Topic Editors

Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
Dr. Antonio Florido
1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08019 Barcelona, Spain
2. Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

Frontiers in Fabrication of Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Applications

Abstract submission deadline
closed (15 October 2022)
Manuscript submission deadline
closed (15 December 2022)
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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few years, there has been a growing demand for real-time sensors, wearable electronics and point-of care testing devices. This concern calls for more reliable, economic and environmentally sustainable approaches of mass production of transducers for the development of sensors and biosensors. In this aspect, the progress of screen-printing technology has played a key role since it is a well-established and recognized method for simple, rapid, and low-cost fabrication of sensors and biosensors. Screen-printed electrodes can be commercially acquired, but there are also many research groups involved in the fabrication of their own screen-printed devices by printing different inks on various types of plastic, ceramic or paper holdings (depending on the purpose of their studies and the requirements of sensitivity and selectivity of each analysis). Then, if necessary, they can be easily modified by the formation of a metal film or the incorporation of nanomaterials or (bio)molecules. Their design versatility, disposable character, low-cost character, miniaturized size, the option of being connected to portable instrumentation, and the non-need of polishing before the measurements approve their appropriateness for being used, among others, as point-of care testing devices (especially important in pandemic situations such as the current one caused by COVID-19) or as sensing tools for real-time monitoring, among others, in environmental, agricultural and food fields. Considering the popularization of screen-printed electrodes for sensing purposes over recent years, the dissemination of novel fabrication approaches using new substrates, geometries, inks and modifiers, the combination with other types of sensors (e.g., optical devices) and the development of new applications are essential for progress in the field of (bio) sensors. In this regard, the aim of this Topic, “Frontiers in Fabrication of Screen-Printed Electrodes and Their Applications”, is to attract original and innovative works but also review articles that cover the latest advances in screen-printing fabrication as well as their application as sensing devices in health control, environmental monitoring and agri-food analysis. We look forward to and welcome your participation in this Topic.

Prof. Dr. José Manuel Dı́az-Cruz
Dr. Antonio Florido
Dr. Núria Serrano
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • chemical sensors
  • biosensors
  • screen-printing
  • microfluidics devices
  • electrochemical sensors
  • optical sensors
  • sensor arrays
  • electronic tongues
  • environmental monitoring
  • agri-food analysis
  • biomedical applications
  • on-site analysis
  • wearable sensors
  • real-time sensing devices
  • point-of-care device applications

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Biosensors
biosensors
4.9 6.6 2011 17.1 Days CHF 2700
Chemosensors
chemosensors
3.7 5.0 2013 17.1 Days CHF 2700
Sensors
sensors
3.4 7.3 2001 16.8 Days CHF 2600

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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14 pages, 1254 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Preconditioning Strategies on the Adsorption of Model Proteins onto Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes
by Tea Romih, Ivan Konjević, Lea Žibret, Ika Fazarinc, Ajda Beltram, David Majer, Matjaž Finšgar and Samo B. Hočevar
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4186; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114186 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
The preconditioning and modification of the supporting electrode surface is an essential step in every biosensor architecture. In particular, when using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) as inexpensive and convenient disposable sensor substrates, their somewhat lower electrochemical (surface) reproducibility might represent a complex hurdle. [...] Read more.
The preconditioning and modification of the supporting electrode surface is an essential step in every biosensor architecture. In particular, when using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) as inexpensive and convenient disposable sensor substrates, their somewhat lower electrochemical (surface) reproducibility might represent a complex hurdle. Herein, we investigated the effect of selected preconditioning strategies, such as cyclic voltammetric pretreatment, in H2SO4 and H2O2 and plasma pretreatment with a positive and negative glow discharge, which all improved the electrochemical stability of the unmodified SPEs. Furthermore, we studied the influence of preconditioning strategies on the adsorption kinetics of the two most commonly used building blocks for biosensor preparation, i.e., bovine serum albumin (BSA) and protein A. We observed an advantageous effect of all the examined preconditioning strategies for the modification of SPEs with protein A, being the most effective the negative glow discharge. On the other hand, BSA exhibited a more complex adsorption behavior, with the negative glow discharge as the only generally beneficial preconditioning strategy providing the highest electrochemical stability. Protein A revealed a more substantial impact on the electrochemical signal attenuation than BSA considering their same concentrations in the modification solutions. For both BSA and protein A, we showed that the concentrations of 5 and 10 μg mL−1 already suffice for an electrochemically satisfactorily stable electrode surface after 60 min of incubation time, except for BSA at the positive-plasma-treated electrode. Full article
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11 pages, 923 KiB  
Article
Applicability of Selected 3D Printing Materials in Electrochemistry
by Marta Choińska, Vojtěch Hrdlička, Hana Dejmková, Jan Fischer, Luděk Míka, Eva Vaněčková, Viliam Kolivoška and Tomáš Navrátil
Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050308 - 7 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3097
Abstract
This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were [...] Read more.
This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were investigated after exposure to selected organic solvents and supporting electrolytes. Furthermore, the available potential windows and behavior of redox probes in selected supporting electrolytes were investigated before and after the exposure of the 3D-printed objects to the electrolytes at various working electrodes. Possible electrochemically active interferences with an origin from the 3DPMs were also monitored to provide a comprehensive outline for the use of 3DPMs in electrochemical platform manufacturing. Full article
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21 pages, 4892 KiB  
Article
Novel Screen-Printed Sensor with Chemically Deposited Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: Preparation, Characterization, and Application
by Oleksandr Matvieiev, Renáta Šelešovská, Marian Vojs, Marián Marton, Pavol Michniak, Vojtěch Hrdlička, Michal Hatala, Lenka Janíková, Jaromíra Chýlková, Jana Skopalová, Petr Cankař and Tomáš Navrátil
Biosensors 2022, 12(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12040241 - 13 Apr 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3890
Abstract
New screen-printed sensor with a boron-doped diamond working electrode (SP/BDDE) was fabricated using a large-area linear antenna microwave chemical deposition vapor system (LA-MWCVD) with a novel precursor composition. It combines the advantages of disposable printed sensors, such as tailored design, low cost, and [...] Read more.
New screen-printed sensor with a boron-doped diamond working electrode (SP/BDDE) was fabricated using a large-area linear antenna microwave chemical deposition vapor system (LA-MWCVD) with a novel precursor composition. It combines the advantages of disposable printed sensors, such as tailored design, low cost, and easy mass production, with excellent electrochemical properties of BDDE, including a wide available potential window, low background currents, chemical resistance, and resistance to passivation. The newly prepared SP/BDDEs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Their electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using inner sphere ([Fe(CN)6]4−/3−) and outer sphere ([Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+) redox probes. Moreover, the applicability of these new sensors was verified by analysis of the anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam in model and pharmaceutical samples. Using optimized differential pulse voltammetry in Britton–Robinson buffer of pH 3, detection limits for lornoxicam were 9 × 10−8 mol L−1. The oxidation mechanism of lornoxicam was investigated using bulk electrolysis and online electrochemical cell with mass spectrometry; nine distinct reaction steps and corresponding products and intermediates were identified. Full article
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12 pages, 2126 KiB  
Communication
Non-Destructive Monitoring via Electrochemical NADH Detection in Murine Cells
by Ju Kyung Lee, Han Na Suh, Sung Hoon Yoon, Kyu Hong Lee, Sae Young Ahn, Hyung Jin Kim and Sang Hee Kim
Biosensors 2022, 12(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12020107 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2710
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is an important cofactor involved in metabolic redox reactions in living cells. The detection of NADH in living animal cells is a challenge. We developed a one-step monitoring method for NADH via an electrocatalytic reaction that uses a surface-modified, [...] Read more.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is an important cofactor involved in metabolic redox reactions in living cells. The detection of NADH in living animal cells is a challenge. We developed a one-step monitoring method for NADH via an electrocatalytic reaction that uses a surface-modified, screen-printed electrode (SPE) having a redox active monolayer 4′-mercapto-N-phenlyquinone diamine (NPQD) formed by a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an aromatic thiol, 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). This electrode has a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.49 μM and a sensitivity of 0.0076 ± 0.0006 μM/μA in cell culture media, which indicates that it retains its selectivity. The applicability of this NADH sensor was demonstrated for the first time by cell viability monitoring via NADH-sensing in cell culture supernatants. Full article
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11 pages, 18569 KiB  
Article
LTCC Strip Electrode Arrays for Gas Electron Multiplier Detectors
by Arkadiusz Dąbrowski, Witold Nawrot, Mateusz Czok, Michał Babij, Piotr Bielówka and Karol Malecha
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020623 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3052
Abstract
The Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology has proven to be highly suitable for 3D microstructures manufacturing in electronic devices due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, a novel idea of implementing the LTCC structures into high-energy particle detectors [...] Read more.
The Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology has proven to be highly suitable for 3D microstructures manufacturing in electronic devices due to its excellent electrical and mechanical properties. In this paper, a novel idea of implementing the LTCC structures into high-energy particle detectors technology is proposed. It can be applied in High Energy Physics (HEP) laboratories, where such sophisticated sensors are constantly exposed to particles of the TeV energy range for many years. The most advanced applications of the concept are based on dedicated gas amplifier systems coupled with readout microstructures. Typically, the readout microstructures are made in the Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) technology and processed in a sophisticated and patent-protected way. This article presents the manufacturing process and parameters of the novel microstructures made in the LTCC technology. The structures were implemented into the high-energy particle detector, and the first results are presented. Full article
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21 pages, 10868 KiB  
Review
Electroanalysis of Fentanyl and Its New Analogs: A Review
by Marta Katarzyna Choińska, Ivana Šestáková, Vojtěch Hrdlička, Jana Skopalová, Jan Langmaier, Vítězslav Maier and Tomáš Navrátil
Biosensors 2022, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12010026 - 5 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5907
Abstract
The review describes fentanyl and its analogs as new synthetic opioids and the possibilities of their identification and determination using electrochemical methods (e.g., voltammetry, potentiometry, electrochemiluminescence) and electrochemical methods combined with various separation methods. The review also covers the analysis of new synthetic [...] Read more.
The review describes fentanyl and its analogs as new synthetic opioids and the possibilities of their identification and determination using electrochemical methods (e.g., voltammetry, potentiometry, electrochemiluminescence) and electrochemical methods combined with various separation methods. The review also covers the analysis of new synthetic opioids, their parent compounds, and corresponding metabolites in body fluids, such as urine, blood, serum, and plasma, necessary for a fast and accurate diagnosis of intoxication. Identifying and quantifying these addictive and illicit substances and their metabolites is necessary for clinical, toxicological, and forensic purposes. As a reaction to the growing number of new synthetic opioid intoxications and increasing fatalities observed over the past ten years, we provide thorough background for developing new biosensors, screen-printed electrodes, or other point-of-care devices. Full article
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13 pages, 2167 KiB  
Article
Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunosensor for the Electrochemical Detection of Chlortoluron Herbicide in Groundwaters
by Anaïs Surribas, Lise Barthelmebs and Thierry Noguer
Biosensors 2021, 11(12), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11120513 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3237
Abstract
Chlortoluron (3-(3-chloro-p-tolyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea) is an herbicide widely used in substitution to isoproturon to control grass weed in wheat and barley crops. Chlortoluron has been detected in groundwaters for more than 20 years; and dramatic increases in concentrations are observed after intense rain outbreaks. [...] Read more.
Chlortoluron (3-(3-chloro-p-tolyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea) is an herbicide widely used in substitution to isoproturon to control grass weed in wheat and barley crops. Chlortoluron has been detected in groundwaters for more than 20 years; and dramatic increases in concentrations are observed after intense rain outbreaks. In this context; we developed an immunosensor for the determination of chlortoluron based on competitive binding of specific monoclonal antibodies on chlortoluron and immobilized biotinylated chlortoluron; followed by electrochemical detection on screen-printed carbon electrodes. The optimized immunosensor exhibited a logarithmic response in the range 0.01–10 µg·L−1; with a calculated detection limit (LOD) of 22.4 ng·L−1; which is below the maximum levels allowed by the legislation (0.1 µg·L−1). The immunosensor was used for the determination of chlortoluron in natural groundwaters, showing the absence of matrix effects. Full article
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20 pages, 4978 KiB  
Article
Development of Electrochemical Aptasensor for Lung Cancer Diagnostics in Human Blood
by Anastasiia V. Shabalina, Darya O. Sharko, Yury E. Glazyrin, Elena A. Bolshevich, Oksana V. Dubinina, Anastasiia M. Kim, Dmitry V. Veprintsev, Ivan N. Lapin, Galina S. Zamay, Alexey V. Krat, Sergey S. Zamay, Valery A. Svetlichnyi, Anna S. Kichkailo and Maxim V. Berezovski
Sensors 2021, 21(23), 7851; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237851 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3353
Abstract
We describe the preparation and characterization of an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor to lung cancer tumor markers in human blood. The highly reproducible aptamer sensing layer with a high density (up to 70% coverage) on the gold electrode was made. Electrochemical methods and confocal [...] Read more.
We describe the preparation and characterization of an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor to lung cancer tumor markers in human blood. The highly reproducible aptamer sensing layer with a high density (up to 70% coverage) on the gold electrode was made. Electrochemical methods and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to study the stability of the aptamer layer structure and binding ability. A new blocking agent, a thiolated oligonucleotide with an unrelated sequence, was applied to fill the aptamer layer’s defects. Electrochemical aptasensor signal processing was enhanced using deep learning and computer simulation of the experimental data array. It was found that the combinations (coupled and tripled) of cyclic voltammogram features allowed for distinguishing between the samples from lung cancer patients and healthy candidates with a mean accuracy of 0.73. The capacitive component from the non-Faradic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data indicated the tumor marker’s presence in a sample. These findings allowed for the creation of highly informative aptasensors for early lung cancer diagnostics. Full article
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14 pages, 41318 KiB  
Article
A Disposable Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes Modified with Silver Nanowires/HPMC/Chitosan/Urease for the Detection of Mercury (II) in Water
by Apichart Saenchoopa, Supannika Klangphukhiew, Rachata Somsub, Chanon Talodthaisong, Rina Patramanon, Jureerut Daduang, Sakda Daduang and Sirinan Kulchat
Biosensors 2021, 11(10), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11100351 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4305
Abstract
This work describes the facile preparation of a disposable electrochemical biosensor for the detection of Hg(II) in water by modifying the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The surface modification consists of the immobilization of a composite layer of silver nanowires, hydroxymethyl [...] Read more.
This work describes the facile preparation of a disposable electrochemical biosensor for the detection of Hg(II) in water by modifying the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The surface modification consists of the immobilization of a composite layer of silver nanowires, hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose, chitosan, and urease (AgNWs/HPMC/CS/Urease). The presence of the composite was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its excellent conductivity, due chiefly to the electrical properties of silver nanowires, enhanced the sensitivity of the biosensor. Under optimum conditions, the modified SPCE biosensor showed excellent performance for the detection of Hg(II) ions, with an incubation time of 10 min and a linear sensitivity range of 5–25 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were observed to be 3.94 µM and 6.50 µM, respectively. In addition, the disposable and portable biosensor exhibited excellent recoveries for the detection of Hg(II) ions in commercial drinking water samples (101.62–105.26%). The results are correlated with those obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), indicating that our developed sensor is a reliable method for detection of Hg(II) in real water samples. The developed sensor device is a simple, effective, portable, low cost, and user-friendly platform for real-time detection of heavy metal ions in field measurements with potential for other biomedical applications in the future. Full article
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