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Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility
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Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 32069

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Kai Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: intelligent transportation system (ITS); transportation in geography information system (T-GIS); transport geography; advanced traveler information system (ATIS); urban and regional planning and transport planning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jiangbo Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Transportation and Logistics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Interests: travel demand modeling/prediction; energy consumption of electric vehicle
Prof. Dr. Wei Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
Interests: big data analytics for transportation; connected, automated and electric vehicles; shared mobility; transportation system analysis and network modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Paris Agreement limits the long-term global warming goal to well below 2 and preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, relative to the pre-industrial levels. The transportation sector, as one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, has been given high expectations in terms of achieving the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. To date, the surface transportation systems are in the early stages of electrification. However, as the level of electrification progresses, more and more challenges will emerge. In the meantime, more innovation and emerging technologies will also accompany us during the transition and completion of the transportation electrification process.

Therefore, this Special Issue is devoted to the emerging technologies of transportation planning and management during the electrification process of urban mobility. This Special Issue is intended to encourage scholars and experts to systematically discuss the possible ways to accelerate the electrification of urban mobility and the effects/mechanisms of involved endogenous and exogenous factors in the transportation system and finally to provide potential policy references for urban transportation planning and management during the entire process.

Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions that include but are not limited to the following topics of interest:

  • Emerging challenges in the transition of transportation electrification.
  • Intelligent vehicle-to-grid system.
  • Policy incentives in terms of penetration of electric vehicle in private and public transportation market.
  • Advanced energy management system of road network.
  • Intelligent operation and maintenance system of infrastructure.
  • Exploration of new service patterns in the transition phase of electrification.
  • Agent-based simulation system.
  • Intelligent information system that addresses extreme driving range anxiety.
  • Incentive strategies that help shape ‘healthy’ driving and charging habit.
  • Energy consumption efficiency measurement and improvement.

Prof. Dr. Kai Liu
Dr. Jiangbo Wang
Prof. Dr. Wei Fan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • system optimization
  • data driven
  • efficiency
  • interpretable machine learning
  • orderly charging

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 184 KiB  
Editorial
Emerging Technologies in the Electrification of Urban Mobility
by Kai Liu, Jiangbo Wang and Wei (David) Fan
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120331 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1529
Abstract
The Paris Agreement limits the long-term global warming goal to well below 2 and preferably to 1 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

14 pages, 2375 KiB  
Article
An Electric Bus Battery Swapping Station Location Method Based on Global Optimized Peak Traffic Flow
by Yu Wang and Mingyu Lei
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100280 - 6 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2191
Abstract
The electric bus is an extremely important part of urban public transportation and has a huge impact on the ecosystem. However, the battery capacity is still a tough problem, and electric buses often face a booming demand for charging during peak periods. This [...] Read more.
The electric bus is an extremely important part of urban public transportation and has a huge impact on the ecosystem. However, the battery capacity is still a tough problem, and electric buses often face a booming demand for charging during peak periods. This paper focuses on the problem of electric bus battery swapping station (BSS) location. Based on the traffic flow assignment theory, this paper proposes a hybrid traffic assignment method based on GA and Frank–Wolfe algorithm, which has proved to be closer to the global optimum than the traditional method. This paper proposes a BSS selection model considering service quality as an evaluating indicator and a simulation is made based on a virtual road network. Compared with the traditional method, the result from the hybrid method is more suitable for electric buses when considering the situation at peak hours. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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18 pages, 3734 KiB  
Article
Fuzzy Logic Control of External Heating System for Electric Vehicle Batteries at Low Temperature
by Shupeng Zhang, Tao Li and Liqun Chen
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14040099 - 6 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2104
Abstract
The reduction in driving range and the degradation of vehicle performance in cold weather has become one of the challenges in vehicle electrification in recent years. The root cause of this phenomenon is the property of lithium-ion batteries with capacity and power capability [...] Read more.
The reduction in driving range and the degradation of vehicle performance in cold weather has become one of the challenges in vehicle electrification in recent years. The root cause of this phenomenon is the property of lithium-ion batteries with capacity and power capability reduction at low temperatures. In this study, an external battery heating system was developed by employing an electrothermal film affixed to the surface of each cell, and the heating process was performed during driving. An equivalent circuit model combined with a thermal model was established for the simulation and control design. A fuzzy logic control strategy was developed to optimize the external heating power provided by the battery pack, and to achieve the maximum range by the end of discharge. A global optimal control strategy obtained by dynamic programming and a constant maximum power heating strategy were used for comparison. Simulation and experimental validations show that the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm can achieve a 3.6% to 5.3% improvement in driving range than the maximum power heating method, and has close performance to the global optimal solution. Furthermore, the vehicle equipped with the proposed heating system can have up to 150.4% of the range recovery under different driving conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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13 pages, 1515 KiB  
Article
Impact of New Energy Vehicle Development on China’s Crude Oil Imports: An Empirical Analysis
by Zehui Guo, Shujie Sun, Yishan Wang, Jingru Ni and Xuepeng Qian
World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14020046 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5728
Abstract
Breaking the highly oil-dependent energy use structure in the transportation sector will be crucial for China to reduce its dependence on crude oil imports and ensure its energy security, and the development of new energy vehicles is helping to break this dilemma. A [...] Read more.
Breaking the highly oil-dependent energy use structure in the transportation sector will be crucial for China to reduce its dependence on crude oil imports and ensure its energy security, and the development of new energy vehicles is helping to break this dilemma. A time series analysis summarizes the possible relationships between new energy vehicles and crude oil imports, i.e., new energy vehicles, as alternatives to fuel vehicles, will reduce the demand for oil in the transportation sector, which will in turn reduce crude oil imports, and crude oil prices and crude oil production will inhibit crude oil imports. In this empirical study, monthly data from 2015 to 2021 on crude oil imports, the market share of new energy vehicles, crude oil prices, and crude oil production are selected, time-series multiple regression modelling is adopted, and endogeneity is treated using a generalized method of moments (GMM). The regression results show that crude oil imports decrease by one unit for every 16.32% increase in crude oil prices, indicating that price factor is the most influential factor in China’s crude oil imports, while crude oil imports decrease by one unit for every 133.99% increase in crude oil production, indicating that an increase in crude oil production contributes less to the reduction of crude oil imports. One unit of crude oil imports is added for every 15.53% increase in the share of new energy vehicles, indicating that the effect of new energy vehicles on limiting crude oil imports has not yet emerged. Probably due to the fact that new energy vehicles have not yet had a significant impact on fuel vehicles, oil consumption will continue to increase in the short and medium term, with oil for the petrochemical industry becoming the primary driver of this increase. Finally, policy implications are provided from the perspective of crude oil demand, supply, and China’s oil price mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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12 pages, 4211 KiB  
Article
Design of an Intelligent Platoon Transit System towards Transportation Electrification
by Hong Gao, Ang Li, Jiangbo Wang, Kai Liu and Li Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(8), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13080153 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2505
Abstract
The full implementation of electric public transport is a key step for the transport industry to move toward electrification and achieve carbon neutrality. However, in the face of time-varying demands and high-quality service requirements, traditional transit systems are difficult to ascend as the [...] Read more.
The full implementation of electric public transport is a key step for the transport industry to move toward electrification and achieve carbon neutrality. However, in the face of time-varying demands and high-quality service requirements, traditional transit systems are difficult to ascend as the preferred mode of travel due to the constraints of fixed vehicle capacity and multiline transfers. With the advent of modular vehicle technology, it is becoming more realistic to develop an entirely new transportation system based on electric modular vehicles (EMVs). This study proposes a novel intelligent platoon transit system (IPTS), and its overall concept and operating mode are elaborated at a strategic level. In particular, the electrical, modular, and autonomous platoon transit system should be designed to achieve adaptive adjustment of capacity and possible en route transfers, which significantly improves the convenience, flexibility, and economy of public transport. We also design three application scenarios with varying demands during multistage development to bridge the gap in traditional buses. The key issues and case applicability of the three scenarios are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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26 pages, 10174 KiB  
Article
Simultaneity Factors of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on Real-World Occupation Data
by Christopher Hecht, Jan Figgener and Dirk Uwe Sauer
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(7), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070129 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3780
Abstract
Charging of electric vehicles may cause stress on the electricity grid. Grid planners need clarity regarding likely grid loading when creating extensions. In this paper, we analyse the simultaneity factor (SF) or peak power of public electric vehicle charging stations with different recharging [...] Read more.
Charging of electric vehicles may cause stress on the electricity grid. Grid planners need clarity regarding likely grid loading when creating extensions. In this paper, we analyse the simultaneity factor (SF) or peak power of public electric vehicle charging stations with different recharging strategies. This contribution is the first of its kind in terms of data quantity and, therefore, representativeness. We found that the choice of charging strategy had a massive impact on the electricity grid. The current “naive” charging strategy of plugging in at full power and recharging until the battery is full cause limited stress. Price-optimised recharging strategies, in turn, create high power peaks. The SFs varied by strategy, particularly when using several connectors at once. Compared to the SF of a single connector in naive charging, the SF decreased by approximately 50% for groups of 10 connectors. For a set of 1000 connectors, the SF was between 10% and 20%. Price-optimised strategies showed a much slower decay where, in some cases, groups of 10 connectors still had an SF of 100%. For sets of 1000 connectors, the SF of price-optimised strategies was twice that of the naive strategy. Overall, we found that price optimisation did not reduce electricity purchase costs by much, especially compared to peak-related network expansion costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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14 pages, 2890 KiB  
Article
Design of a Data Security Access Control Algorithm for the Electric Vehicle Internet of Vehicles Based on Blockchain Technology
by Jia Miao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(7), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070111 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2408
Abstract
The data transmission in the vehicle network is easily interfered with by the outside world, which makes the security of data access difficult to provide in order to meet the actual needs. Therefore, a data security access control algorithm for an electric vehicle [...] Read more.
The data transmission in the vehicle network is easily interfered with by the outside world, which makes the security of data access difficult to provide in order to meet the actual needs. Therefore, a data security access control algorithm for an electric vehicle network based on blockchain technology is proposed. Using the double-chain architecture of an alliance chain-private chain in a blockchain, the distributed database of data communication for vehicle networking is constructed. In the process of vehicle network communication, the long short-term memory neural network is introduced to analyze the risk of communication behavior. A generator and discriminator are used to avoid communication risk behavior and realize secure access to data. The experimental results show that the success rate of data tampering is lower than 0.09 when this design method is used to deal with external intrusion, and it has high security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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17 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
Competitiveness Evaluation of Electric Bus Charging Services Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process
by Yinghan Sun, Jiangbo Wang, Cheng Li and Kai Liu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(5), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13050081 - 9 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2857
Abstract
The premise of the large-scale operation of electric buses corresponds to efficient charging service guarantees. Recent research on charging stations mainly aims to obtain the construction location and construction sequence through optimization methods or decision-making methods. This research has considered the aspects of [...] Read more.
The premise of the large-scale operation of electric buses corresponds to efficient charging service guarantees. Recent research on charging stations mainly aims to obtain the construction location and construction sequence through optimization methods or decision-making methods. This research has considered the aspects of geography, charging efficiency, economic efficiency, and emergency response capacity. The increase of charging stations will lead to competition among charging stations, unbalanced use of charging facilities, and unnecessary loss of electricity to the power grid. In fact, few studies pay attention to the actual operation of existing charging stations. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific, comprehensive, and efficient charging services evaluation framework to support the actual operation of charging stations. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), this paper designs a multi-level indicator evaluation framework, which includes 6 first-level indicators and 20 s-level indicators. The first-level indicators are cutting peak and filling valley (A1), location and scale (A2), intelligent technology (A3), equipment efficiency (A4), operating income (A5), and reliability (A6). Through the questionnaire survey of ten experts in related fields, we understood the importance and attention of these indicators. The results show that the weights of indicators of location and scale index (A2) and reliability (A6) are high, which are 0.2875 and 0.2957, respectively. The least concerned indicator is equipment utilization efficiency (A4), at a weight of 0.0531. According to the actual data of charging stations in Zhengzhou, China, the comprehensive competitiveness of several charging stations is evaluated by the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The result shows that station 1 has the highest comprehensive competitiveness, followed by station 2 and station 7. The evaluation framework proposed in this paper comprehensively considers a variety of factors. The combination of AHP and TOPSIS can reduce the uncertainty in experts’ evaluation of the service of the charging station. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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18 pages, 4181 KiB  
Article
A Distributed and Hierarchical Optimal Control Method for Intelligent Connected Vehicles in Multi-Intersection Road Networks
by Jie Yu, Fachao Jiang, Weiwei Kong and Yugong Luo
World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020034 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2726
Abstract
Intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) technologies will bring significant changes to future transportation, and urban intersections will be an important scenario for the application of ICVs. There exists one significant challenge to address for the control of ICVs in unsignalized, multi-intersection road networks, that [...] Read more.
Intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) technologies will bring significant changes to future transportation, and urban intersections will be an important scenario for the application of ICVs. There exists one significant challenge to address for the control of ICVs in unsignalized, multi-intersection road networks, that is, how to realize the comprehensive optimization of traffic efficiency and energy saving. To solve this problem, the distributed and hierarchical optimal control architecture is first established in this paper, consisting of a cloud decision layer and a vehicle control layer. For the cloud decision layer, the distributed model predictive control (DMPC) method is utilized for distributed optimization control of multi-intersection road network systems, to achieve optimization in terms of traffic efficiency. For the vehicle control layer, based on the reference speed optimized from the cloud decision layer, the DMPC method is further utilized for distributed optimal control of each vehicle platoon, to achieve optimization in terms of energy saving. Finally, the comparative simulation tests are carried out based on MATLAB and SUMO. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were verified, and the improvement of traffic efficiency and energy saving was achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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13 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
Research on NEV Platform Development Strategies for Automotive Companies
by Zongwei Liu, Xinglong Liu and Fuquan Zhao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040201 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3652
Abstract
Developing new energy vehicles (NEVs) is essential for China’s automotive industry to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. The development of a NEV platform is an effective means for automotive companies to balance the development cost, development time, and product performance of [...] Read more.
Developing new energy vehicles (NEVs) is essential for China’s automotive industry to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. The development of a NEV platform is an effective means for automotive companies to balance the development cost, development time, and product performance of NEVs. However, there is no clear solution to choosing new energy vehicle platform development strategies and models for automotive companies. This paper mainly studies the significance of NEV platform development, the classification and characteristics of NEV platforms, and the development strategies and trends of NEV platforms for automotive companies. The study results found that choosing a new dedicated electric platform (NDEP) is inevitable for the latest automotive companies, such as TESLA Motors. An adapted electric platform (AEP) is a temporary solution that meets the dual credits policy. It lacks competitiveness and has been gradually eliminated for the traditional automotive companies. The new dedicated electric platform is a long-term development solution when comprehensively considering the market, technology, and policy. The compatible platform (CP) is a transitional solution when considering the development trend of automotive powertrain, the market size of NEVs, and the platform technology of NEVs. Besides, joint development and shared use is the primary development model for the automotive enterprise in the future. Finally, companies should increase their research and development efforts on NEV architecture platforms to maximize platform-based development’s scale effect and application value. The research can provide strategic guidance for automotive companies to develop NEV platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Electrification of Urban Mobility)
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