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Water
Special Issues
Hydroclimate Extremes: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Plans
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Hydroclimate Extremes: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Plans

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 2290

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Masoud Irannezhad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Australian University-Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait
2. Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Interests: climate variability; hydrological processes; hydroclimate extremes; nature-based solutions; remote sensing and data assimilation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Interests: catchment hydrology; water quality assessment; ecological restoration; constructed wetlands; water resources management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global warming and climate change have already influenced different characteristics (in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration) of hydroclimate extremes such as floods, droughts, and heat waves worldwide. Such alterations in hydroclimate extremes have induced different compound climate/weather events and thereby catastrophic natural disasters, posing serious economic, social, and environmental sustainability risks. This is particularly true for developing countries due to their high human population density, susceptible infrastructure, and poor land use development and management strategies. Hence, there is an imperative need to improve our knowledge about the causes, impacts, and mitigation plans of different hydroclimate extremes, thereby acting toward achieving the 2030 United Nations Agenda of Sustainable Development.

This Special Issue aims to bring together pure theoretical and applied research on a wide range of topics related to understanding, assessing, and managing hydroclimate extreme events in different parts of our planet. We especially encourage submissions on:

  1. Meteorological, climatological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts;
  2. Fluvial, pluvial, and coastal floods;
  3. Intensity, frequency, duration, and extension of heat waves;
  4. Extreme precipitation and temperature indices;
  5. Compound weather/climate events (e.g., wildfires induced by simultaneous drought and heat waves);
  6. The role of climate and land cover-land use changes in hydroclimate extreme alterations;
  7. Influential large-scale atmospheric-oceanic circulation patterns for hydroclimate extremes' variability;
  8. Application of remote sensing and data assimilation for hydroclimate extremes analyses;
  9. Economic, social, and environmental sustainability risks of hydroclimate extremes;
  10. Adaptation and mitigation strategies for managing hydroclimate extreme events (e.g., nature-based solutions).

Dr. Masoud Irannezhad
Dr. Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate change
  • compound weather/climate events
  • hydroclimate extremes (e.g., drought, flood, and heatwave)
  • land cover-land use alterations
  • mitigation strategies
  • nature-based solutions
  • sustainability risks

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 19897 KiB  
Article
A Novel Rainfall Classification for Mapping Rainwater Harvesting: A Case Study in Kalar, Iraq
by Kawa Z. Abdulrahman, Shvan F. Aziz and Moses Karakouzian
Water 2024, 16(22), 3311; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223311 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Increasing water demand driven by population growth and climate change strains water resources, especially in arid regions. The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as a viable solution is contingent upon the meticulous selection of appropriate sites. Contemporary efforts have increasingly utilized Geographic Information [...] Read more.
Increasing water demand driven by population growth and climate change strains water resources, especially in arid regions. The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as a viable solution is contingent upon the meticulous selection of appropriate sites. Contemporary efforts have increasingly utilized Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies to optimize the identification of ideal locations for implementing RWH infrastructure. However, inconsistencies in rainfall classification methodologies can compromise the accuracy of the resulted suitability maps. Consequently, a standardized approach to grading rainfall depth for mapping RWH sites becomes imperative. This study presents an innovative rainfall classification method tailored for both micro and macro catchment areas, offering a reliable and adaptable approach to rainfall analysis. By refining classification criteria, this method aims to improve the consistency and precision of RWH mapping, addressing a gap in existing methodologies and providing a more standardized approach. Through the application of FAHP and Fuzzy overlay techniques in ArcGIS 10.4, the study compares traditional rainfall classification with the proposed new classification method to assess RWH suitability in Kalar. The comparison highlights that the new rainfall classification-based map yielded higher accuracy and realism compared to traditional methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimate Extremes: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Plans)
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15 pages, 4128 KiB  
Article
Variations and Trends in 115 Years of Graded Daily Precipitation Records at Three Hydrometeorological Stations in Finland
by Masoud Irannezhad, Zahrah Abdulghafour, Retaj AlQallaf, Fadak Abdulreda, Ghadeer Shamsah and Hajar Alshammari
Water 2024, 16(18), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182684 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 733
Abstract
This study investigated the variability and trends in 115 years (1909–2023) of daily precipitation observed at three hydrometeorological stations in southern (Kaisaniemi), central (Kajaani), and northern (Sodankylä) Finland. We also identified the most significant climate teleconnections influencing daily precipitation variability at these three [...] Read more.
This study investigated the variability and trends in 115 years (1909–2023) of daily precipitation observed at three hydrometeorological stations in southern (Kaisaniemi), central (Kajaani), and northern (Sodankylä) Finland. We also identified the most significant climate teleconnections influencing daily precipitation variability at these three stations during the period 1951–2023. The daily precipitation records were primarily classified into six grades, including very light (≤1 mm), light (1–≤5 mm), moderate (5–≤10 mm), heavy (10–≤15 mm), very heavy (15–≤20 mm), and extreme (>20 mm). On average, the most intense daily precipitation was determined at the Kaisaniemi station in southern Finland. At this station, however, very light and light precipitation showed the lowest frequency, but other graded daily precipitation events were the most frequent. At all three stations, the intensity of very light precipitation significantly declined during the past 115 years, while its frequency increased. The highest rates of such decreases and increases in the intensity and frequency of very light daily precipitation were found at the Sodankylä stations in northern Finland, respectively, but the lowest rates were at the Kaisaniemi station in the south. At the Kajaani station in central Finland, the intensity of light precipitation decreased, but very heavy precipitation intensified. At this station, however, the number of both moderate and heavy precipitation events increased over time. Finally, historical variations in both the intensity and frequency of graded daily precipitation events in Finland showed significant relationships with different climate teleconnections, particularly the Scandinavia (SCAND) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimate Extremes: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Plans)
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26 pages, 11298 KiB  
Article
Interactive Changes in Climatic and Hydrological Droughts, Water Quality, and Land Use/Cover of Tajan Watershed, Northern Iran
by Mohammadtaghi Avand, Hamid Reza Moradi and Zeinab Hazbavi
Water 2024, 16(13), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131784 - 24 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 802
Abstract
In response to novel and complex uncertainties, the present research is conducted to characterize the most significant indicators of watershed health including drought, water quality, and vegetation for the Tajan watershed, Mazandaran, Iran. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) [...] Read more.
In response to novel and complex uncertainties, the present research is conducted to characterize the most significant indicators of watershed health including drought, water quality, and vegetation for the Tajan watershed, Mazandaran, Iran. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) are, respectively, used to quantify the meteorological and hydrological droughts in the present (1993–2020) and future (2023–2050) employing optimistic RCP2.6 and pessimistic RCP8.5 scenarios. To concoct discharge data for the future, IHACRES v1.0 software is used with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.48 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.58. Maps of land use and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are also prepared using Landsat images. Subsequently, the surface water quality is assessed using AqQA v1.1.0 software. The results show the difference in the severity of future meteorological droughts in different stations. In addition, the predominance of non-drought (SDI ≥ 0) or mild drought (−1 ≤ SDI < 0) is indicated for future hydrology. The land use changes show a decrease in rangeland (−5.47%) and an increase in residential land (9.17%). The water quality analysis also indicates an increase in carbonate ions in the watershed outlet. Communicating the relationships between study indicators, which is a big gap in the current watershed management approach, avoids future failures and catastrophes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimate Extremes: Causes, Impacts, and Mitigation Plans)
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