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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2022) | Viewed by 17282

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiaohu Wen

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Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Interests: groundwater modeling; groundwater salinization; hydrogeochemistry; machine/deep learning in hydrology; water quality

Dr. Yifeng Wu

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Interests: groundwater remediation; ecological engineering methods; water-pollution control; constructed wetland; ecological remediation

Dr. Changwen Ma

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Guest Editor

School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
Interests: groundwater remediation; water-pollution control; groundwater numerical simulation; heavy metals; emerging contaminants

Dr. Jun Wu

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Guest Editor

Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai, Shandong 264006, China
Interests: groundwater; heavy metals; emerging contaminants; microplastics; LCA

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Groundwater is an important water resource in the world. Hydrogeology, which concerns geology targeting the transport and distribution of groundwater, is very useful for groundwater planning and management. The proper utilization of groundwater is critical for regional/international sustainable development. However, the information on hydrogeology and groundwater management, especially new techniques, methods, and findings, remains insufficient. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on providing new knowledge or information on hydrogeology and groundwater management.

The potential topics include, but are not limited to:

Advances in hydrogeology. New monitoring methods, new analytical techniques, and new models are specifically welcome.
New techniques and methods for groundwater management. Improvements in existing methods are also welcome.
Novel techniques or methods for analyzing pollutants in groundwater. The pollutants include heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, antibiotics, pesticides, microplastics, and antibiotic-resistance genes.
The occurrence, transport, and fate of pollutants in groundwater. The spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants in groundwater is of especial interest.
The ecological or health-risk assessment of pollutants in groundwater. New methods or risk evaluation at the international scale are especially welcome.

Prof. Dr. Xiaohu Wen
Dr. Yifeng Wu
Dr. Changwen Ma
Dr. Jun Wu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

sustainable groundwater management
groundwater modelling
groundwater pollution
pollution risk
groundwater simulation and prediction
groundwater monitoring
progress in hydrogeology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study on Nitrogen Pollution in Shallow Groundwater in Small Agricultural Watersheds in the Huixian Wetland

by Zupeng Wan, Junfeng Dai, Linyan Pan, Junlei Han, Zhangnan Li and Kun Dong

Water 2022, 14(22), 3657; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223657 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1844

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the influence of different simulations on the transport of shallow groundwater nitrogen in the Mudong River watershed of the Huixian Wetland, a karst wetland. Based on GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) software, the equivalent porous media model was used to simulate the transport of total nitrogen under different conditions in the study area. Two years of field monitoring data in the study area provided the input for the modeling. The SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was used to divide the study area into sub-basins. The initial concentration flux index W is first introduced in the equivalent porous medium model to calculate the initial concentration. The simulation results showed the difference between the simulated and monitored values of total nitrogen concentration was between 20% and 40% in 22.2% of the cases, and less than 20% in 66.7% of the cases, indicating that the solute transport model has good applicability in the Huixian Wetland. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that fertilizer application was the main factor influencing total nitrogen. A 25% reduction in fertilizer application reduced total nitrogen emissions by 31.5% in sub-basin S3 and 22.5% in sub-basin S4. These reductions were greater than the abatement effect of changing land cover and managing river pollution. The pollution plume of total nitrogen was reduced by 38.5% in the southern part of sub-basin S3 (Mudong Lake) and by 40.2% in the western part of sub-basin S4 (Blacksmithing Village). The average concentration was reduced by 2.04 mg/L and 1.22 mg/L, respectively. This study shows that reasonable control of double-season rice nitrogen fertilizer application and appropriate land cover modification can help reduce total nitrogen emissions from wetlands in the Li River watershed and ensure the sustainable development of the local economy and groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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19 pages, 4419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Schematization of Converging Groundwater Flow Systems Based on 3D Geostatistics

by Heriberto Morales de Avila, Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira, Julian Gonzalez-Trinidad, María Vicenta Esteller-Alberich, Raúl Ulices Silva-Ávalos, Sandra Davila-Hernandez, Juana Cazares-Escareño and Carlos Francisco Bautista-Capetillo

Water 2022, 14(19), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193169 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

Groundwater is the main source of freshwater available for human beings and is generally extracted through wells. The objective of this work was to schematize the groundwater flow systems within the Calera Aquifer through 3D geostatistical estimations of hydraulic head and physico-chemical parameters and the integration of hydrogeological features. The evolution of groundwater during its circulation in the subsoil can be done by identifying different types of flow (local, intermediate, regional, or mixed). Two main approaches have been proposed for the identification of flow systems: explaining the evolution of physico-chemical parameters of water through its interaction with the geologic medium, and using cluster analysis; however, these approaches usually do not consider simultaneously the 3D distribution of hydraulic head, water quality parameters, and the geological media that can be useful to delineate converging flow systems with a differentiated origin. In this paper, the determination of groundwater flow systems within the Calera aquifer in Mexico is supported with 3D representations of these hydrogeological variables besides constructive data of the sampled well. For the case study, the convergence of different flow systems that are not identified through a single cluster analysis was actually noticed by the proposal done in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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15 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Aquaculture Water Quality Using Machine Learning Approaches

by Tingting Li, Jian Lu, Jun Wu, Zhenhua Zhang and Liwei Chen

Water 2022, 14(18), 2836; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182836 - 12 Sep 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5561

Abstract

Good water quality is important for normal production processes in industrial aquaculture. However, in situ or real-time monitoring is generally not available for many aquacultural systems due to relatively high monitoring costs. Therefore, it is necessary to predict water quality parameters in industrial aquaculture systems to obtain useful information for managing production activities. This study used back propagation neural network (BPNN), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), support vector machine (SVM), and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to simulate and predict water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonium-nitrogen (NH₃-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N). Published data were used to compare the prediction accuracy of different methods. The correlation coefficients of BPNN, RBFNN, SVM, and LSSVM for predicting DO were 0.60, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.99, respectively. The correlation coefficients of BPNN, RBFNN, SVM, and LSSVM for predicting pH were 0.56, 0.84, 0.99, and 0.57. The correlation coefficients of BPNN, RBFNN, SVM, and LSSVM for predicting NH₃-N were 0.28, 0.88, 0.99, and 0.25, respectively. The correlation coefficients of BPNN, RBFNN, SVM, and LSSVM for predicting NO3-N were 0.96, 0.87, 0.99, and 0.87, respectively. The correlation coefficients of BPNN, RBFNN, SVM, and LSSVM predicted NO₂-N with correlation coefficients of 0.87, 0.08, 0.99, and 0.75, respectively. SVM obtained the most accurate and stable prediction results, and SVM was used for predicting the water quality parameters of industrial aquaculture systems with groundwater as the source water. The results showed that the SVM achieved the best prediction effect with accuracy of 99% for both published data and measured data from a typical industrial aquaculture system. The SVM model is recommended for simulating and predicting the water quality in industrial aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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19 pages, 5681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Hydrochemical and Isotopic Evolution from High Atlas Jurassic Limestones to Errachidia Cretaceous Basin (Southeastern Morocco)

by Allal Roubil, Anas El Ouali, Ali Bülbül, Abderrahim Lahrach, Jacques Mudry, Younes Mamouch, Ali Essahlaoui, Abdellah El Hmaidi and Abdelhadi El Ouali

Water 2022, 14(11), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111747 - 29 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the recharge of the Cretaceous aquifers by the High Atlas, as well as the interaction and possible mixing phenomena between the waters of the different aquifers, by investigating the hydrochemical and isotopic evolution of groundwater flow paths from the limestone karst systems of the High Atlas to the Cretaceous basin of Errachidia. Geological techniques were used to investigate and confirm the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the waters. Although the Gibbs diagram shows that water–rock interaction is the dominant hydrochemical process, some water samples in the Cretaceous basin are influenced by both evaporation and water–rock interaction, indicating a mixture of rainfall and deep waters. A saturation index study indicated that limestone minerals were supersaturated in parts of the groundwater samples (calcite and dolomite). This result was confirmed by isotope data. Indeed, some Cretaceous basin samples show isotopic similarities to those from the Jurassic High Atlas. The geological cross-sections illustrate that the High Atlas Jurassic limestones are in direct contact with the Cretaceous basin’s permeable rocks, allowing groundwater to circulate from the High Atlas to Errachidia’s Cretaceous basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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15 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Data and Modeling the Adsorption-Desorption and Mobility Behavior of Ciprofloxacin in Sandy Silt Soil

by Pingping Zhao, Yanqing Wu and Fei Yu

Water 2022, 14(11), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111728 - 27 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

The improved understanding of the behavior of antibiotics in soil is of great importance due to their environmental hazard and frequent detection. In this work, the adsorption-desorption and mobility behaviors of ciprofloxacin in sandy silt soil, affecting the fate of ciprofloxacin in the environment, were studied by a series of batch tests and column tests. In batch tests, the effects of contact time, initial ciprofloxacin concentration, sandy silt soil dosage, solution pH, and ionic strength on ciprofloxacin adsorption and desorption in sandy silt soil were considered. Adsorption results were satisfactorily modeled, with good fittings to the pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.999) and Langmuir model (R² > 0.991), with the value for Langmuir’s maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) 5.50 mg g⁻¹. Ciprofloxacin adsorption decreased sharply by increasing the pH from 7.0 to 10.0 and the ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.2 mol L⁻¹ CaCl₂. Comparatively, ciprofloxacin was more readily desorbed from sandy silt soil at alkaline and high ionic strength conditions. Breakthrough curves of ciprofloxacin obtained from the column experiments were described by the two-site model, Thomas model, and Yan mode. Of these models, the two-site model was the most suitable to describe the mobility of ciprofloxacin. The retardation factor (R) obtained in the two-site model was 345, suggesting strong adsorption affinity with ciprofloxacin on the sandy silt soil surface. The results from the Thomas model suggested the extremely small external and internal diffusion resistances. The Yan model was not suitable. Cation exchange interaction, electrostatic interaction, mechanical resistance, entrapment between porous media, and gravity sedimentation were proposed to be the important adsorption mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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26 pages, 9326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Hydrogeological Static Modeling for Groundwater Resource Assessment: A Case Study in the Eastern Henan Plain, China

by Baoyi Zhang, Fasha Zeng, Xiuzong Wei, Umair Khan and Yanhong Zou

Water 2022, 14(10), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101651 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2267

Abstract

Groundwater is closely related to hydrogeological structure and hydro-lithology, which mainly refers to the spatial distributions and properties of the environment where groundwater occurs. To analyze the constraints of hydrogeological structure and hydro-lithology on regional groundwater resources in the Eastern Henan Plain, China, we reconstructed the three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical models at two scales, hydrogeological structural models and hydro-lithological models, using hydrogeological cross-sections. First, the hydrogeological structural models of four aquifer groups, corresponding to four formations of the Quaternary in the study area, were reconstructed. Second, the hierarchical hydro-lithological model was built using SIS and IK estimation under the constraint of each aquifer group model space, respectively. Compared to global model, the variograms of hierarchical model captured more spatial characteristics of lithology in each aquifer group. The IK hierarchical model presents more continuities, clear boundaries, and realistic geometric shapes of the three lithologies, excluding the banding characteristics of the IK global model. The hierarchical SIS models reproduced the lithology distribution of each aquifer group and captured small changes in the lithology, with the smallest absolute percentage errors (APEs). Third, coupling the SIS hierarchical models and the groundwater levels, the groundwater resource in the study area was estimated to have a total volume of 1.2339 × 10⁴ m³. The shallow groundwater in the study area is mainly concentrated in Hebi City and the Puyang basin of the Yellow River, and deep groundwater is mainly concentrated in the northern Anyang City and Hebi City. Finally, the possible quantities of shallow and deep groundwater recharges were estimated for future groundwater management decision in the study area. The hierarchical hydrogeological model, groundwater resource assessment, and possible groundwater recharge estimation can also provide a basis for groundwater vulnerability, groundwater extraction, and land subsidence assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogeology and Groundwater Management Research)

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