatitis B remains a problem among healthcare personnel (HCP) in many countries. We reviewed studies on all aspects of hepatitis B in [...] Read more.
Despite the outstanding progress that has been made in the prevention, detection, and management of hepatitis B during the past decades, hepatitis B remains a problem among healthcare personnel (HCP) in many countries. We reviewed studies on all aspects of hepatitis B in HCP published from 2017 through April 2023. They revealed wide variations on the prevalence of infection among HCP, ranging from 0.6% in Europe to >8.7% in Africa, almost always in association with very low vaccination rates. Many studies found a significant association between HCP’s knowledge about hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccines, their vaccination status, and practices. This research also discloses global inequities regarding vaccination policies against hepatitis B, free-of-charge vaccinations, and access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Strategies to prevent and manage accidental exposures are needed in order to reduce the burden of hepatitis B on HCP, while written policies for all aspects of infection prevention, protective equipment, and PEP should be available. Lastly, HCP should be accordingly educated. These are all imperative given the decline of routine vaccinations in the COVID-19 era, particularly in countries with fragile vaccination programs, and the disruptions of interventions for hepatitis B that are expected to provide a pool of virus transmission to future generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B: From Disease to Prevention)
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