Next Article in Journal
The Current Status of Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysed Heck and Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions
Previous Article in Journal
Efficacy of Prosopilosidine from Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa against Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in a Murine Model
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 23
Issue 7
10.3390/molecules23071675
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines

by
Emily W. Wright
1,
Ronald A. Nelson, Jr.
1,
Yelena Karpova
2,
George Kulik
2,3,* and
Mark E. Welker
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, P.O. Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
2
Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
3
Life Sciences Program, College of Science, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2018, 23(7), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071675
Submission received: 28 June 2018 / Revised: 5 July 2018 / Accepted: 7 July 2018 / Published: 10 July 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A number of new substituted morpholinopyrimidines were prepared utilizing sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution and cross-coupling reactions. One of the disubstituted pyrimidines was converted into two trisubstituted compounds which were screened as PI3K inhibitors relative to the well-characterized PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474, and were found to be 1.5–3-times more potent. A leucine linker was attached to the most active inhibitor since it would remain on any peptide-containing prodrug after cleavage by prostate-specific antigen, and it did not prevent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation and hence the inhibition of PI3K by the modified inhibitor.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Androgen-independent prostate cancer remains a major cause for prostate cancer-related deaths, since existing therapies provide only limited life extension [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. Androgen ablation induces apoptosis in normal prostate epithelial cells, yet advanced androgen-independent cancer becomes resistant to apoptosis induced by androgen ablation and other cytotoxic therapies [8]. Numerous publications including papers from our group have demonstrated that several signaling pathways that operate downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors contribute to therapy resistance of prostate cancer [7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Thus, activation of the PI3K/AKT (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B) pathway inhibits apoptosis in a wide range of cancers including prostate cancer. Inactivating mutations or deletions of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase that dephosphorylates PI3K products is the most common mechanism of constitutive activation of PI3K signaling that has been reported in 15–30% of primary and in the majority of metastatic prostate cancers [16,17,18,19,20,21,22].
Knocking out PTEN in the prostates of mice can trigger the development of prostate cancer [23]. Constitutive activation leads to “addiction” of cancer cells to the PI3K pathway; conversely, an inhibition of the PI3K pathway sensitizes prostate cancer cells to apoptosis [24,25,26]. Understanding PI3K–AKT–mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathways and development of clinically useful inhibitors remains an active area of cancer research [27,28,29,30,31,32].
In 2012 [33] we reported that prodrugs containing PI3K inhibitors could be activated via peptide cleavage by prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Cheng and coworkers have also reported generation of prostate-selective PI3K inhibitors [34]. We have already shown specific inhibition of PI3K in PSA-secreting prostate cancer cells by a Mu-LEHSSKLQL-LY294002 (prodrug-LY294002) [33]. However, LY294002 inhibits PI3K at relatively high concentrations (25 µM) and is rapidly metabolized, so while its ease of synthesis made it a good choice for proof of concept, these pharmacological properties make it a poor candidate for in-vivo studies.
We were confident that PSA would cleave the Mu-LEHSSKLQL peptide after glutamine (Q), therefore leaving leucine (L) attached to the PI3K inhibitor [35]. Computer modeling of interactions between PI3K inhibitors and the ATP-binding cleft of PI3K were used to identify positions at which the PSA substrate peptide could be attached so that linker plus leucine will not diminish PI3K inhibition. Following our review of PI3K inhibitor literature [36], we were most interested in preparing trisubstituted pyrimidines and triazines as the next test of this prodrug concept, and here we report our work on pyrimidines.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

Synthesis and characterization of trisubstituted triazines and pyrimidines remains an active area of PI3K inhibition research [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. Since both core structures provide inhibitors that are quite active, we decided to prepare both trisubstituted triazines and trisubstituted pyrimidines, and here we report our work on the pyrimidines (Scheme 1). Target compounds reported here contain (1) a linker group terminating in a primary alcohol which can be used as a peptide linkage point; (2) morpholine (due to its known importance in PI3K inhibition [44]); and (3) a hydrogen-bonding aromatic or heteroaromatic group.
The triazine and pyrimidine cores offered simplicity in synthesis coupled with good PI3K inhibition activity [36,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]. Modelling as described previously [47,55,57] indicated that compounds containing the pyrimidine or triazine core substituted with a morpholine as well as an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing a hydrogen-bond donor exhibited Ki < 1 μM, good water solubility and hydrolytic stability. The third and final position on the pyrimidine/triazine core was left to be the attachment point for a functional group capable of serving as the link to the PSA-cleavable peptide sequence (Mu-LEHSSKLQL). Our initial work with LY 294002 analogs [33] used linkers that terminated in OH or NH2 groups so we initially chose those types of linkers again. In addition to this linker we were also interested in having a functional group in one of the other two core substituents that contained a heteroaromatic ring with a hydrogen-bonding substituent.
Given that we wanted to prepare trisubstituted pyrimidines containing a linker, an aromatic hydrogen-bond donor and a morpholine, we could conceivably initiate synthetic work by putting on any one of these three groups in step one. In practice, we envisioned replacing the last halogen on the pyrimidine via cross-coupling chemistry rather than nucleophilic substitution, so we left this to our third step. This decision meant we could initiate syntheses that started by adding linkers first or morpholine (Scheme 2) first.

2.2. First Addition Reaction (Scheme 2)

Sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions on 2,4,6-trichloropyrimidine present some challenges which are not present for the triazine core. Statistically, if one assumes all three chlorine-containing carbons are equally reactive, then the best one can hope for off the first nucleophilic addition is a 2:1 mixture of products. Separation can be effected then or sometimes others have then added a second nucleophile and separated the four products produced [46,59]. A second consideration is rate of reaction and isolated yields when one has the option of adding a primary amine or secondary amine as the first or second step in the sequence. In our hands, morpholine (7) added to trichloropyrimidine (5) much faster than the primary amines, and if we added morpholine (7) first then reactions of primary amines on a morpholine-substituted dichloropyrimidine (10 or 11) were very sluggish and hard to drive to completion. Given that, we decided to pursue adding primary amino alcohols to trichloropyrimidine first. We performed reactions using both 6-amino-1-hexanol (6a) and 4-aminomethylphenylmethanol (6b) and isolated much higher yields of products (8a/9a) from 6-amino-1-hexanol (6a) (Scheme 2). We decided to take the minor isomer (8a) on for convenience since subsequent nucleophilic additions (in our case here morpholine) to that compound can yield only one regioisomer (12) (whereas additions to 9a or 10 would be expected to yield two regioisomers). We isolated 12 in excellent yield and avoided the careful chromatographic separations needed for 8–11 at this disubstituted pyrimidine stage.

2.3. Third Addition Reaction (Scheme 3)

A variety of cross-coupling conditions were investigated in order to add the last heteroaromatic hydrogen-bonding substituent. For this work, we chose 2-aminopyrimidine-5-boronic acid pinacol ester (13) (Scheme 3). Pd(PPh3)4 (10 mol %) was used initially as a catalyst in DMSO, THF and DME (3:1 organic solvent: 2 M Na2CO3). DME proved superior and we observed no product when the 2 M Na2CO3 was eliminated. Pd(dppf)Cl2, Pd(OAc)2/PPh3, Pd(OAc)2/CuCl2/S-Phos and Pd(OAc)2/CuCl2/K3PO4/S-Phos were all investigated as catalysts and Pd(dppf)Cl2 provided the highest yield of cross-coupled product (14). Compound 14 proved to be as active a PI3K inhibitor as ZSTK 474 (see screening discussion below), and therefore we undertook preparation of its isomer as well as its preparation where leucine was added to the primary OH in the linker group.

2.4. Attempt to Prepare an Isomer of 14

We attempted to prepare an isomer of the active compound (14) by first performing a cross-coupling reaction on morpholine-substituted pyrimidine (11), and this reaction proceeded in good yield to produce 15 (Scheme 4). However, attempts to add primary amines to 15, with heat, Pd catalysts or Pd catalysts and heat proved unsuccessful.

2.5. Attempts to Prepare an Analog of 14 with a Terminal Alkyne Rather than Primary OH as Peptide Link Point

In our earlier work we had used a primary alcohol as a peptide attachment point when making PI3K-inhibitor prodrugs [33]. This necessitates an ester functional group for the attachment so we wanted to investigate other alternatives. We hoped that if we could prepare an analog of 14 with a terminal alkyne linker group then click chemistry would become an option for attaching peptide sequences. To test this option, we first added propargyl amine to trichloropyrimidine (5) as we had done for aminohexanol and this produced two isomers (16 and 17) as expected (Scheme 5). The symmetrical isomer (17) was taken on for the reasons outlined above and the morpholine-containing disubstituted pyrimidine (18) was isolated in high yield. Unfortunately, a variety of cross-coupling conditions for attachment of 13 to 18 (identical to the battery we had tried for 14) produced none of the desired cross-coupled trisubstituted product. We also tried back-tracking here and attempted to cross-couple 13 to 17 under a variety of conditions but those also failed, leaving us to conclude that the terminal alkyne was not compatible with these conditions.

2.6. Addition of Leucine to the Lead Compound (14)

Since compound 14 was quite active as a PI3K inhibitor (see screening discussion below), we undertook its preparation where leucine was added to the primary OH in the linker group. In our earlier work [33], we demonstrated that peptide (Mu-LEHSSKLQ) in prostate-specific prodrugs is cleaved between L and Q, so the leucine residue remains attached to the PI3K inhibitor. To mimic the prodrug cleaved by PSA, Boc-protected leucine was coupled to 14 to produce 19 in good yield and then the protecting group was removed to yield 20 (Scheme 6).

2.7. Biological Activity

The biological activities of new PI3K-inhibitor compounds (14) and (20) were tested in C4-2 prostate cancer cells with constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. C4-2 cells were derived by passaging of prostate cancer metastases-derived LNCaP cells through nude mice and characterized by increased propensity to form metastases in mice. The PI3K/AKT pathway is activated in these cells due to frame-shift mutation in the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene. Activation of PI3K leads to accumulation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) in the plasma membrane that recruits protein kinases AKT and PDK1 through binding to their PH domains. Interaction of PIP3 with the PH domain changes AKT conformation and opens access for PDK1 to phosphorylate at T308, and also allows phosphorylation at S473 by TORC2 complex. Thus, phosphorylation of AKT at S473 and T308 is routinely used to monitor the PI3K activity because it depends on activation of the PI3K pathway in most cells [59].
Phosphorylation of AKT at S473 in C4-2 cells has been used in this study to assess the PI3K inhibition. Figure 1 shows representative Western blots that illustrate inhibition of S473AKT phosphorylation by 14 and by 20, which contains the leucine linker. Quantitative comparison of Western blots showed that IC50 values for 14 and 20 were 3.2- and 1.5-fold lower compared to ZSTK474, a widely used PI3K inhibitor.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Compound Synthesis

3.1.1. General Methods

The general experimental methods used here were essentially the same as those we have described previously [33]. Copies of spectra that the data presented below are taken from are also included as supplementary materials.

3.1.2. 6-((4,6-Dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (8a) and 6-((2,6-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (9a)

Trichloropyrimidine (5) (0.917 g, 5.00 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 mL). 6-Amino-1-hexanol (6a) (1.05 eq., 0.615 g, 5.25 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4 eq., 2.59 g, 0.020 mol) were added dropwise at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for three hours. The product was condensed by rotary evaporation and purified on silica using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:1) to give 6-((4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (8a) (0.493 g, 1.87 mmol, 37%): Rf 0.45 (50% EtOAc in hexanes) and 6-((2,6-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (9a) (0.730 g, 2.78 mmol, 55%): Rf 0.6 (50% EtOAc in hexanes) as clear oils. 6-((4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (8a): 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.43 (br s, 1H), 3.65 (t, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (app q, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 1.59 (m, 6H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.34 (br s, 1H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) (We should note that we rarely see the C bonded to 3 nitrogens due to 14N quadrupolar broadening) δ 162.14, 108.62, 62.71, 41.46, 36.68, 32.58, 29.16, 26.51, 25.38. Elem. anal. calcd. for C10H15N3OCl2: C, 45.47; H, 5.72; found: C, 45.72; H, 5.72. 6-((2,6-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (9a): 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.26 (s, 1H), 5.60 (br s, 1H), 3.66 (t, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (br s, 2H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.66 (br s, 1H), 1.42 (m, 4H). 13C-NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl3) δ 164.20, 160.86, 159.67, 62.67, 41.95, 32.43, 28.85, 26.50, 25.36. HRMS [M + H]+ calcd. for C10H15N3OCl2: 264.0665; found: 264.0665.

3.1.3. (4-(((2,6-Dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)phenyl)methanol, (8b) (4-(((4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)phenyl)methanol, (9b)

2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine (5) (0.158 g, 0.86 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (3 mL) and cooled to 0 °C. 4-(Aminomethyl)phenyl)methanol (6b) (1.1 eq., 0.130 g, 0.95 mmol) and DIEA (4 eq., 0.445 g, 3.44 mmol) were added before warming the reaction to room temperature while stirring vigorously for 15 min. The reaction was concentrated via rotary evaporation and high vacuum. Two products were purified via column chromatography (50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield major isomer (9b) (0.086 g, 0.30 mmol, 35%) and minor isomer (8b) (0.032 g, 0.112 mmol, 13%). Data for 9b: Elem. anal. for C12H11Cl2N3O: C, 50.72 (found 50.72); H, 3.90 (4.11). 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.86 (s, 0H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.34–7.18 (m, 4H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.14 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (dd, J = 8.5, 5.7 Hz, 4H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 163.98, 159.03, 156.92, 141.55, 136.23, 127.29, 126.77, 126.54, 102.71, 62.59, 43.67, 40.21. HRMS [M]+ calculated for C12H11N3OCl2, 284.0279; found 284.0366. Data for 8b: Elem. anal. calcd. for C12H11Cl2N3O: C, 50.72 (found 51.41); H, 3.90 (4.17). 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.65 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 24H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 5.11 (td, J = 5.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (dd, J = 6.0, 4.4 Hz, 4H), 3.27 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 0H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 161.46, 161.03, 160.88, 141.15, 137.05, 126.88, 126.44, 107.71, 62.65, 43.92, 39.37, 39.05, 38.80. HRMS [M]+ calcd. for C12H11N3OCl2, 284.0279; found 284.0359.

3.1.4. 4-(2,6-Dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine, (10) and 4-(4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)morpholine, (11)

2,4,6-Trichloropyrimidine (5) (3.158 g, 17.22 mmol) and acetone (60 mL) were combined and cooled to 0 °C. Morpholine (7) (1.05 eq., 1.576 g, 18.09 mmol) was added and the solution stirred at 0 °C for 15 min then warmed to room temperature for another 15 min. The reaction was monitored by TLC analysis (20% ethyl acetate in hexanes). The reaction was then concentrated via rotary evaporation and further dried under high vacuum. Product was purified using silica column chromatography with 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes as the eluent. 10 (major regioisomer) (3.183 g, 13.6 mmol, 79%). Elem. anal. for C8H9N3OCl2: C, 41.05 (found 42.27); H, 3.88 (found 4.06). 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.40 (s, 1H), 3.82–3.70 (m, 4H), 3.65 (m, 4H). HRMS [M]+ calcd. for C8H9N3OCl2, 234.0201; found 234.0196. 11 (minor regioisomer) (0.806 g, 3.444 mmol, 20%). 1H-NMR (300 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 6.56 (s, 1H), 3.85–3.60 (m, 8H). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, chloroform-d) δ 161.75, 160.55, 108.31, 66.59, 44.39. HRMS [M]+ calcd. for C8H9N3OCl2, 234.0201; found 234.0196.

3.1.5. 6-((4-Chloro-6-morpholinopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (12)

6-((4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (8a) (0.200 g, 0.757 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (20 mL). Morpholine (7) (1.05 eq., 0.069 g, 0.795 mmol) and triethylamine (4 eq., 0.306 mL, 3.03 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature (24 h). The product was condensed by rotary evaporation and purified on silica using ethyl acetate to give 6-((4-chloro-6-morpholinopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (12) (0.181 g, 0.576 mmol, 76%): Rf 0.7 (100% EtOAc) as a clear oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.84 (s, 1H), 5.22 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (m, 4H), 3.62 (t, J = 7 Hz, 2H), 3.55 (m, 4H), 3.33 (q, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (br s, 1H), 1.57 (m, 4H), 1.37 (m, 4H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.66, 161.60, 160.28, 90.97, 66.48, 62.74, 44.33, 41.25, 32.63, 29.52, 26.69, 25.50. Elem. anal. calcd. for C14H23N4O2Cl: C, 53.41%; H, 7.36%; found: C, 53.50%; H, 7.29%.

3.1.6. 6-((2′-Amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (14)

6-((4-chloro-6-morpholinopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (12) (0.150 g, 0.477 mmol) was dissolved in 3:1 DME/2 M Na2CO3 (8 mL) in a sealed tube. Nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for two minutes. 2-Aminopyrimidine-5-boronic acid pinacol ester (13) (2 eq., 0.208 g, 0.955 mmol) and (1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride (0.15 eq., 0.058 g, 0.072 mmol) were added and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution again for five minutes. The tube was sealed and stirred in an oil bath at 60 °C for 24 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and quenched with aqueous sodium carbonate. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 10mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and condensed by rotary evaporation. The product was purified on silica using 5% ethanol in ethyl acetate to produce 6-((2′-amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (14) (0.048 g, 0.129 mmol, 27%): Rf 0.15 (5% EtOH in EtOAc) as a light brown powder. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.84 (s, 2H), 6.11 (s, 1H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 5.18 (br s, 1H), 3.79 (m, 4H), 3.64 (m, 6H), 3.42 (q, J = 6 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (br s, 1H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.45 (m, 4H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.74, 163.31, 162.29, 159.93, 157.12, 122.42, 87.13, 66.63, 62.75, 44.33, 41.30, 32.68, 29.72, 26.78, 25.53. HRMS [M + H]+ calcd for C18H27N7O2: 374.2300; found: 374.2300.

3.1.7. 6-Chloro-2-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2′-amine (15)

4-(4,6-Dichloropyrimidin-2-yl)morpholine (11) (0.100 g, 0.429 mmol) and 2-aminopyrimidine-5-boronic acid pinacol ester (13) (1.8 eq., 0.170 g, 0.769 mmol) were dissolved in 3:1 DME/2 M Na2CO3 (8 mL). This solution was degassed for two minutes with nitrogen. Palladium acetate (0.15 eq., 0.014 g, 0.062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (0.15 eq., 0.105 g, 0.064 mmol) were added and nitrogen was bubbled through the solution for 5 min. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 80 °C for three hours. It was then allowed to cool to room temperature and quenched with aqueous sodium carbonate. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 15 mL), dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and condensed by rotary evaporation. A 1000 μM prep-TLC plate was used to purify the product using ethyl acetate as the mobile phase to give 6-chloro-2-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2′-amine (15) (0.088 g, 0.300 mmol, 70%): Rf 0.3 (EtOAc) as a light-brown powder. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.91 (s, 2H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 3.88 (m, 4H), 3.78 (m, 4H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 163.81, 161.74, 157.63, 132.04, 128.48, 120.53, 103.20, 66.74, 44.34.

3.1.8. 2-(But-3-yn-1-yl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (17) and 4-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-2,6-dichloropyrimidine (16)

Trichloropyrimidine (5) (0.917 g, 5.00 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 mL). Propargylamine (1.05 eq., 0.547 g, 5.25 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4 eq., 2.59 g, 0.020 mol) were added dropwise at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for three hours. The product was condensed by rotary evaporation and purified on silica using ethyl acetate and hexanes (1:5) to give 2-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (17) (0.261 g, 1.29 mmol, 26%): Rf 0.5 (1:5 EtOAc in hexanes) and 4-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-2,6-dichloropyrimidine (16) (0.595 g, 2.95 mmol, 59%): Rf 0.4 (1:5 EtOAc in hexanes) as light-yellow powders. 2-(But-3-yn-1-yl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (17): 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.44 (br s, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J = 6, 3 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J = 3 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.30, 160.89, 110.10, 79.21, 71.71, 31.47. HRMS [M + H]+ calcd for C7H5N3Cl2: 201.9930; found: 201.9930. 4-(But-3-yn-1-yl)-2,6-dichloropyrimidine (16): 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.31 (s, 1H), 5.33 (br s, 1H), 4.09 (br s, 2H), 2.25 (t, J = 3 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.25, 163.75, 159.87, 101.27, 72.83, 60.43, 31.44. HRMS [M + H]+ calcd. for C7H5N3Cl2: 201.9930; found: 201.9932.

3.1.9. 4-(2-(But-3-yn-1-yl)-6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine (18)

2-(But-3-yn-1-yl)-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (4) (0.231 g, 1.64 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (20 mL). Morpholine (1.05 eq., 0.141 g, 1.04 mmol) and triethylamine (4 eq., 0.306 mL, 3.03 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature (24 h). A pure product precipitated out with the addition of cold distilled water (60 mL) which was filtered and dried by vacuum to give 4-(2-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)morpholine (6) (0.345 g, 1.64 mmol, 84%): Rf 0.5 (50% EtOAc in hexanes) as a white powder. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.92 (s, 1H), 5.12 (br s, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J = 5, 2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (m, 4H), 3.58 (t, J = 5 Hz, 4H), 2.19 (m, 1H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 162.95, 160.99, 159.88, 92.50, 79.67, 71.62, 66.79, 44.25, 30.90. HRMS [M + H]+ calcd. for C11H13N4OCl: 253.0850; found: 253.0849.

3.1.10. 6-((2′-Amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexyl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-leucinate (19)

6-((2′-Amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (14) (0.050 g, 0.134 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM), (15 mL). N-α-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-l-leucine (2 eq., 0.062 g, 0.268 mmol), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (2 eq., 0.055 g, 0.268 mmol), and dimethylaminopyridine (1 eq., 0.016 g, 0.134 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h under nitrogen. The reaction was diluted with DCM (30 mL) and extracted with three separate aqueous solutions: Cold 1 M HCL (30 mL), saturated NaHCO3 (30 mL) and brine (30 mL). The organic fraction was dried with sodium sulfate and condensed by rotary evaporation. The product was purified on silica using 5% ethanol in ethyl acetate to yield 6-((2′-amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexyl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-leucinate (19) (0.044 g, 0.075 mmol, 56%): Rf 0.5 (5% EtOH in EtOAc) as an off-white powder. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.85 (s, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.50 (br s, 2H), 5.13 (br s, 1H), 5.00 (br s, 1H), 4.31 (br s, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 3.79 (m, 4H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 3.43 (q, J = 4, 2H), 1.67-1.45 (m, 11H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 0.93 (m, 6H). 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) δ 173.61, 163.80, 163.42, 162.39, 160.14, 157.10, 155.42, 122.51, 87.08, 79.72, 66.62, 65.11, 52.16, 44.33, 41.87, 41.26, 29.76, 28.33, 26.61, 25.65, 24.80, 22.80, 21.96. HRMS [M]+ calcd. for C28H46N8O5: 587.3665; found: 587.3665.

3.1.11. 6-((2′-Amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexyl-l-leucinate (20)

6-((2′-Amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexyl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-leucinate (19) (0.130 g, 0.222 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 mL). p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (2 eq., 0.084 g, 0.444 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 48 h. p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (1 eq., 0.042 g, 0.222 mmol) was added and the solution continued to stir for 24 h. At this point the reaction was monitored by LC/MS showing approximately 66% product creation. Additional p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (3 eq., 0.126 g, 0.666 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for an additional 48 h. The reaction mixture was condensed by rotary evaporation. The solid residue was then added to cold water (10 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 10 mL). To the aqueous fraction, saturated sodium carbonate (20 mL) was added and this was extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate (20 mL). The organic fractions were combined and condensed by rotary evaporation and high vacuum to give 6-((2′-amino-6-morpholino-[4,5′-bipyrimidin]-2-yl)amino)hexyl-l-leucinate (20) (0.062 g, 0.127 mmol, 58%): Rf 0.4 (5% EtOH in EtOAc) as a clear oil. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.85 (s, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.27 (br s, 2H), 4.98 (br s, 1H), 4.11 (t, J = 4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (m, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 3.54 (br s, 1H), 3.43 (m, 3H), 1.65 (m, 6H), 1.38 (m, 4H), 1.13 (br s, 2H), 0.93 (t, J = 5 Hz, 6H). 13C-NMR (75.47 MHz, CDCl3) δ 174.67, 161.71, 161.37, 160.25, 158.00, 155.05, 120.35, 85.05, 64.55, 62.71, 50.83, 42.27, 39.24, 27.69, 26.51, 24.61, 23.66, 22.72, 20.88, 19.84.

3.2. Western Blot Analysis on Synthesized PI3K Inhibitors

General Methods

Analysis of PI3K inhibitors in C4-2 cells has been conducted essentially as previously described in Baiz et al. [33]. Briefly, cells were treated with compounds dissolved in DMSO or with solvent alone for 1 h. Then, cells were placed on ice and lysed in LSB buffer (20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, 1mM EDTA, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.4) that contained protease inhibitors (10 μg/mL aprotinin, 10 μg/mL leupeptin, 10 μg/mL pepstatin, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM PMSF) and phosphatase inhibitors (1 mM NaVO4, 50 mM β-glycerophosphate, 40 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate, 40 mM NaF and 1 μg/mL microcystin). Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C to remove nonsoluble material, and the supernatants equalized by protein content were separated on 12% SDS–PAGE gels and transferred onto a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Detection of pS473 was performed with rabbit polyclonal phospho-AKT (Ser473) (D9E) XP. Equal loading was controlled by staining membranes with Ponceau S and by probing the membranes with anti-AKT or anti-β-actin antibodies. AKT and pS473 antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA), anti-β-actin antibodies and other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Secondary goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit antibodies were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Protein bands were quantified using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) [33].

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we conducted the synthesis and pilot characterization of a new trisubstituted pyrimidine PI3K inhibitor (14) with increased potency compared to the well-characterized PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474. We also demonstrated that this new compound can be used to produce a latent prodrug selectively activated in prostate tumors that secretes prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protease. Thus, attachment of a leucine linker did not prevent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation and hence did not prevent the inhibition of PI3K by the modified inhibitor (20). The leucine linker remains on the prodrug after cleavage by PSA of an inhibitor peptide that prevents penetration of inactive prodrug into target cells [33]. Future experiments will examine the toxicity profile of the new PI3K inhibitor and will determine if prodrugs based on this compound would provide more potent inhibition of PI3K in prostate tumors that secrete PSA compared to currently used PI3K inhibitors.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials include spectral data for new compounds.

Author Contributions

E.W. performed most of the synthetic work described here while R.N. performed the remainder and Y.K. performed most of the biological evaluation work described here. G.K. performed some of the biological evaluation. E.W., R.N., M.W. and G.K. co-authored this manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute under grant R21CA182248 and by Alfaisal University under SRG Grant 407071502154.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support from the Wake Forest University Collaborative Research Fund, Pilot Project Grant from the Comprehensive Cancer Center at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, R21CA182248 Grant from NCI, and SRG Grant 407071502154 from Alfaisal University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Kuhn, J.-M.; Billebaud, T.; Navratil, H.; Moulonguet, A.; Fiet, J.; Grise, P.; Louis, J.-F.; Costa, P.; Husson, J.-M.; Dahan, R.; et al. Prevention of the Transient Adverse Effects of a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue (Buserelin) in Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma by Administration of an Antiandrogen (Nilutamide). N. Engl. J. Med. 1989, 321, 413–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Rini, B.I.; Small, E.J. Hormone-Refractory prostate cancer. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 2002, 3, 437–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Denis, L.; Murphy, G.P. Overview of Phase-III Trials on Combined Androgen Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Prostate-Cancer. Cancer 1993, 72, 3888–3895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Dorkin, T.J.; Neal, D.E. Basic science aspects of prostate cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 1997, 8, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Tang, D.G.; Porter, A.T. Target to apoptosis: A hopeful weapon for prostate cancer. Prostate 1997, 32, 284–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tran, C.; Ouk, S.; Clegg, N.J.; Chen, Y.; Watson, P.A.; Arora, V.; Wongvipat, J.; Smith-Jones, P.M.; Yoo, D.; Kwon, A.; et al. Development of a Second-Generation Antiandrogen for Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Science 2009, 324, 787–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  7. Fizazi, K.; Scher, H.I.; Molina, A.; Logothetis, C.J.; Chi, K.N.; Jones, R.J.; Staffurth, J.N.; North, S.; Vogelzang, N.J.; Saad, F.; et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13, 983–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kyprianou, N.; Isaacs, J.T. Activation of Programmed Cell-Death in the Rat Ventral Prostate after Castration. Endocrinology 1988, 122, 552–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Tang, K.D.; Ling, M.T. Targeting Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibition. Curr. Med. Chem. 2014, 21, 3048–3056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Ma, X.; Hu, Y. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Cascade: The Medicinal Potential, Updated Research Highlights and Challenges Ahead. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013, 20, 2991–3010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Cohen, M.B.; Rokhlin, O.W. Mechanisms of prostate cancer cell survival after inhibition of AR expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 2009, 106, 363–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  12. Khurshid Qazi, A.; Hussain, A.; Hamid, A.; Qurishi, Y.; Majeed, R.; Ahmad, M.; Ahmad Najar, R.; Ahmad Bhat, J.; Kumar Singh, S.; Afzal Zargar, M.; et al. Recent Development in Targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling for Anticancer Therapeutic Strategies. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2013, 13, 1552–1564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Shen, M.M.; Abate-Shen, C. Pten Inactivation and the Emergence of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 6535–6538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Mulholland, D.J.; Dedhar, S.; Wu, H.; Nelson, C.C. PTEN and GSK3β: Key regulators of progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer. Oncogene 2006, 25, 329–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Uzoh, C.C.; Perks, C.M.; Bahl, A.; Holly, J.M.P.; Sugiono, M.; Persad, R.A. PTEN-mediated pathways and their association with treatment-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2009, 104, 556–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  16. Taylor, B.S.; Schultz, N.; Hieronymus, H.; Gopalan, A.; Xiao, Y.; Carver, B.S.; Arora, V.K.; Kaushik, P.; Cerami, E.; Reva, B.; et al. Integrative Genomic Profiling of Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Cell 2010, 18, 11–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Yuan, T.L.; Cantley, L.C. PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: Variations on a theme. Oncogene 2008, 27, 5497–5510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Whang, Y.E.; Wu, X.Y.; Suzuki, H.; Reiter, R.E.; Tran, C.; Vessella, R.L.; Said, J.W.; Isaacs, W.B.; Sawyers, C.L. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC1 in advanced human prostate cancer through loss of expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 5246–5250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Bertram, J.; Peacock, J.W.; Fazli, L.; Mui, A.L.-F.; Chung, S.W.; Cox, M.E.; Monia, B.; Gleave, M.E.; Ong, C.J. Loss of PTEN is associated with progression to androgen independence. Prostate 2006, 66, 895–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Cairns, P.; Okami, K.; Halachmi, S.; Halachmi, N.; Esteller, M.; Herman, J.G.; Jen, J.; Isaacs, W.B.; Bova, G.S.; Sidransky, D. Frequent Inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 in Primary Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 4997–5000. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  21. Suzuki, H.; Freije, D.; Nusskern, D.R.; Okami, K.; Cairns, P.; Sidransky, D.; Isaacs, W.B.; Bova, G.S. Interfocal Heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 Gene Alterations in Multiple Metastatic Prostate Cancer Tissues. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 204–209. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  22. Robinson, D.; van Allen, E.M.; Wu, Y.-M.; Schultz, N.; Lonigro, R.J.; Mosquera, J.-M.; Montgomery, B.; Taplin, M.-E.; Pritchard, C.C.; Attard, G.; et al. Integrative clinical genomics of advanced prostate cancer. Cell 2015, 161, 1215–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Wang, S.; Gao, J.; Lei, Q.; Rozengurt, N.; Pritchard, C.; Jiao, J.; Thomas, G.V.; Li, G.; Roy-Burman, P.; Nelson, P.S.; et al. Prostate-specific deletion of the murine Pten tumor suppressor gene leads to metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2003, 4, 209–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Sarker, D.; Reid, A.H.M.; Yap, T.A.; de Bono, J.S. Targeting the PI3K/AKT Pathway for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15, 4799–4805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Lin, J.Q.; Adam, R.M.; Santiestevan, E.; Freeman, M.R. The phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase pathway is a dominant growth factor-activated cell survival pathway in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 2891–2897. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  26. Gupta, A.K.; Cerniglia, G.J.; Mick, R.; Ahmed, M.S.; Bakanauskas, V.J.; Muschel, R.J.; McKenna, W.G. Radiation sensitization of human cancer cells in vivo by inhibiting the activity of PI3K using LY294002. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2003, 56, 846–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Wadhwa, B.; Makhdoomi, U.; Vishwakarma, R.; Malik, F. Protein kinase B: Emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific regulation of cellular signaling in cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2017, 28, 569–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. De Felice, F.; Urbano, T.G. New drug development in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: The PI3-K inhibitors. Oral Oncol. 2017, 67, 119–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Ciccarese, C.; Massari, F.; Iacovelli, R.; Fiorentino, M.; Montironi, R.; di Nunno, V.; Giunchi, F.; Brunelli, M.; Tortora, G. Prostate cancer heterogeneity: Discovering novel molecular targets for therapy. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2017, 54, 68–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Wise, H.M.; Hermida, M.A.; Leslie, N.R. Prostate cancer, PI3K, PTEN and prognosis. Clin. Sci. 2017, 131, 197–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Liu, Y.; Wan, W.Z.; Li, Y.; Zhou, G.L.; Liu, X.G. Recent development of ATP-competitive small molecule phosphatidylinostitol-3-kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 7181–7200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Armstrong, A.J.; Halabi, S.; Healy, P.; Alumkal, J.J.; Winters, C.; Kephart, J.; Bitting, R.L.; Hobbs, C.; Soleau, C.F.; Beer, T.M.; et al. Phase II trial of the PI3 kinase inhibitor buparlisib (BKM-120) with or without enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2017, 81, 228–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Baiz, D.; Pinder, T.A.; Hassan, S.; Karpova, Y.; Salsbury, F.; Welker, M.E.; Kulik, G. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Prostate Cancer-Targeted Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase Inhibitor Prodrug. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8038–8046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Tai, W.; Shukla, R.S.; Qin, B.; Li, B.; Cheng, K. Development of a Peptide–Drug Conjugate for Prostate Cancer Therapy. Mol. Pharm. 2011, 8, 901–912. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  35. Coombs, G.S.; Bergstrom, R.C.; Pellequer, J.-L.; Baker, S.I.; Navre, M.; Smith, M.M.; Tainer, J.A.; Madison, E.L.; Corey, D.R. Substrate specificity of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 475–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Welker, M.E.; Kulik, G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 4063–4091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Elshemy, H.A.H.; Abdelall, E.K.A.; Azouz, A.A.; Moawad, A.; Ali, W.A.M.; Safwat, N.M. Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, cyclooxygenases inhibitions assays and histopathological study of poly-substituted 1,3,5-triazines: Confirmation of regiospecific pyrazole cyclization by HMBC. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 127, 10–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Plebanek, E.; Chevrier, F.; Roy, V.; Garenne, T.; Lecaille, F.; Warszycki, D.; Bojarski, A.J.; Lalmanach, G.; Agrofoglio, L.A. Straightforward synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazine compounds targeting cysteine cathepsins K and S. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 121, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Latacz, G.; Kechagioglou, P.; Papi, R.; Lazewska, D.; Wiecek, M.; Kaminska, K.; Wencel, P.; Karcz, T.; Schwed, J.S.; Stark, H.; et al. The Synthesis of 1,3,5-triazine Derivatives and JNJ7777120 Analogues with Histamine H-4 Receptor Affinity and Their Interaction with PTEN Promoter. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2016, 88, 254–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Singla, P.; Luxami, V.; Paul, K. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel triazine analogues as anticancer agents and their interaction studies with bovine serum albumin. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 117, 59–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Singla, P.; Luxami, V.; Paul, K. Synthesis, in vitro antitumor activity, dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, DNA intercalation and structure-activity relationship studies of 1,3,5-triazine analogues. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 518–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Bhat, H.R.; Singh, U.P.; Gahtori, P.; Ghosh, S.K.; Gogoi, K.; Prakash, A.; Singh, R.K. Synthesis, Docking, In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Hybrid 4-aminoquinoline-1,3,5-triazine Derivatives against Wild and Mutant Malaria Parasites. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2015, 86, 265–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Wang, X.M.; Xu, J.; Xin, M.H.; Lu, S.M.; Zhang, S.Q. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity evaluation of m-(4-morpholinyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)benzamides in vitro. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 1730–1735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Andrs, M.; Korabecny, J.; Jun, D.; Hodny, Z.; Bartek, J.; Kuca, K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Related Kinase (PIKK) Inhibitors: Importance of the Morpholine Ring. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 41–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Zhao, X.D.; Tan, Q.; Zhang, Z.T.; Zhao, Y. 1,3,5-Triazine inhibitors of histone deacetylases: Synthesis and biological activity. Med. Chem. Res. 2014, 23, 5188–5196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Burger, M.T.; Knapp, M.; Wagman, A.; Ni, Z.J.; Hendrickson, T.; Atallah, G.; Zhang, Y.C.; Frazier, K.; Verhagen, J.; Pfister, K.; et al. Synthesis and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Phosphoinositide-3-kinase Inhibitors. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Burger, M.T.; Pecchi, S.; Wagman, A.; Ni, Z.-J.; Knapp, M.; Hendrickson, T.; Atallah, G.; Pfister, K.; Zhang, Y.; Bartulis, S.; et al. Identification of NVP-BKM120 as a Potent, Selective, Orally Bioavailable Class I PI3 Kinase Inhibitor for Treating Cancer. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 2, 774–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Bendell, J.C.; Rodon, J.; Burris, H.A.; de Jonge, M.; Verweij, J.; Birle, D.; Demanse, D.; de Buck, S.S.; Ru, Q.C.; Peters, M.; et al. Phase I, Dose-Escalation Study of BKM120, an Oral Pan-Class I PI3K Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30, 282–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Ren, H.; Chen, M.; Yue, P.; Tao, H.; Owonikoko, T.K.; Ramalingam, S.S.; Khuri, F.R.; Sun, S.-Y. The combination of RAD001 and NVP-BKM120 synergistically inhibits the growth of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett. 2012, 325, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  50. Ibrahim, Y.H.; García-García, C.; Serra, V.; He, L.; Torres-Lockhart, K.; Prat, A.; Anton, P.; Cozar, P.; Guzmán, M.; Grueso, J.; et al. PI3K Inhibition Impairs BRCA1/2 Expression and Sensitizes BRCA-Proficient Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to PARP Inhibition. Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 1036–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  51. Juvekar, A.; Burga, L.N.; Hu, H.; Lunsford, E.P.; Ibrahim, Y.H.; Balmañà, J.; Rajendran, A.; Papa, A.; Spencer, K.; Lyssiotis, C.A.; et al. Combining a PI3K Inhibitor with a PARP Inhibitor Provides an Effective Therapy for BRCA1-Related Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2012, 2, 1048–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Nanni, P.; Nicoletti, G.; Palladini, A.; Croci, S.; Murgo, A.; Ianzano, M.L.; Grosso, V.; Stivani, V.; Antognoli, A.; Lamolinara, A.; et al. Multiorgan Metastasis of Human HER-2+ Breast Cancer in Rag2−/−; Il2rg−/− Mice and Treatment with PI3K Inhibitor. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e39626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Sutherlin, D.P.; Bao, L.; Berry, M.; Castanedo, G.; Chuckowree, I.; Dotson, J.; Folks, A.; Friedman, L.; Goldsmith, R.; Gunzner, J.; et al. Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Kinase Inhibitor (GDC-0980) for the Treatment of Cancer. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 7579–7587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Safina, B.S.; Baker, S.; Baumgardner, M.; Blaney, P.M.; Chan, B.K.; Chen, Y.-H.; Cartwright, M.W.; Castanedo, G.; Chabot, C.; Cheguillaume, A.J.; et al. Discovery of Novel PI3-Kinase δ Specific Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Taming CYP3A4 Time-Dependent Inhibition. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 5887–5900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Zhu, W.; Zhai, X.; Fu, Q.; Guo, F.; Bai, M.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Gong, P. Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of 4-Morpholinothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine Derivatives Bearing Arylmethylene Hydrazine Moiety. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2012, 60, 1037–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Sutherlin, D.P.; Baker, S.; Bisconte, A.; Blaney, P.M.; Brown, A.; Chan, B.K.; Chantry, D.; Castanedo, G.; DePledge, P.; Goldsmith, P.; et al. Potent and selective inhibitors of PI3Kδ: Obtaining isoform selectivity from the affinity pocket and tryptophan shelf. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 4296–4302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Liu, K.K.-C.; Bailey, S.; Dinh, D.M.; Lam, H.; Li, C.; Wells, P.A.; Yin, M.-J.; Zou, A. Conformationally-restricted cyclic sulfones as potent and selective mTOR kinase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 5114–5117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  58. Heffron, T.P.; Salphati, L.; Alicke, B.; Cheong, J.; Dotson, J.; Edgar, K.; Goldsmith, R.; Gould, S.E.; Lee, L.B.; Lesnick, J.D.; et al. The Design and Identification of Brain Penetrant Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase α. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8007–8020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Bayascas, J.R.; Alessi, D.R. Regulation of AKT/PKB Ser473 Phosphorylation. Mol. Cell 2005, 18, 143–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Molecules 23 01675 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Retrosynthesis of trisubstituted pyrimidines.
Scheme 1. Retrosynthesis of trisubstituted pyrimidines.
Molecules 23 01675 sch001
Molecules 23 01675 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of chloropyrimidines.
Scheme 2. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of chloropyrimidines.
Molecules 23 01675 sch002
Molecules 23 01675 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Cross-coupling reaction of disubstituted pyrimidine (12).
Scheme 3. Cross-coupling reaction of disubstituted pyrimidine (12).
Molecules 23 01675 sch003
Molecules 23 01675 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Cross-coupling of dichloromorpholinopyrimidine (11).
Scheme 4. Cross-coupling of dichloromorpholinopyrimidine (11).
Molecules 23 01675 sch004
Molecules 23 01675 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Use of propargyl amine as a potential peptide link point.
Scheme 5. Use of propargyl amine as a potential peptide link point.
Molecules 23 01675 sch005
Molecules 23 01675 sch006 550
Scheme 6. Addition of leucine to lead compound 14.
Scheme 6. Addition of leucine to lead compound 14.
Molecules 23 01675 sch006
Molecules 23 01675 g001 550
Figure 1. Representative Western blots of S473AKT phosphorylation in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. (A) C4-2 cells were treated with ZSTK474 (10 µM) or compound 14 (100, 10, 1, 0.1 µM); (B) C4-2 cells were treated with ZSTK474 (10 µM) or compound 20 (100, 10, 1, 0.1 µM). Equal loading is controlled by probing Western blot for beta-actin.
Figure 1. Representative Western blots of S473AKT phosphorylation in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. (A) C4-2 cells were treated with ZSTK474 (10 µM) or compound 14 (100, 10, 1, 0.1 µM); (B) C4-2 cells were treated with ZSTK474 (10 µM) or compound 20 (100, 10, 1, 0.1 µM). Equal loading is controlled by probing Western blot for beta-actin.
Molecules 23 01675 g001

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wright, E.W.; Nelson, R.A., Jr.; Karpova, Y.; Kulik, G.; Welker, M.E. Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines. Molecules 2018, 23, 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071675

AMA Style

Wright EW, Nelson RA Jr., Karpova Y, Kulik G, Welker ME. Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines. Molecules. 2018; 23(7):1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071675

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wright, Emily W., Ronald A. Nelson, Jr., Yelena Karpova, George Kulik, and Mark E. Welker. 2018. "Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines" Molecules 23, no. 7: 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071675

APA Style

Wright, E. W., Nelson, R. A., Jr., Karpova, Y., Kulik, G., & Welker, M. E. (2018). Synthesis and PI3 Kinase Inhibition Activity of Some Novel Trisubstituted Morpholinopyrimidines. Molecules, 23(7), 1675. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071675

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop