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Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current...
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Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2025 | Viewed by 8292

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Zizhang Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
Interests: constructed wetland; water treatment; water reuse; geochemical cycle; biochar; organic pollutant; heavy metal
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Constructed wetland is a comprehensive ecosystem. It applies the principle of species symbiosis, material recycling and regeneration in the ecosystem, and the principle of structure and function coordination. Under the premise of promoting the benign circulation of pollutants in wastewater, it enables the full range of the production potential of resources, prevents environmental re-pollution, and achieves the best benefits of sewage treatment and resource utilization.

In recent years, scholars have put forward many advanced techniques to solve the problems of constructed wetland, such as low purification efficiency in low-temperature seasons and poor long-term operation stability, which seriously affects the sustainable and stable performance of its functions. With the development of environmental problems, more challenges have been posed to constructed wetlands, such as carbon emission reduction, new pollutant treatment, etc. Therefore, I organized this Special Issue, hoping to publish the research results in more than the following aspects.

(1) Design and construction scheme of new constructed wetland and its effect on pollutant removal.

(2) The role of constructed wetland in the removal of new pollutants, and the migration and transformation of new pollutants in wetland system.

(3) Application of constructed wetland technology in the context of carbon neutral policy.

(4) The geochemical cycling of important substances or elements in constructed wetlands to promote pollutant removal.

Dr. Zizhang Guo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • constructed wetland
  • design
  • new pollutants
  • migration and transformation
  • carbon neutral
  • geochemical cycling

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
Impact of an Integral Management System with Constructed Wetlands in Pig Slurry Traceability and GHG/NH3 Emissions
by Melisa Gómez-Garrido, Martire Angélica Terrero Turbí, Oumaima El bied and Ángel Faz Cano
Water 2024, 16(16), 2351; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16162351 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 944
Abstract
The sustainable management of pig slurry (PS) in intensive farms is essential to reduce adverse environmental impacts and reduce the ecological footprint. If not managed properly, PS can release GHG/NH3 gases into the atmosphere and contaminate waters. This study evaluates the impact [...] Read more.
The sustainable management of pig slurry (PS) in intensive farms is essential to reduce adverse environmental impacts and reduce the ecological footprint. If not managed properly, PS can release GHG/NH3 gases into the atmosphere and contaminate waters. This study evaluates the impact of an integral management system with physical and biological stages to mitigate the impact of PS. The system resulted in effective PS traceability, studying its physicochemical properties. The synergism in the whole system allowed a decrease in the most analyzed parameters during the autumn, spring, and summer. The pretreatment contributed significantly to obtaining an appreciable percentage of reduction in the constructed wetlands of SS (99–100%), COD (56–87%), TN (50–57%), and PO43− (88–100%). The emission values (g/m2/day) were 0–2.14 (CH4), 0–473.76 (CO2), 0–179.77 (H2O), 0–0.265 (N2O), and 0–0.195 (NH3), highlighting the raw, separated and manure fractions with the highest values. It is concluded that the system proves to be a practical, low-cost, and efficient technique for the treatment of PS. It significantly reduces the concentration of nutrients, and the intercepted byproducts can be valuable for application to the soil. In addition, the system effectively reduces GHG/NH3 emissions in decanted, purified, and wetland PS fractions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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10 pages, 2685 KiB  
Article
Impact of Gas-to-Water Ratio on Treatment Efficiency of Submerged-Macrophyte Constructed Wetland Systems
by Hongming Mao, Shiwen Lu, Guiying Huang, Xianle Jia, Chenqian Bao, Xinyi Yan, Xiangyong Zheng, Min Zhao and Zhan Jin
Water 2024, 16(13), 1790; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131790 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 695
Abstract
Constructed wetland systems employing submerged macrophytes are increasingly utilized for treating municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as odoriferous and eutrophic water bodies. However, the pollutant removal efficiency of these systems needs further enhancement. In this study, we examined the impact of the [...] Read more.
Constructed wetland systems employing submerged macrophytes are increasingly utilized for treating municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as odoriferous and eutrophic water bodies. However, the pollutant removal efficiency of these systems needs further enhancement. In this study, we examined the impact of the gas-to-water ratio on the treatment efficiency of the constructed wetland of Vallisneria. We also examined the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of the floating biofilm and the structure of the microbial community in this system. Our findings showed that the gas-to-water ratio significantly affects the total nitrogen (TN) removal rate within the Vallisneria wetlands, with an optimum removal at a gas-to-water ratio of 15:1, while the removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N, and total phosphorus (TP) remain relatively unaffected. Increased gas-to-water ratios corresponded to a notable decrease in biofilm EPSs. High-throughput sequencing analysis demonstrated a shift in biofilm-denitrifying bacteria from anoxic heterotrophic to aerobic denitrifiers, alongside a significant rise in the abundance of denitrifying bacteria, whereas excessively high gas-to-water ratios inhibited the growth of these bacteria. A gas-to-water ratio of 15:1 constituted the optimal condition for ecological restoration of the water body within the Vallisneria wetland systems. These results could contribute to the optimization of submerged-macrophyte constructed wetland system design and the enhancement of treatment efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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13 pages, 3865 KiB  
Article
Bibliometric Analysis of Nitrogen Removal in Constructed Wetlands: Current Trends and Future Research Directions
by Jiahao Dong and Shaoping Kuang
Water 2024, 16(10), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101453 - 20 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163
Abstract
Nitrogen pollution in water environments has reached critical levels globally, primarily stemming from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and untreated sewage. The excessive presence of nitrogen compounds poses a significant threat to water quality, leading to adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Reaching [...] Read more.
Nitrogen pollution in water environments has reached critical levels globally, primarily stemming from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and untreated sewage. The excessive presence of nitrogen compounds poses a significant threat to water quality, leading to adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Reaching a breakthrough in the technology of constructed wetlands (CWs) for mitigating nitrogen pollution is hindered by existing knowledge gaps regarding the mechanisms involved in the removal process. Reaching this understanding, we offer a comprehensive summary of current advancements and theories in this research field. Initially, bibliometric techniques were employed to identify yearly patterns in publications and areas of research focus. Subsequently, the chosen documents underwent statistical analysis using VOSviewer_1.6.20 to determine countries’ annual productivity, significant publication years, influential authors, keyword clustering analysis, and more. Finally, a comprehensive overview is provided on the elimination of nitrogen through CWs, encompassing insights into microbial communities and structure types. This analysis aims to uncover potential strategies for optimizing the rate of nitrogen removal. Furthermore, this study elucidates the current research trend concerning the nitrogen removal performance of CWs and identifies challenges and future research directions in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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Review

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25 pages, 5242 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Ecological Buffer Zone for Pollutants Removal
by Dongsheng Wang, Xing Gao, Suqing Wu, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng, Zhiquan Wang, Yejian Zhang and Chunzhen Fan
Water 2024, 16(15), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152172 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1678
Abstract
The issue of agricultural non-point source pollution has attracted global attention. A buffer zone is an effective, eco-friendly, and economically feasible remediation ecosystem to reduce the impact of agricultural non-point source pollution on water bodies. They can effectively remove pollutants in agricultural drainage [...] Read more.
The issue of agricultural non-point source pollution has attracted global attention. A buffer zone is an effective, eco-friendly, and economically feasible remediation ecosystem to reduce the impact of agricultural non-point source pollution on water bodies. They can effectively remove pollutants in agricultural drainage through physical processes (infiltration, filtration, deposition, etc.), plant absorption and assimilation, and microbial processes, improving the water quality of water bodies. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current studies on using buffer zones to remediate agricultural non-point source pollution, with a focus on the key affecting factors for pollutant removal efficiencies. The main factors included buffer zone width, vegetation type, slope, seasonal variation, soil variation, and vegetation density. The influencing mechanisms of these factors on the pollutant removal efficiencies of buffer zones were also discussed. This review can serve as a reference for a deep understanding of buffer zones and help optimize their design and management in real ecological remediation projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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29 pages, 4444 KiB  
Review
Green Roof Systems for Rainwater and Sewage Treatment
by Jing Yan, Pu Yang, Binjie Wang, Suqing Wu, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng, Zhiquan Wang, Yejian Zhang and Chunzhen Fan
Water 2024, 16(15), 2090; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152090 - 25 Jul 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1964
Abstract
Green roof systems are regarded as a viable solution for mitigating urban environmental challenges and offering a multitude of environmental benefits. Currently, green roofs are increasingly being utilized for the management of rainwater runoff and wastewater. The integration of decentralized rainwater and sewage [...] Read more.
Green roof systems are regarded as a viable solution for mitigating urban environmental challenges and offering a multitude of environmental benefits. Currently, green roofs are increasingly being utilized for the management of rainwater runoff and wastewater. The integration of decentralized rainwater and sewage on-site treatment technology with urban green buildings is being gradually promoted. Green roofs can also be considered as a form of decentralized rainwater and sewage on-site technology, which holds great potential for widespread adoption in the future. Several studies have suggested that green roofs may serve as a potential source of pollutants; however, there are also studies that clearly demonstrate the efficient removal of nutrients and organic pollutants by green roofs. This article critically examines the existing literature on water treatment aspects associated with green roofs and elucidates their classification and operational mechanisms. Through an analysis of previous research cases, it becomes evident that both substrate and vegetation play a significant role in influencing the treatment performance of green roofs. By designing and configuring appropriate substrate and vegetation, green roofs can play a pivotal role in the purification of water quality. Finally, a brief outlook is presented for the future research directions of green roofs, with the anticipation that green roofs will feature more innovative and environmentally friendly designs, as well as expanded prospects for application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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19 pages, 3923 KiB  
Review
The Status of Research on the Root Exudates of Submerged Plants and Their Effects on Aquatic Organisms
by Yahan Shi, Xu Zhang, Min Zhao, Xiangyong Zheng, Jianya Gu, Zhiquan Wang, Chunzhen Fan and Wenwen Gu
Water 2024, 16(13), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131920 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
The ecological restoration of submerged plants is one of the most widely used technologies in the remediation of eutrophic water bodies. This technology mainly removes nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in water through the absorption effects of plant roots, stems, and leaves and [...] Read more.
The ecological restoration of submerged plants is one of the most widely used technologies in the remediation of eutrophic water bodies. This technology mainly removes nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients in water through the absorption effects of plant roots, stems, and leaves and the biotransformation of microorganisms attached to their surfaces. Root exudates can directly affect root-attached microorganisms and other aquatic organisms, thus significantly influencing water remediation by submerged plants. At present, there are few reviews on the root exudates of submerged plants and their effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the composition, collection, and methods of detecting the root exudates of submerged plants are reviewed. Factors affecting the release of root exudates from submerged plants are analyzed, including abiotic (light, temperature, and nutritional status) and biotic factors (rhizosphere microorganisms). The positive or negative effects of root exudates on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and microorganisms are also discussed. The results show that plant species, growth stages, and environmental factors (light, temperature, and nutritional status) are crucial factors affecting root exudates. In addition, submerged plants can significantly influence phytoplankton, zooplankton, and microorganisms by releasing allelochemicals or other root exudates. Based on the results of this study, the influencing mechanisms of root exudates on ecological restoration processes by submerged plants are clarified. This review provides important guiding significance for applying submerged macrophytes in water restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Current Trends and Future Potential)
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