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Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities
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Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 36106

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Anas Ghadouani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Western Australia (M051), 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Perth, Australia
Interests: water resources; wastewater engineering; water sensitive cities; eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms; algal toxins; waste stabilisation ponds; lakes and limnology; aquatic ecology; environmental policy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Papers are invited on any aspect of treatment and technology for water and wastewater treatment at a continuum of scales, ranging from small-scale portable technology all the way to precinct or city scales. Papers with a focus on integrated solutions for small or remote communities are particularly welcome. Multidisciplinary papers across engineering, science, and social sciences are encouraged.

Prof. Anas Ghadouani
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • water pollution
  • water treatment
  • wastewater
  • integrated solutions
  • small scale treatment units
  • micro-pollutants
  • microplastics

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1881 KiB  
Article
Adsorption of Phosphates from Aqueous Solutions on Alginate/Goethite Hydrogel Composite
by Hanna Siwek, Artur Bartkowiak and Małgorzata Włodarczyk
Water 2019, 11(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040633 - 27 Mar 2019
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5644
Abstract
The basic process to reduce the phosphate ions in aquatic environments is to move the phosphorus circulation processes on the water–sediment phase boundary towards depositing it in the solid phase through chemical precipitation or adsorption. Modern technologies for removal of phosphorus can be [...] Read more.
The basic process to reduce the phosphate ions in aquatic environments is to move the phosphorus circulation processes on the water–sediment phase boundary towards depositing it in the solid phase through chemical precipitation or adsorption. Modern technologies for removal of phosphorus can be based on cheap and environmentally friendly natural polysaccharides modified with multivalent metals. In this study alginate/goethite hydrogel composite has been investigated for phosphate uptake from aqueous solutions. The composite was produced by a cross-linking reaction between sodium alginate and calcium chloride in six configurations of suspensions, which differed in goethite content. In all cases, spherical and durable capsules of alginate/goethite composite were produced. In laboratory tests, mechanical stability of the capsules at various temperatures and the coexisting ions of lake water were tested. Chemical composition of the aquatic environment had a strong influence on their mechanical stability. Static batch adsorption of phosphate studies were carried out for two adsorbents: goethite and alginate/goethite composite. The goethite gelation resulted in almost double growth of sorption capacity in the case of adsorption from deionized water and, on average, a 50% growth in adsorption from the environmental water compared to raw goethite. The alginate/goethite adsorbent removed phosphate in a wide pH spectrum—from 4 to 10. Results suggest that the proposed adsorbent has potential for the removal of phosphate from contaminated water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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10 pages, 1809 KiB  
Article
Halloysite Nanotubes as Adsorptive Material for Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution
by Hermin Saki, Esayas Alemayehu, Joachim Schomburg and Bernd Lennartz
Water 2019, 11(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020203 - 24 Jan 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5495
Abstract
In this study, we were aiming at testing halloysite nanotubes as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from agricultural runoff. Adsorption of phosphate onto powder and granular form of halloysite nanotubes has been examined by using the classical batch method and [...] Read more.
In this study, we were aiming at testing halloysite nanotubes as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from agricultural runoff. Adsorption of phosphate onto powder and granular form of halloysite nanotubes has been examined by using the classical batch method and diffusion experiments at room temperature. Different forms of halloysite nanotubes were investigated to explore the effect of structure on the adsorption of phosphate. The maximum adsorption efficiency was obtained for powder halloysite nanotubes (79.5%) and granular form (94.7%). It is believed that the pore space of the granular halloysite nanotubes accommodates phosphorus in addition to physico-chemically bound phosphate at surfaces. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order model fitted well the experimental kinetic data for both powder and granular form of halloysite nanotubes. The fit of the Freundlich isotherm model was superior as compared with the Langmuir approach, implying that the halloysite nanotubes are heterogeneous because of multiple surface groups and different pore structures. The two forms of halloysite nanotube tested have the abundant potential for removal of phosphate from agriculture runoff. Additional investigations at the pilot scale are, however, required to draw definite conclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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18 pages, 4357 KiB  
Article
Indication of Groundwater Contamination Using Acesulfame and Other Pollutants in a Rural Area of Korea
by Chung-Mo Lee, Se-Yeong Hamm, Sul-Min Yun, Jeong-Eun Oh, MoonSu Kim and Hyun Koo Kim
Water 2018, 10(12), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121731 - 26 Nov 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
Approximately 40,000 chemical products are currently used in Korea; these products can contaminate the groundwater/soil, the surrounding environment, and organisms for extended periods of time. In this study, a hydrological field survey, a water quality analysis, and groundwater modeling were performed to identify [...] Read more.
Approximately 40,000 chemical products are currently used in Korea; these products can contaminate the groundwater/soil, the surrounding environment, and organisms for extended periods of time. In this study, a hydrological field survey, a water quality analysis, and groundwater modeling were performed to identify the source and transport path of pollution that was caused by inorganic matter and artificial sweeteners, especially acesulfame, in the groundwater of an agricultural area in Chungnam Province, Korea. In the study area, a higher concentration of acesulfame displayed a spatial distribution similar to nitrate-nitrogen concentration. The characteristics of the groundwater flow and the distribution of the acesulfame were simulated using the Visual MODFLOW Classic Interface ver. 2014.1 and the MT3DMS module, respectively. The modeled area was divided into hilly (southern), residential (northwest), and agricultural (northeast) zones. The stream’s boundary was set to be the drainage channel in the southern hilly zone. From the simulation, we found that acesulfame spread actively from the source for 1–3 years before it reached equilibrium in the northern part of the model domain (the area downstream of the stream’s boundary). The concentration of acesulfame in the agricultural zone of the model domain decreased after five years, and it reached the steam boundary and residential zone within 10 years. After 10 years, most of the acesulfame was discharged from the agricultural zone and the hilly zone, while the concentration in the residential zone was approximately the same. Acesulfame is considered to be a potential indicator of man-made contamination for use in the management of groundwater quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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13 pages, 2215 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Nitrogen Removal in Solid Carbon Source SND for Treatment of Low-Carbon Municipal Wastewater with RSM Method
by Liqiu Zhang, Youwen Huang, Shugeng Li, Peifen He and Dengmin Wang
Water 2018, 10(7), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10070827 - 22 Jun 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3402
Abstract
In this work, a loofah sponge was used as the solid carbon source and the carrier in a biofilm reactor. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) technology was used to achieve nitrogen removal in low-carbon municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). [...] Read more.
In this work, a loofah sponge was used as the solid carbon source and the carrier in a biofilm reactor. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) technology was used to achieve nitrogen removal in low-carbon municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). At room temperature, the effects of filling ratio, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, C/N(CODCr/TN), and aeration time on the removal of nitrogen were systematically studied. In addition, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) was used as the evaluation index in response surface models (RSM) for optimization of nitrogen removal. The results showed that DO, pH, and aeration time affected nitrogen removal significantly. Therefore, DO, pH, and aeration time were used as the independent variables in RSM. The optimum conditions for nitrogen removal were found to be as follows in RSM: DO = 4.09 mg/L, pH = 7.58, aeration time = 10.47 h. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum TN removal efficiency reached 86.27%. The results also demonstrated that the deviation between the experimental and predicted TN removal efficiency was only 0.58%, the predicted model was reliable for future application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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9 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
The 1987–1989 Phytoplankton Bloom in Kaneohe Bay
by Edward Laws and Satoru Taguchi
Water 2018, 10(6), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060747 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3089
Abstract
A remarkable bloom of phytoplankton occurred in the southeast sector (SE) of Kaneohe Bay from 1987 through 1989. During the bloom, concentrations of chlorophyll a at the former site of the Kaneohe municipal wastewater treatment plant outfall averaged a little more than 2 [...] Read more.
A remarkable bloom of phytoplankton occurred in the southeast sector (SE) of Kaneohe Bay from 1987 through 1989. During the bloom, concentrations of chlorophyll a at the former site of the Kaneohe municipal wastewater treatment plant outfall averaged a little more than 2 mg m–3 for a period of 40 months. The increase of chl a was accompanied by a roughly twofold increase in the percentage of chl a accounted for by cells retained on a 35-micron filter, a drawdown of silicate concentrations from roughly 10 μM to 3–4 μM, an increase of nitrate concentrations from roughly 0.5 to more than 3 μM, and an increase of phosphate concentrations from roughly 0.2 to 0.5 μM. Extraordinarily heavy rains on 31 December 1987 led to flooding and land runoff that briefly raised chl a concentrations in the bay to as high as 17 mg m–3, but the bloom in question developed more than one year before the 1987 New Year’s Eve flood. It was not caused by unusually heavy rainfall: the average rainfall during 1987–1989 was only 10% above the long-term average. Instead, the bloom appears to have been caused by a leak in the sanitary sewer line that was previously used to discharge secondary treated sewage into Kaneohe Bay. Ultimately, leaks in the sanitary sewer lines maintained by the City and County of Honolulu led to legal action and a consent decree that required upgrading and the renovation of the wastewater collection system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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Review

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15 pages, 2069 KiB  
Review
Review of Heavy Metal Adsorption Processes by Several Organic Matters from Wastewaters
by Marton Czikkely, Eva Neubauer, Ilona Fekete, Prespa Ymeri and Csaba Fogarassy
Water 2018, 10(10), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101377 - 1 Oct 2018
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 11093
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of natural rivers and wastewaters is a problem for both the environment and human society. The accumulation and adsorption of heavy metals could happen with several organic and inorganic matters, but the most used adsorbents are (biological and chemical) organic [...] Read more.
Heavy metal contamination of natural rivers and wastewaters is a problem for both the environment and human society. The accumulation and adsorption of heavy metals could happen with several organic and inorganic matters, but the most used adsorbents are (biological and chemical) organic compounds. This review article presents the basics of heavy metal adsorption on several organic surfaces. There are many organic matters, which seem to be useful as agents for heavy metal adsorption. All of the cited authors and articles present the adsorption kinetics by the most used isotherm models (such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms). By comparing several research results presented by a pre-selected assortment of papers, we would like to give an overview of the microbiological, organic chemical, and other surface adsorption possibilities. We draw conclusions for two new adsorption fields (adsorption with biosorbent and artificial materials). We present an optional possibility to study adsorption kinetics, efficiency and regeneration methods to successfully conclude the heavy metal treatment process, and we make some recommendations about the efficient water usage calculations using the water allowance coefficient (WAC) indicator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Pollution and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities)
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