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29 pages, 41830 KiB  
Article
Beaches’ Expulsion from Paradise: From a Natural to an Artificial Littoral in Tuscany (Italy)
by Enzo Pranzini, Irene Cinelli and Giorgio Anfuso
Coasts 2024, 4(4), 697-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts4040037 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the shoreline evolution of the Tuscany coast (Italy) from 1878–1883 to 2019. The 205 km sandy coastline, divided into 821 sectors, each one 250 m long, was analyzed to understand how human activities have altered this once-pristine coast. Sub-period analyses [...] Read more.
This study investigated the shoreline evolution of the Tuscany coast (Italy) from 1878–1883 to 2019. The 205 km sandy coastline, divided into 821 sectors, each one 250 m long, was analyzed to understand how human activities have altered this once-pristine coast. Sub-period analyses highlighted the impacts, both positive and negative, of various shore-protection projects. Initially, regional beaches were undeveloped and accreting, except for a few river deltas where alternating phases of erosion and accretion were observed. Coastal erosion began at deltas’ areas due to the reduction in sediment inputs and, at other areas, enhanced by the development of human settlements and tourism activities. This triggered the construction of protection structures that shifted erosion processes downdrift, a process that induced the downdrift extension of the structures (according to the “domino” effect), determining the transformation of a completely natural and resilient environment into a largely rigid one. Beach nourishment projects, mostly using inland quarries, added about 1 million cubic meters of sediment from the 1980s to 2019. Currently, 57.8% of beaches are larger than in the 1880s, 9.4% did not change and 32.8% are narrower. Overall, the Tuscan coast gained 6.5 km2 of beach surface with an average shoreline advancement of 32 m. Recent trends (2005–2019) show that 37.7% of the coast is eroding, 21.1% is stable, and 41.2% is accreting, with a total surface area increase of about 200,000 m2. The beach surface area is still increasing despite the existing reduced sediment input due to the limited sediment loss resulting from the presence of morphological cells enclosed by very prominent headlands and the absence of submarine canyons that would otherwise direct sediments to the continental shelf. Full article
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14 pages, 3625 KiB  
Article
MnOx and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO2 Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control
by Bozhidar I. Stefanov and Hristo G. Kolev
Photochem 2024, 4(4), 474-487; https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (DUV) on the photodeposition of MnOx and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO2 thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnOx [...] Read more.
This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (DUV) on the photodeposition of MnOx and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO2 thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnOx and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm−2, from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn2+/IO3− or Pd2+, respectively. The effect of the DUV on the MnOx photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn2+ surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd2+ to Pd0, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnOx/TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO2 demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO2. In contrast, TiO2 samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition. Full article
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9 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
‘Optimal’ vs. ‘Suboptimal’ Haemodialysis Start with Central Venous Catheter—A Better Way to Assess a Vascular Access Service?
by Michael Corr, Agnes Masengu, Damian McGrogan and Jennifer Hanko
Kidney Dial. 2024, 4(4), 214-222; https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial4040018 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Whether patients commence haemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC), or an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is used to audit the quality of a vascular access service. However, this crude metric of measurement can miss the increasing nuance and complexity of vascular [...] Read more.
Background: Whether patients commence haemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC), or an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is used to audit the quality of a vascular access service. However, this crude metric of measurement can miss the increasing nuance and complexity of vascular access planning. We aimed to understand whether commencing haemodialysis with a CVC represented an ‘optimal’ or ‘suboptimal’ outcome and how this could influence the assessment of a vascular access service. Methods: From a prospective clinical database, patients known to nephrology >90 days prior to initiating haemodialysis as first-ever renal replacement therapy (2011–2020) from a single centre were included. Results: A total of 158/254 patients started haemodialysis with a CVC, and 96 with arteriovenous fistula. For 91 patients, the CVC was deemed ‘optimal’ care due to factors such as unpredictable deterioration in renal function (n = 41) and inadequate veins for AVF creation (n = 24). For 67 patients, the CVC was ‘suboptimal’ due to factors such as no/late referral to access assessment (n = 25) and delays in the AVF creation pathway (n = 13). There was no difference in mean survival between the AVF and ‘suboptimal’ groups (2.53 vs. 2.21 years, p = 0.31). There was a survival difference between AVF versus CVC (2.53 vs. 1.97 years, p = 0.002) and ‘suboptimal’ versus ‘optimal’ CVC cohorts (2.21 vs. 1.40 years, p = 0.16). Conclusions: Understanding whether a CVC is ‘optimal’ or ‘suboptimal’ allows a more nuanced analysis of service provision. High mortality in the ‘optimal’ group suggests a frailer cohort where CVC is potentially the best care. Studying ‘suboptimal’ CVC starts helps identify practice and system issues preventing ‘optimal’ care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Kidney and Dialysis: Advances in Nephrology and Dialysis—Series II)
2 pages, 244 KiB  
Editorial
Sustainable Chemistry: The Future
by Matthew D. Jones
Sustain. Chem. 2024, 5(4), 273-274; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem5040018 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
When we watch the news and events around the world, it is almost impossible not to find items related to climate change, energy security or issues around plastic waste in the environment [...] Full article
14 pages, 916 KiB  
Review
Emerging Trends in Skin Anti-Photoaging by Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Focus on Postbiotics
by Xiangji Jin, Trang Thi Minh Nguyen, Eun-Ji Yi, Qiwen Zheng, Se-Jig Park, Gyeong-Seon Yi, Su-Jin Yang, Mi-Ju Kim and Tae-Hoo Yi
Chemistry 2024, 6(6), 1495-1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6060090 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Reflecting the increasing interest and research on living a healthy life as society ages, there has been a surge in attention and studies on photodamage. Probiotics have been studied for their ability to enhance skin integrity and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation [...] Read more.
Background: Reflecting the increasing interest and research on living a healthy life as society ages, there has been a surge in attention and studies on photodamage. Probiotics have been studied for their ability to enhance skin integrity and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, despite this, extensive research has revealed various issues and side effects, prompting increased interest in alternative options that can effectively and safely protect the skin. We focused on postbiotics as a promising solution for photodamage, aiming to demonstrate their potential as a safe and stable alternative to probiotics. Methods: We investigated papers on “skin aging” or “photoaging” and “probiotics” or “postbiotics” from 2013 to 2023 using the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Additionally, we compared and analyzed publications, authors, countries, keywords, and citations using the VOS viewer program. Results: According to our search results, the majority of papers on photodamage and probiotics were published in PubMed, with the United States leading in publication volume among countries. The most common keywords were “photodamage” and “skin”. The most cited paper recorded 470 citations. Furthermore, upon focused analysis of five papers on postbiotics and photodamage, postbiotics demonstrated preventive and protective effects against skin photodamage. Conclusions: Postbiotics for photodamage show potential as a safe and stable alternative to probiotics. However, research on postbiotics and photodamage remains limited, and additional studies and long-term tracking are essential to substantiate our claims. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Products)
17 pages, 872 KiB  
Article
Development and Evaluation of a Laser System for Autonomous Weeding Robots
by Vitali Czymmek, Jost Völckner and Stephan Hussmann
AgriEngineering 2024, 6(4), 4425-4441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6040251 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Manual weed control is becoming increasingly costly, necessitating the development of alternative methods. This work investigates the feasibility of using laser technology for autonomous weed regulation. We developed a system utilizing a laser scanner to target and eliminate weeds, which was first tested [...] Read more.
Manual weed control is becoming increasingly costly, necessitating the development of alternative methods. This work investigates the feasibility of using laser technology for autonomous weed regulation. We developed a system utilizing a laser scanner to target and eliminate weeds, which was first tested using a pilot laser for accuracy and performance. Subsequently, the system was upgraded with a high-power fiber laser. Experimental results demonstrated a high weed destruction accuracy with real-time capabilities. The system achieved efficient weed control with minimal environmental impact, providing a potential alternative for sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Smart Farming through Agricultural Robots and Automation Technologies)
30 pages, 4682 KiB  
Article
Novel Nonlinear Suspension Based on Concept of Origami Metastructures: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations
by Antonio Zippo, Giovanni Iarriccio, Moslem Molaie and Francesco Pellicano
Vibration 2024, 7(4), 1126-1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7040058 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials; more specifically, the work is focused on origami-type structures due to their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials; more specifically, the work is focused on origami-type structures due to their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and foldable characteristics, origami mechanical devices exhibit unique nonlinear stiffness; in particular, when suitably designed, they show Quasi-Zero Stiffness (QZS) characteristics within a specific working range. The QZS property, aligned with the High Static Low Dynamic (HSLD) stiffness concept, suggests promising applications such as a low-frequency mechanical passive vibration isolator. The study explores the vibration isolation characteristics of origami-type suspensions, with a particular emphasis on their potential application as low-frequency passive vibration isolators. The Kresling Origami Module (KOM) has been selected for its compactness and compatibility with 3D printers. A detailed analysis using 3D CAD, Finite Element Analysis, and experimental testing has been carried out. The investigation includes the analysis of the influence of geometric parameters on the nonlinear force–displacement curve. Multibody simulations validate the low-frequency isolation properties within the QZS region, as well as disparities in dynamic properties beyond the QZS range. The study underscores the transformative potential of origami-type metamaterials in enhancing low-frequency vibration isolation technology. It also highlights challenges related to material properties and loading mass variations, providing valuable insights for future developments in this promising field. Full article
23 pages, 1715 KiB  
Article
Research on Particle Swarm Optimization-Based UAV Path Planning Technology in Urban Airspace
by Qing Cheng, Zhengyuan Zhang, Yunfei Du and Yandong Li
Drones 2024, 8(12), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8120701 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Urban airspace, characterized by densely packed high-rise buildings, presents complex and dynamically changing environmental conditions. It brings potential risks to UAV flights, such as the risk of collision and accidental entry into no-fly zones. Currently, mainstream path planning algorithms, including the PSO algorithm, [...] Read more.
Urban airspace, characterized by densely packed high-rise buildings, presents complex and dynamically changing environmental conditions. It brings potential risks to UAV flights, such as the risk of collision and accidental entry into no-fly zones. Currently, mainstream path planning algorithms, including the PSO algorithm, have issues such as a tendency to converge to local optimal solutions and poor stability. In this study, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (LGPSO) is proposed to address these problems. This algorithm redefines path planning as an optimization problem, constructing a cost function that incorporates safety requirements and operational constraints for UAVs. Stochastic inertia weights are added to balance the global and local search capabilities. In addition, asymmetric learning factors are introduced to direct the particles more precisely towards the optimal position. An enhanced Lévy flight strategy is used to improve the exploration ability, and a greedy algorithm evaluation strategy is designed to evaluate the path more quickly. The configuration space is efficiently searched using the corresponding particle positions and UAV parameters. The experiments, which involved mapping complex urban environments with 3D modeling tools, were carried out by simulations in MATLAB R2023b to assess their algorithmic performance. The results show that the LGPSO algorithm improves by 23% over the classical PSO algorithm and 18% over the GAPSO algorithm in the optimal path distance under guaranteed security. The LGPSO algorithm shows significant improvements in stability and route planning, providing an effective solution for UAV path planning in complex environments. Full article
21 pages, 19993 KiB  
Article
UAV Visual Object Tracking Based on Spatio-Temporal Context
by Yongxiang He, Chuang Chao, Zhao Zhang, Hongwu Guo and Jianjun Ma
Drones 2024, 8(12), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8120700 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
To balance the real-time and robustness of UAV visual tracking on a single CPU, this paper proposes an object tracker based on spatio-temporal context (STCT). STCT integrates the correlation filter and Siamese network into a unified framework and introduces the target’s motion model, [...] Read more.
To balance the real-time and robustness of UAV visual tracking on a single CPU, this paper proposes an object tracker based on spatio-temporal context (STCT). STCT integrates the correlation filter and Siamese network into a unified framework and introduces the target’s motion model, enabling the tracker to adapt to target scale variations and effectively address challenges posed by rapid target motion, etc. Furthermore, a spatio-temporal regularization term based on the dynamic attention mechanism is proposed, and it is introduced into the correlation filter to suppress the aberrance of the response map. The filter solution is provided through the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). In addition, to ensure efficiency, this paper proposes the average maximum response value-related energy (AMRE) for adaptive tracking state evaluation, which considers the time context of the tracking process in STCT. Experimental results show that the proposed STCT tracker can achieve a favorable balance between tracking robustness and real-time performance for UAV object tracking while running at ∼38 frames/s on a low-cost CPU. Full article
13 pages, 1162 KiB  
Article
Effects of Transport Stress (Duration and Density) on the Physiological Conditions of Marbled Rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus, Cuvier 1829) Juveniles and Water Quality
by Jiahao Wang, Kaida Xu, Xinyi Chen, Haoxue Wang and Zhe Li
Fishes 2024, 9(12), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120474 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Live transportation is a critical component of fish farming and hatchery release. To optimize hatchery-release techniques and improve the survival rate of marbled rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus, Cuvier 1829) juveniles, the effects of varying transport durations (2, 4, 6, and 8 h) [...] Read more.
Live transportation is a critical component of fish farming and hatchery release. To optimize hatchery-release techniques and improve the survival rate of marbled rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus, Cuvier 1829) juveniles, the effects of varying transport durations (2, 4, 6, and 8 h) and densities (60, 90, 120, and 150 kg m−3) on the physiological indicators of the fish and water quality were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. We found that as transport duration and density increased, water quality significantly deteriorated, with ammonia nitrogen levels rising and dissolved oxygen content and pH levels decreasing. Physiological indicators including levels of lactate, cortisol, and malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase notably increased, indicating that the fish experienced heightened stress during transport. Additionally, the mortality rate of juveniles increased significantly with increasing density and transport duration. The high mortality rate might be associated with sustained elevated cortisol levels and liver damage. Our results are helpful for determining the optimal transport conditions for S. marmoratus juveniles and also provide valuable insights for improving transport techniques for other aquatic animal species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Spatial Distribution of Fishes, Second Edition)
12 pages, 845 KiB  
Article
Cystic Fibrosis Screening Efficacy and Seasonal Variation in California: 15-Year Comparison of IRT Cutoffs Versus Daily Percentile for First-Tier Testing
by Stanley Sciortino, Steve Graham, Tracey Bishop, Jamie Matteson, Sarah Carter, Cindy H. Wu and Rajesh Sharma
Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2024, 10(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns10040076 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The California Genetic Disease Screening Program (GDSP) employs a fixed immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) cutoff followed by molecular testing to screen newborns for cystic fibrosis (CF). The cutoffs approximate a 1.6% yearly IRT screen-positive rate; however, seasonal variation in IRT population means has led [...] Read more.
The California Genetic Disease Screening Program (GDSP) employs a fixed immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) cutoff followed by molecular testing to screen newborns for cystic fibrosis (CF). The cutoffs approximate a 1.6% yearly IRT screen-positive rate; however, seasonal variation in IRT population means has led us to develop a model to establish fixed IRT cutoffs that anticipate seasonal variation and minimize missed cases below cutoff. We utilized an ARIMA model to fit monthly IRT screen-positive percentiles and estimated regular seasonal expectations. We established a retrospective cohort followed for at least 1.5 years to capture missed false-negative CF cases. We compared missed CF cases identified by seasonal cutoffs vs. floating cutoffs. GDSP screened 7,410,003 newborns, from July 2007 to December 2022, and missed 36 CF cases below the fixed cutoff; five of the 36 were within 3 ng/mL below the cutoff. There was a regular, seasonal cycle that varied from 1.4% in summer to 1.8% in winter. We would have missed 59 CF cases using a 1.6% daily floating cutoff. California would need to use a 4% daily floating cutoff to improve our current detection rate, which would double the number of specimens sent for costly molecular analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening: From Laboratory Testing to Diagnosis)
24 pages, 3551 KiB  
Review
Animals as Architects: Building the Future of Technology-Supported Rehabilitation with Biomimetic Principles
by Bruno Bonnechère
Biomimetics 2024, 9(12), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120723 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, [...] Read more.
Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the application of biomimetics to inspire technological innovation. This review explores the application of biomimetic principles in rehabilitation technologies, focusing on the use of animal models to help the design of assistive devices such as robotic exoskeletons, prosthetics, and wearable sensors. Animal locomotion studies have, for example, inspired energy-efficient exoskeletons that mimic natural gait, while insights from neural plasticity research in species like zebrafish and axolotls are advancing regenerative medicine and rehabilitation techniques. Sensory systems in animals, such as the lateral line in fish, have also led to the development of wearable sensors that provide real-time feedback for motor learning. By integrating biomimetic approaches, rehabilitation technologies can better adapt to patient needs, ultimately improving functional outcomes. As the field advances, challenges related to translating animal research to human applications, ethical considerations, and technical barriers must be addressed to unlock the full potential of biomimetic rehabilitation. Full article
19 pages, 2853 KiB  
Article
Clinical Features, Microbiological Characteristics, and Drug Sensitivity Analysis of Rare Human Spinal Pythiosis Strain
by Mingliang Li, Donglin Zhu, Qiuyue Diao, Xiaoyun Liu, Xiaogang Bi, Jianwen Dong, Jian Sun, Yun Xi and Kouxing Zhang
J. Fungi 2024, 10(12), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120812 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Pythiosis, a rare and formidable infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, is characterized by profound uncertainties in achieving definitive diagnoses, suboptimal outcomes, and an exceptionally high mortality rate. Here, we present a rare case of human spinal pythiosis in southern China. With [...] Read more.
Pythiosis, a rare and formidable infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, is characterized by profound uncertainties in achieving definitive diagnoses, suboptimal outcomes, and an exceptionally high mortality rate. Here, we present a rare case of human spinal pythiosis in southern China. With advanced metagenomic sequencing technology, Pythium insidiosum was pinpointed as the causative pathogen. We discovered that the inoculation of either tissue fragments or homogenate yielded more successful results and enabled a moderate extension of the culture duration to 5–10 days through an exhaustive comparison of diverse inoculation and culture conditions for general clinical specimens. A pronounced genetic affinity of the isolated strain towards the Pythium insidiosum strain MCC 13 was detected after a comprehensive whole-genome sequencing analysis. Antifungal agents exhibited negligible sensitivity towards Pythium insidiosum in an antimicrobial susceptibility test. Conversely, antibacterial agents such as oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, macrolides, and amphenicols demonstrated varying degrees of sensitivity, albeit with most of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) substantially surpassing the safe concentration ranges for effective clinical treatment. Notably, tigecycline stood out as a promising candidate, exhibiting favorable therapeutic effects at moderate concentrations, making it a potential drug of choice for the control of pythiosis. A combined susceptibility test suggested that combinations of tetracyclines with macrolides, oxazolidinones, and amphenicols exhibited synergistic antibacterial effects, with the combination of doxycycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in particular playing a pivotal role. To our surprise, the MICs of iron chelators, specifically deferiprone and deferoxamine, against the strain were exceedingly low, which led to the speculation that exogenous iron chelators may have competitively inhibited the iron-chelating enzymes of the strain. The research derived from this single, rare case has certain limitations, but considering that there are currently no reports of invasive infections of deep organs in humans caused by Pythium insidiosum, the above findings can offer novel insights into the treatment of invasive pythiosis. Combination therapy based on tetracyclines, especially tigecycline, the use of TMP-SMX, and the adjunctive use of iron chelators, represent promising approaches to tackle the clinical challenges in the treatment of invasive pythiosis. However, further studies, including similar cases of spinal pythiosis and in vivo trials, are still needed to validate them. In addition, while paying attention to the therapeutic potentials of the above plans, we should also closely monitor the risks and side effects that may arise from excessive MICs or the expanded use of related drugs during the treatment process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)
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18 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
A Novel Method for Estimating State of Power of Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Core Temperature
by Ruixue Zhang, Keyi Wang, Zhilong Yu and Gang Zhao
Batteries 2024, 10(12), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10120409 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Operation above acceptable limits in terms of current, voltage, and temperature can lead to lithium batteries overheating, increasing the risk of thermal runaway, which can also degrade battery materials more quickly, reducing overall lifespan. Estimating the state of power (SOP) of a battery [...] Read more.
Operation above acceptable limits in terms of current, voltage, and temperature can lead to lithium batteries overheating, increasing the risk of thermal runaway, which can also degrade battery materials more quickly, reducing overall lifespan. Estimating the state of power (SOP) of a battery is necessary for battery safety control and preventing operation above acceptable limits. However, the SOP is influenced by coupled multiple parameters including the state of charge, state of health, and core temperature, which make it challenging to estimate comprehensively. Based on the electro-thermal model, this study proposes a multi-parameter coupled method for comprehensively estimating the SOP considering the core temperature. This method provides a robust approach to accurately assessing the SOP across varying core temperatures, states of charge (SoC), and voltage levels. The combination of maximum likelihood estimation, adaptive genetic algorithms for parameter identification, and the unscented Kalman filter for state estimation was found to enhance the accuracy and robustness of battery models. The results show that the battery core temperature and terminal voltage are important and the main limitation on the SOP, respectively. This study lays a strong foundation for effective energy management and life extension of lithium batteries, particularly in high-temperature environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)
15 pages, 3805 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Genome Size and Ploidy Level of Pears (Pyrus spp.) in Relation to Their Morphological Traits
by Jonáš Fiala, Eliška Zezulová and Tomáš Nečas
Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121241 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
In this study, 53 pear genotypes were evaluated, including 19 Asian varieties, 7 botanical species and 13 new interspecific hybrids. The ploidy level and nuclear DNA content were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, the morphological traits and their possible correlations with the [...] Read more.
In this study, 53 pear genotypes were evaluated, including 19 Asian varieties, 7 botanical species and 13 new interspecific hybrids. The ploidy level and nuclear DNA content were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, the morphological traits and their possible correlations with the genome size were analyzed. One triploid genotype was found. The Asian varieties had a lower average genome size (553.4 Mbp) than the European varieties (564.1 Mbp). The average nuclear DNA content was 1.14 pg/2C for the diploid genotypes and 1.77 pg/2C DNA for the triploids. The Asian varieties had significantly larger leaves than the European ones. Pyrus calleryana had the smallest flowers and P. Caucasica the largest, but the varieties showed no significant differences in flower size. The pollen grain size ranged from 37.7 to 59.0 μm. However, there were no significant correlations between the genotype groups or genome sizes. The Asian cultivars had, on average, smaller stomata (28.4 μm) than the European cultivars (31.6 μm). The largest stomata size was measured for the triploid genotypes (37.9 μm). There was a positive correlation between the genome size and stomatal length and a negative correlation between the genome size and leaf length, leaf width and flower diameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))
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14 pages, 2722 KiB  
Article
Screening Aspergillus flavus, Talaromyces purpureogenus, and Trichoderma koningiopsis for Plant-Growth-Promoting Traits: A Study on Phosphate Solubilization, IAA Production, and Siderophore Synthesis
by Thabo J. Moropana, Elbert Lukas Jansen Van Rensburg, Livhuwani Makulana and Nkateko N. Phasha
J. Fungi 2024, 10(12), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120811 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The global rise in population has led to an increased demand for food production, necessitating the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Traditional methods often rely on synthetic chemicals that negatively impact both human health and the environment. This study aimed to screen soil [...] Read more.
The global rise in population has led to an increased demand for food production, necessitating the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Traditional methods often rely on synthetic chemicals that negatively impact both human health and the environment. This study aimed to screen soil fungal strains for plant-growth-promoting traits, specifically focusing on their ability to solubilize phosphates, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and synthesize siderophores. Fungal strains were identified using rDNA sequencing of the ITS regions, and their growth-promoting abilities were assessed in vitro. Aspergillus flavus JKJ7, Talaromyces purpureogenus JKJ12, and Trichoderma koningiopsis JKJ18 exhibited varying degrees of phosphate solubilization, with T. purpureogenus JKJ12 solubilizing the highest amount of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), while A. flavus JKJ7 was the most effective in solubilizing phytic acid calcium salt (PCS). In terms of IAA production, A. flavus JKJ7 produced the highest auxin concentration (68.51 mg/L), followed by T. koningiopsis JKJ18 and T. purpureogenus JKJ12. Additionally, A. flavus JKJ7 produced the highest amount of siderophores (83.7%), indicating its potential for improving iron uptake in plants. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed distinct functional capabilities among the strains, particularly in phosphate solubilization and IAA production, suggesting their complementary use in consortium formulations. These results indicate that these fungal strains possess significant plant-growth-promoting traits and could be used as bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture, either as single strains or in combination Full article
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27 pages, 621 KiB  
Article
Harnessing Virtual Reality to Influence Attitudes Toward Beef Consumption: The Role of Empathy in Dietary Interventions
by Chia-I Hou, Jiun-Hao Wang, Kun-Sun Shiao and Che Cheng
Foods 2024, 13(23), 3750; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233750 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The excessive consumption of red meat, such as beef, is a growing global health concern linked to increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The health consequences associated with red meat consumption were estimated to cost USD 285 billion globally in 2020, accounting [...] Read more.
The excessive consumption of red meat, such as beef, is a growing global health concern linked to increased risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The health consequences associated with red meat consumption were estimated to cost USD 285 billion globally in 2020, accounting for approximately 0.3% of total health expenditures that year. Understanding the psychological mechanisms behind food choices is crucial for changing consumption habits, fostering healthy behaviors, and achieving sustainable dietary patterns. To address these challenges, this study utilizes virtual reality (VR) as a persuasive tool to examine how empathy, as a psychological mechanism, influences the intention to reduce beef consumption and its impact on dietary attitudes. Using an experimental design with 142 participants, the study found that in the VR context, individuals with higher empathy scores experienced a stronger sense of presence, significantly influencing their attitudes toward beef consumption, mediated by the change in anti-beef-eating attitude (p = 0.029). This suggests that VR can serve as an effective medium to reduce individuals’ willingness to consume beef and consequently prevent health risks associated with excessive meat intake. This study also highlights the importance of considering individual empathy levels when designing VR interventions to maximize their effectiveness and promote healthier dietary habits, ultimately improving public health. However, one limitation of this study is that it only assessed short-term changes in attitudes following the VR intervention, without incorporating long-term follow-ups to determine if these changes are sustained over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choice, Nutrition, and Public Health)
11 pages, 880 KiB  
Communication
Prediction of Power Fluctuations of Gaussian Beams After Transmission Through Turbulent Atmosphere
by Zhihao Wan, Jiayi Zhu, Cheng Huang, Zhimin He, Jun Zeng, Fuchang Chen, Chaoqun Yu, Yan Li, Huanting Chen, Yongtao Zhang, Jixiong Pu and Huichuan Lin
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121108 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
As laser beams propagate through free space, power fluctuation occurs due to atmospheric turbulence, which significantly increases the bit error rate of free-space optical communication. If the precise prediction of power fluctuations can be achieved, it will be of great benefit for improving [...] Read more.
As laser beams propagate through free space, power fluctuation occurs due to atmospheric turbulence, which significantly increases the bit error rate of free-space optical communication. If the precise prediction of power fluctuations can be achieved, it will be of great benefit for improving communication efficiency. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes a novel Time Series Long Short-Term Memory Fully Connected Processing Network (TSLSTMFCPN), which consists of two long short-term memory (LSTM) network layers and a fully connected layer, for predicting the power fluctuations of laser beams caused by atmospheric turbulence. The experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage error of the TSLSTMFCPN in predicting laser power fluctuations is only 1.2%. This result indicates that this model can accurately predict the laser power fluctuations caused by atmospheric turbulence. Our results are expected to be applied in free-space optical communication systems and imaging laser radar system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Beam Propagation and Control)
4 pages, 141 KiB  
Editorial
Advancing the Frontier of Photonics: Exploring Micro–Nano Optical Devices—An Overview of the Special Issue on Micro–Nano Optical Devices
by Yanfeng Zhang and Yan Shen
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121106 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The relentless pursuit of miniaturization in the field of photonics has led to the emergence of micro–nano optical devices as a cornerstone of modern technology [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Nano Optical Devices)
15 pages, 2612 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Complex Integrated Photonic Resonators Using the Scattering Matrix Method
by Di Jin, Sian Ren, Junkai Hu, Duan Huang, David J. Moss and Jiayang Wu
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121107 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
We propose a universal approach for modeling complex integrated photonic resonators based on the scattering matrix method. By dividing devices into basic elements including directional couplers and connecting waveguides, our approach can be used to model integrated photonic resonators with both unidirectional and [...] Read more.
We propose a universal approach for modeling complex integrated photonic resonators based on the scattering matrix method. By dividing devices into basic elements including directional couplers and connecting waveguides, our approach can be used to model integrated photonic resonators with both unidirectional and bidirectional light propagation, with the simulated spectral response showing good agreement with experimental results. A simplified form of our approach, which divides devices into several independent submodules such as microring resonators and Sagnac interferometers, is also introduced to streamline the calculation of spectral transfer functions. Finally, we discuss the deviations introduced by approximations in our modeling, along with strategies for improving modeling accuracy. Our approach is universal across different integrated platforms, providing a useful tool for designing and optimizing integrated photonic devices with complex configurations. Full article
18 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Landscape of Cancer Care in Europe: Evaluating Clinical and Comprehensive Cancer Centers
by Denis Horgan, Marc Van den Bulcke, Núria Malats, Ruggero de Maria, France Dube, Jaya Singh, Paul Hofman, Imran Omar, Umberto Malapelle, Tanya Hills, Francesco Pepe and Vivek Subbiah
Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232338 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: A comparison of the operations of Clinical Cancer Centers and Comprehensive Cancer Centers across Europe provides novel data on the interrelation between different factors in care delivery. Method: The analysis is based on a survey of key dimensions in care delivery, comparing [...] Read more.
Background: A comparison of the operations of Clinical Cancer Centers and Comprehensive Cancer Centers across Europe provides novel data on the interrelation between different factors in care delivery. Method: The analysis is based on a survey of key dimensions in care delivery, comparing routine treatment, advanced technology integration, research participation, and innovation adoption across the two types of centers. Results: Clinical Cancer Centers excel in providing routine cancer treatment through multidisciplinary teams but struggle with advanced technology integration and research participation. In contrast, Comprehensive Cancer Centers offer robust infrastructure and focus on research, advanced diagnostics, and innovative therapies, yet they face challenges in fully integrating these technologies into patient care. Conclusion: Collaboration between the two types of centers could enhance overall cancer care effectiveness, leveraging the routine efficiency of Clinical Centers and the innovative capabilities of Comprehensive Centers. By addressing gaps in technology adoption, supportive care integration, and research involvement, a more holistic cancer care network can be established, ensuring that patients across Europe access both foundational care and the latest therapeutic options. Full article
26 pages, 793 KiB  
Systematic Review
Nurse-Led Interventions for Improving Medication Adherence in Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review
by Daniela Berardinelli, Alessio Conti, Anis Hasnaoui, Elena Casabona, Barbara Martin, Sara Campagna and Valerio Dimonte
Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232337 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Poor medication adherence results in negative health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Several healthcare professionals provide interventions to improve medication adherence, with the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in people with chronic diseases remaining unclear. Objective: This study sought to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background: Poor medication adherence results in negative health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Several healthcare professionals provide interventions to improve medication adherence, with the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in people with chronic diseases remaining unclear. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for improving medication adherence in adults with chronic conditions. Methods: Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS) were searched without applying a temporal limit. Studies evaluating the effects of nurse-led interventions on medication adherence in adults with one or multiple chronic conditions were included. Interventions only targeting a single acute disease were excluded. Results: A total of twenty-two studies with 5975 participants were included. Statistically significant improvements in adherence were reported in five out of seven studies involving face-to-face visits to patients with heart failure (n = 2), chronic myeloid leukemia (n = 1), hypertension (n = 1) and multimorbidity (n = 1) and in four out of nine studies adopting a mixed method involving face-to-face visits and telephone follow-up for patients with heart failure (n = 1), hypertension (n = 1), coronary disease (n = 1) and multimorbidity (n = 1). Remote interventions were effective in improving medication adherence in one out of six studies. No statistically significant differences were found between tablet computer-based patient education and nurse-led educational sessions. The motivational approach was found to be one of the most common strategies used to promote patient medication adherence. Conclusions: Nurse-led face-to-face visits may be effective in improving medication adherence in people with chronic diseases. However, further research is needed because current methods for measuring medication adherence may not accurately capture patient behaviour and medication consumption patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research, Education, Workforce, and Regulation to Transforming Nursing Practice and Leadership: The Future of Nursing)
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11 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
Existence, Nonexistence and Multiplicity of Positive Solutions for Generalized Laplacian Problems with a Parameter
by Jeongmi Jeong and Chan-Gyun Kim
Mathematics 2024, 12(23), 3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233668 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
We investigate the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem for generalized Laplacian equations with a singular, potentially non-integrable weight. By examining asymptotic behaviors of the nonlinear term near 0 and ∞, we establish the existence, nonexistence, and multiplicity of positive solutions for all [...] Read more.
We investigate the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem for generalized Laplacian equations with a singular, potentially non-integrable weight. By examining asymptotic behaviors of the nonlinear term near 0 and ∞, we establish the existence, nonexistence, and multiplicity of positive solutions for all positive values of the parameter λ. Our proofs rely on the fixed point theorem concerning cone expansion and compression of norm type and the Leray–Schauder’s fixed point theorem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Difference and Differential Equations)
13 pages, 1941 KiB  
Protocol
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Methods to Validate Gene Functions in Strawberry (F. × ananassa)
by Yoon Jeong Jang, Hyeondae Han and Seonghee Lee
Plants 2024, 13(23), 3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233290 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Understanding gene function is important for crop improvement and breeding efforts, especially in a genetically complex polyploid plant species such as the octoploid strawberry. Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays are a widely used tool for investigating gene functions and offer a reliable alternative to [...] Read more.
Understanding gene function is important for crop improvement and breeding efforts, especially in a genetically complex polyploid plant species such as the octoploid strawberry. Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays are a widely used tool for investigating gene functions and offer a reliable alternative to stable transformation. However, variability in tissue-specific responses and inconsistent applicability of Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay across diverse plant species can be challenging. In this study, we provide a method utilizing Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression to examine the function of genes in octoploid strawberry. Our approach encompasses leaf, root, and fruit tissues, providing a comprehensive strategy for validating gene functions in strawberries. Through meticulous optimization and validation in planta, this method offers valuable insights into gene function in strawberry functional genomics and genetics research. By addressing tissue-specific variability, our methodology serves as a valuable technical resource that could facilitate advancements in identifying gene functions in octoploid strawberry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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