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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2021) | Viewed by 33428

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Prof. Krzysztof Kochanek

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Guest Editor

Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: statistical modeling of hydrological issues; hydrological extreme phenomena; risk and uncertainty analysis; flood frequency analysis; water resources; ecological aspects of hydrology; groundwater modeling
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Dr. Iwona Kuptel-Markiewicz

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Guest Editor

Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Interests: hydrological extremes; floods; droughts; precipitation; statistical modelling; estimation; uncertainty
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Floods, droughts, and heavy rainfalls are believed to be the most dangerous natural disasters in terms of number of casualties and hold an infamous leading position in property damages. Consequently, the growing interest of policymakers and extreme natural event risk managers challenges scientists to create a new generation of more accurate and reliable models, possibly taking into account estimation of the impact of environmental change on the frequency of natural extremes. In addition, knowledge of the statistical parameters of hydrological phenomena used in the design of facility enables preparing the procedures of protecting people and infrastructure against extreme flooding, rainfalls and droughts, and creation of an environmental and water management policy. All these factors influence the intensification of the research on the issues of statistical approach to hydrological analysis, which aims at increasing the reliability of hydrological models within the context of imperfect measurement series and change of the hydrological cycle.

Prof. Krzysztof Kochanek
Dr. Iwona Markiewicz
Guest Editor

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Keywords

hydrology
extreme hydrological phenomena
flood
drought
discharge
risk
uncertainty
statistics
datasets

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis

by Krzysztof Kochanek and Iwona Markiewicz

Water 2022, 14(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071094 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

Despite the extensive body of research on the topic, the physical processes leading to the formation of extreme hydrological phenomena are still not fully understood, and robust deterministic models that would reliably describe them are yet to be developed [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

20 pages, 5235 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Depth–Duration–Frequency Relationship Model of Extreme Precipitation in Flood Risk Assessment in the Upper Vistula Basin

by Iwona Markiewicz

Water 2021, 13(23), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233439 - 4 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

The Upper Vistula Basin is a flood-prone region in the summer season (May–October) due to intensive rainfall. From the point of view of water management, it is particularly important to assess the variability in this main factor of flood risk, as well as to establish the depth–duration–frequency (DDF) relationship for maximum precipitation, this having not yet been derived for the region. The analysis of a 68-year (1951–2018) data series of summer maximum precipitation collected by 11 meteorological stations showed the series’ stationarity, which supports the conclusion that there is no increase in the risk of rainfall floods due to the intensification of extreme precipitation. A new approach is proposed for the determination of the DDF relationship, where the best-fitted distribution for each station is selected from among the set of candidate distributions, instead of adopting one fixed distribution for all stations. This approach increases the accuracy of the DDF relationships for individual stations as compared to the commonly used approach. In particular, the traditionally used Gumbel distribution turns out to be not well fitted to the investigated data series, and the advantage of the recently popular GEV distribution is not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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14 pages, 5824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Complexity Analysis of Rainfall in Northeast Brazil

by Antonio Samuel Alves da Silva, Ikaro Daniel de Carvalho Barreto, Moacyr Cunha-Filho, Rômulo Simões Cezar Menezes, Borko Stosic and Tatijana Stosic

Water 2021, 13(22), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223213 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

In this work, we analyze the complexity of monthly rainfall temporal series recorded from 1962 to 2012, at 133 gauge stations in the state of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. To this end, we employ the modified multiscale entropy method (MMSE), which is well suited for short time series, to analyze the rainfall regularity across a wide range of temporal scales, from one month to one year. We identify the temporal scales that distinguish rainfall regularity in the inland semiarid Sertão region, the transitional inland Agreste region, and the coastal, tropical humid Zona da Mata region, by comparing the results for stations across the study area and performing statistical significance tests. Our work contributes to the establishment of multiscale methods based on information theory in climatological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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16 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vine-Copula-Based Quantile Regression for Cascade Reservoirs Management

by Wafaa El Hannoun, Salah-Eddine El Adlouni and Abdelhak Zoglat

Water 2021, 13(7), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070964 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2849

Abstract

This paper features an application of Regular Vine (R-vine) copulas, a recently developed statistical tool to assess composite risk. Copula-based dependence modelling is a popular tool in conditional risk assessment, but is usually applied to pairs of variables. By contrast, Vine copulas provide greater flexibility and permit the modelling of complex dependency patterns using a wide variety of bivariate copulas which may be arranged and analysed in a tree structure to explore multiple dependencies. This study emphasises the use of R-vine copulas in an analysis of the co-dependencies of five reservoirs in the cascade of the Saint-John River basin in Eastern Canada. The developed R-vine copulas lead to the joint and conditional return periods of maximum volumes, for hydrologic design and cascade reservoir management in the basin. The main attraction of this approach to risk modelling is the flexibility in the choice of distributions used to model heavy-tailed marginals and co-dependencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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20 pages, 7416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changing Low Flow and Streamflow Drought Seasonality in Central European Headwaters

by Vojtech Vlach, Ondrej Ledvinka and Milada Matouskova

Water 2020, 12(12), 3575; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123575 - 20 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4250

Abstract

In the context of the ongoing climate warming in Europe, the seasonality and magnitudes of low flows and streamflow droughts are expected to change in the future. Increasing temperature and evaporation rates, stagnating precipitation amounts and decreasing snow cover will probably further intensify the summer streamflow deficits. This study analyzed the long-term variability and seasonality of low flows and streamflow droughts in fifteen headwater catchments of three regions within Central Europe. To quantify the changes in the low flow regime of selected catchments during the 1968–2019 period, we applied the R package lfstat for computing the seasonality ratio (SR), the seasonality index (SI), mean annual minima, as well as for the detection of streamflow drought events along with deficit volumes. Trend analysis of summer minimum discharges was performed using the Mann–Kendall test. Our results showed a substantial increase in the proportion of summer low flows during the analyzed period, accompanied with an apparent shift in the average date of low flow occurrence towards the start of the year. The most pronounced seasonality shifts were found predominantly in catchments with the mean altitude 800–1000 m.a.s.l. in all study regions. In contrast, the regime of low flows in catchments with terrain above 1000 m.a.s.l. remained nearly stable throughout the 1968–2019 period. Moreover, the analysis of mean summer minimum discharges indicated a much-diversified pattern in behavior of long-term trends than it might have been expected. The findings of this study may help identify the potentially most vulnerable near-natural headwater catchments facing worsening summer water scarcity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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22 pages, 9558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Short-Duration Extreme Rainfall Events in Megacities in China

by Qi Zhuang, Shuguang Liu and Zhengzheng Zhou

Water 2020, 12(12), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123364 - 30 Nov 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

Given the fact that researchers require more specific spatial rainfall information for storm flood calculation, hydrological risk assessment, and water budget estimates, there is a growing need to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall accurately. This paper provides insight into rainfall spatial heterogeneity in urban areas based on statistical analysis methods. An ensemble of short-duration (3-h) extreme rainfall events for four megacities in China are extracted from a high-resolution gridded rainfall dataset (resolution of 30 min in time, 0.1° × 0.1° in space). Under the heterogeneity framework using Moran’s I, LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association), and semi-variance, the multi-scale spatial variability of extreme rainfall is identified and assessed in Shanghai (SH), Beijing (BJ), Guangzhou (GZ), and Shenzhen (SZ). The results show that there is a pronounced spatial heterogeneity of short-duration extreme rainfall in the four cities. Heterogeneous characteristics of rainfall within location, range, and directions are closely linked to the different urban growth in four cities. The results also suggest that the spatial distribution of rainfall cannot be neglected in the design storm in urban areas. This paper constitutes a useful contribution to quantifying the degree of spatial heterogeneity and supports an improved understanding of rainfall/flood frequency analysis in megacities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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23 pages, 1310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Significant Extremal Dependence of a Daily North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) and Weighted Regionalised Rainfall in a Small Island Using the Extremogram

by Luis Angel Espinosa, Maria Manuela Portela and Rui Rodrigues

Water 2020, 12(11), 2989; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12112989 - 25 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3032

Abstract

Extremal dependence or independence may occur among the components of univariate or bivariate random vectors. Assessing which asymptotic regime occurs and also its extent are crucial tasks when such vectors are used as statistical models for risk assessment in the field of Climatology under climate change conditions. Motivated by the poor resolution of current global climate models in North Atlantic Small Islands, the extremal dependence between a North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI) and rainfall was considered at multi-year dominance of negative and positive NAOI, i.e., −NAOI and +NAOI dominance subperiods, respectively. The datasets used (from 1948–2017) were daily NAOI, and three daily weighted regionalised rainfall series computed based on factor analysis and the Voronoi polygons method from 40 rain gauges in the small island of Madeira (∼740 km

^{2}

), Portugal. The extremogram technique was applied for measuring the extremal dependence within the NAOI univariate series. The cross-extremogram determined the dependence between the upper tail of the weighted regionalised rainfalls, and the upper and lower tails of daily NAOI. Throughout the 70-year period, the results suggest systematic evidence of statistical dependence over Madeira between exceptionally −NAOI records and extreme rainfalls, which is stronger in the −NAOI dominance subperiods. The extremal dependence for +NAOI records is only significant in recent years, however, with a still unclear +NAOI dominance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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17 pages, 16294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantile Mixture and Probability Mixture Models in a Multi-Model Approach to Flood Frequency Analysis

by Iwona Markiewicz, Ewa Bogdanowicz and Krzysztof Kochanek

Water 2020, 12(10), 2851; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102851 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

The classical approach to flood frequency analysis (FFA) may result in significant jumps in the estimates of upper quantiles along with the lengthening series of measurements. Our proposal is a multi-model approach, also called the aggregation technique, which has turned out to be an effective method for the modeling of maximum flows, in large part eliminating the disadvantages of traditional methods. In this article, we present a probability mixture model relying on the aggregation the probabilities of non-exceedance of a constant flow value from the candidate distributions; and we compare it with the previously presented model of quantile mixture, which consists in aggregating the quantiles of the same order from individual models. Here, we defined an asymptotic standard error of design quantiles for both statistical models in two versions: without the bias of quantiles from candidate distributions with respect to aggregated quantiles and with taking it into account. The simulation experiment indicates that the latter version is more accurate and allows for reducing the quantile bias with respect to the unknown population quantile. For the case study, the 0.99 quantiles are determined for both variants of aggregation along with the assessment of its accuracy. The differences between the two proposed aggregation methods are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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25 pages, 4218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Hydro–Climatic Trends in the Mountainous Kofarnihon River Basin in Central Asia

by Aminjon Gulakhmadov, Xi Chen, Nekruz Gulahmadov, Tie Liu, Rashid Davlyatov, Safarkhon Sharofiddinov and Manuchekhr Gulakhmadov

Water 2020, 12(8), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082140 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3231

Abstract

Hydro–climatic variables play an essential role in assessing the long-term changes in streamflow in the snow-fed and glacier-fed rivers that are extremely vulnerable to climatic variations in the alpine mountainous regions. The trend and magnitudinal changes of hydro–climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, and streamflow, were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann–Kendall, modified Mann–Kendall, and Sen’s slope tests in the Kofarnihon River Basin in Central Asia. We also used Pettitt’s test to analyze the changes during the 1951–2012 and 1979–2012 time periods. This study revealed that the variations of climate variables have their significant spatial patterns and are strongly regulated by the altitude. From mountainous regions down to plain regions, the decadal temperature trends varied from −0.18 to 0.36 °C/decade and the variation of precipitation from −4.76 to −14.63 mm yr⁻¹ per decade. Considering the temporal variation, the temperature trends decreased in winter and significantly increased in spring, and the precipitation trends significantly decreased in spring but significantly increased in winter in the high-altitude areas. As consequence, total streamflow in headwater regions shows the obvious increase and clear seasonal variations. The mean monthly streamflow decreased in fall and winter and significantly increased in the spring and summer seasons which can be attributed to the influence of global warming on the rapid melting of snow and ice. Although the abrupt change points in air temperature and precipitation occurred around the 1970s and 1990s in the low-altitude areas and 2000s in the high-altitude areas during the 1951–2012 and 1979–2012 periods, the general trends of hydro–climatic variables keep consistent. This study benefits water resource management, socio–economic development, and sustainable agricultural planning in Tajikistan and its downstream countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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22 pages, 4725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistic Approach for Characterization of Sub-Annual Socioeconomic Drought Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Relationships in a Changing Environment

by Hadi Heidari, Mazdak Arabi, Mahshid Ghanbari and Travis Warziniack

Water 2020, 12(6), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061522 - 27 May 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5889

Abstract

Changes in climate, land use, and population can increase annual and interannual variability of socioeconomic droughts in water-scarce regions. This study develops a probabilistic approach to improve characterization of sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships under shifts in water supply and demand conditions. A mixture Gamma-Generalized Pareto (Gamma-GPD) model is proposed to enhance characterization of both the non-extreme and extreme socioeconomic droughts. Subsequently, the mixture model is used to determine sub-annual socioeconomic drought intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships, return period, amplification factor, and drought risk. The application of the framework is demonstrated for the City of Fort Collins (Colorado, USA) water supply system. The water demand and supply time series for the 1985–2065 are estimated using the Integrated Urban water Model (IUWM) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), respectively, with climate forcing from statistically downscaled CMIP5 projections. The results from the case study indicate that the mixture model leads to enhanced estimation of sub-annual socioeconomic drought frequencies, particularly for extreme events. The probabilistic approach presented in this study provides a procedure to update sub-annual socioeconomic drought IDF curves while taking into account changes in water supply and demand conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approach to Hydrological Analysis)

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