Molecular Mechanism of Herpesvirus Entry

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 10131

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, CNRS UMR3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75015 Paris, France
Interests: herpesviruses; structural biology; protein biochemistry; virus entry; membrane fusion; pathogen-host interactions

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Guest Editor
Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Interests: gamma-herpesviruses; virus entry; virus-receptor interactions; pathogen-host interactions; restriction factors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is envisioned to synthesize the current knowledge highlighting the common and distinct features of the entry mechanism used by the members of the three herpesvirus subfamilies.

Herpesviruses deploy a versatile multi-component molecular machinery to enter host cells. The capsids carrying the genetic material are released into the cytosol following the fusion of the viral and cellular membranes that occurs at the level of the plasma membrane or in an endosomal compartment. This process is mediated by the three-part conserved core fusion machinery (CFM) composed of glycoproteins (GPs) B, H and L (gB, gH and gL). Each herpesvirus subfamily also utilizes a set of distinct GPs, some functioning as attachment factors, some as receptor-binding proteins, and some that have no assigned role yet. The CFM components may also serve as receptor-binding proteins. An additional confounding element is that, depending on the target cell, different entry complexes assemble at the viral surface, sometimes triggering fusion with the plasma membrane, and sometimes stimulating the cells to internalize the virus via endocytosis. Important advances have been made in obtaining structural information on the individual GPs and assemblies they make, but the mechanism by which the concerted action of the GPs and cellular receptors leads to membrane fusion and entry still remain elusive, in particular in the beta- and gamma-herpesvirus subfamilies.

In this issue, the spotlight will be on functional and structural studies aimed at the GP components of the entry complexes, molecular determinants of the cell tropism, novel herpesvirus receptors, and deployment of antibodies as tools for studying the entry mechanism. Early-career scientists and members of underrepresented groups in science are strongly encouraged to submit their work.

Dr. Marija Backovic
Dr. Alexander Hahn
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • herpesvirus
  • membrane fusion
  • viral entry
  • pathogen–host interactions

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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28 pages, 4613 KiB  
Article
Viral and Cellular Factors Contributing to the Hematogenous Dissemination of Human Cytomegalovirus via Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
by Berenike Braun, Kerstin Laib Sampaio, Anna K. Kuderna, Miriam Widmann and Christian Sinzger
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071561 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2440
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) presumably transmit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) between endothelial cells in blood vessels and thereby facilitate spread to peripheral organs. We aimed to identify viral components that contribute to PMN-mediated transmission and test the hypothesis that cellular adhesion molecules shield transmission sites [...] Read more.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) presumably transmit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) between endothelial cells in blood vessels and thereby facilitate spread to peripheral organs. We aimed to identify viral components that contribute to PMN-mediated transmission and test the hypothesis that cellular adhesion molecules shield transmission sites from entry inhibitors. Stop codons were introduced into the genome of HCMV strain Merlin to delete pUL74 of the trimeric and pUL128 of the pentameric glycoprotein complex and the tegument proteins pp65 and pp71. Mutants were analyzed regarding virus uptake by PMNs and transfer of infection to endothelial cells. Cellular adhesion molecules were evaluated for their contribution to virus transmission using function-blocking antibodies, and hits were further analyzed regarding shielding against inhibitors of virus entry. The viral proteins pUL128, pp65, and pp71 were required for efficient PMN-mediated transmission, whereas pUL74 was dispensable. On the cellular side, the blocking of the αLβ2-integrin LFA-1 reduced virus transfer by 50% and allowed entry inhibitors to reduce it further by 30%. In conclusion, these data show that PMN-mediated transmission depends on the pentameric complex and an intact tegument and supports the idea of a virological synapse that promotes this dissemination mode both directly and via immune evasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Herpesvirus Entry)
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16 pages, 2457 KiB  
Article
Antibodies Targeting KSHV gH/gL Reveal Distinct Neutralization Mechanisms
by Thomas Fricke, Anna K. Großkopf, Armin Ensser, Marija Backovic and Alexander S. Hahn
Viruses 2022, 14(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030541 - 5 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3235
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with a significant disease burden, in particular in Sub-Sahara Africa. A KSHV vaccine would be highly desirable, but the mechanisms underlying neutralizing antibody responses against KSHV remain largely unexplored. The complex made of glycoproteins H and L [...] Read more.
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with a significant disease burden, in particular in Sub-Sahara Africa. A KSHV vaccine would be highly desirable, but the mechanisms underlying neutralizing antibody responses against KSHV remain largely unexplored. The complex made of glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) activates gB for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes in all herpesviruses. KSHV gH/gL also interacts with cellular Eph family receptors. To identify optimal antigens for vaccination and to elucidate neutralization mechanisms, we primed mice with recombinantly expressed, soluble gH/gL (gHecto/gL) that was either wildtype (WT), lacking defined glycosylation sites or bearing modified glycosylation, followed by boosts with WT gHecto/gL. We also immunized with a gL-gHecto fusion protein or a gHecto-ferritin/gL nanoparticle. Immune sera neutralized KSHV and inhibited EphA2 receptor binding. None of the regimens was superior to immunization with WT gHecto/gL with regard to neutralizing activity and EphA2 blocking activity, the gL-gHecto fusion protein was equally effective, and the ferritin construct was inferior. gH/gL-targeting sera inhibited gB-mediated membrane fusion and inhibited infection also independently from receptor binding and gL, as demonstrated by neutralization of a novel KSHV mutant that does not or only marginally incorporate gL into the gH/gL complex and infects through an Eph-independent route. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Herpesvirus Entry)
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Review

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19 pages, 17222 KiB  
Review
Stabilisation of Viral Membrane Fusion Proteins in Prefusion Conformation by Structure-Based Design for Structure Determination and Vaccine Development
by Henriette Ebel, Tim Benecke and Benjamin Vollmer
Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081816 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3683
Abstract
The membrane surface of enveloped viruses contains dedicated proteins enabling the fusion of the viral with the host cell membrane. Working with these proteins is almost always challenging because they are membrane-embedded and naturally metastable. Fortunately, based on a range of different examples, [...] Read more.
The membrane surface of enveloped viruses contains dedicated proteins enabling the fusion of the viral with the host cell membrane. Working with these proteins is almost always challenging because they are membrane-embedded and naturally metastable. Fortunately, based on a range of different examples, researchers now have several possibilities to tame membrane fusion proteins, making them amenable for structure determination and immunogen generation. This review describes the structural and functional similarities of the different membrane fusion proteins and ways to exploit these features to stabilise them by targeted mutational approaches. The recent determination of two herpesvirus membrane fusion proteins in prefusion conformation holds the potential to apply similar methods to this group of viral fusogens. In addition to a better understanding of the herpesviral fusion mechanism, the structural insights gained will help to find ways to further stabilise these proteins using the methods described to obtain stable immunogens that will form the basis for the development of the next generation of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanism of Herpesvirus Entry)
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