MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Insulin Resistance an Independent Predictor of Atherosclerosis?

by Małgorzata Landowska, Bernadetta Kałuża, Cezary Watała, Emilia Babula, Aleksandra Żuk-Łapan, Kinga Woźniak, Aleksandra Kargul, Jonasz Jurek, Tomasz Korcz, Małgorzata Cicha-Brzezińska and Edward Franek

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(3), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030969 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is regarded as an established risk factor for atherosclerosis (AS). Considering that the same metabolic changes as those caused by IR are evidenced to promote [...] Read more.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is regarded as an established risk factor for atherosclerosis (AS). Considering that the same metabolic changes as those caused by IR are evidenced to promote the development of AS, we investigated whether IR estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) could predict the occurrence of preclinical AS. Methods: The study participants were divided into two groups based on the presence of IR diagnosed during the baseline hospitalization and defined as a HOMA-IR value equal to or higher than 2.5. After a follow-up period of at least four years, a total of 79 (n = 79) were prospectively assessed in terms of the presence of preclinical AS, determined by either an abnormally low ankle–brachial index (ABI) (ABI < 0.9) or an increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (CIMT > 1 mm). Results: Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was demonstrated that the HOMA-IR was associated with an abnormally low ABI (odds ratio: 1.609, 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.041–2.487], p = 0.032). The Cox regression model revealed that the HOMA-IR was a predictor of both an abnormal ABI (hazard ratio: 1.435, CI: [1.076–1.913], p = 0.014) and increased CIMT (hazard ratio: 1.419, CI: [1.033–1.948], p = 0.031), independently of age, sex, dyslipidemia, smoking, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and total cholesterol levels. Conclusions: IR, as estimated by the HOMA-IR, may be considered as a predictor of preclinical AS, independently of cardiovascular risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Dyslipidaemias: Enhancing Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk)

25 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drying Time, Energy and Exergy Efficiency Prediction of Corn (Zea mays L.) at a Convective-Infrared-Rotary Dryer: Approach by an Artificial Neural Network

by Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Safoura Zadhossein, Mohammad Kaveh, Mariusz Szymanek, Sahar Hassannejad and Krystyna Wojciechowska

Energies 2025, 18(3), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030696 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Energy consumption in the drying industry has made drying an energy-intensive operation. In this study, the drying time, quality properties (color, shrinkage, water activity and rehydration ratio), specific energy consumption (S.E.C), thermal, energy and exergy efficiency of corn drying using a hybrid dryer [...] Read more.

Energy consumption in the drying industry has made drying an energy-intensive operation. In this study, the drying time, quality properties (color, shrinkage, water activity and rehydration ratio), specific energy consumption (S.E.C), thermal, energy and exergy efficiency of corn drying using a hybrid dryer convective-infrared-rotary (CV-IR-D) were analyzed. In addition, the energy parameters and exergy efficiency of corn were predicted using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The experiments were conducted at three rotary rotation speeds of 4, 8 and 12 rpm, drying temperatures of 45, 55 and 65 °C, and infrared power of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 kW. By increasing drying temperature, infrared power and rotary rotation speed, the drying time, S.E.C and water activity decreased while the D_eff, energy, thermal and exergy efficiency increased. In addition, the highest values of rehydration ratio and redness (a*) and the lowest values of shrinkage, brightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and color changes (ΔE) were obtained at an infrared power of 0.5 kW, air temperature of 55 °C and rotation speed of 8 rpm. The range of changes in S.E.C, energy, thermal and exergy efficiency during the corn drying process was 5.05–28.15 MJ/kg, 3.26–29.29%, 5.5–32.33% and 21.22–55.35%. The prediction results using ANNs showed that the R for the drying time, S.E.C, thermal, energy and exergy data were 0.9938, 0.9906, 0.9965, 0.9874 and 0.9893, respectively, indicating a successful prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)

26 pages, 1786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Corn Chaff as an Optimal Substrate for the Production of Rhamnolipids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fermentations

by Adriana Bava, Sara Carnelli, Mentore Vaccari, Trello Beffa and Fabrizio Beltrametti

Fermentation 2025, 11(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11020074 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Waste biomass deriving from agricultural activities has different destinations depending on the possibility of applying it to specific processes. As the waste biomass is abundant, cheap, and generally safe, it can be used for several applications, biogas production being the most relevant from [...] Read more.

Waste biomass deriving from agricultural activities has different destinations depending on the possibility of applying it to specific processes. As the waste biomass is abundant, cheap, and generally safe, it can be used for several applications, biogas production being the most relevant from the quantitative point of view. In this study, we have used a set of agricultural by-products (agro-waste) deriving from the post-harvest treatment of cereals and legumes as the growth substrate for selected biosurfactant-producing microbial strains. The agricultural by-products were easily metabolized and highly effective for the growth of microorganisms and the production of rhamnolipids and surfactin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. In particular, the use of corn chaff (“bee-wings”) was suitable for the production of rhamnolipids. Indeed, in corn-chaff-based media, rhamnolipids yields ranged from 2 to 18 g/L of fermentation broth. This study demonstrated that the use of waste raw materials could be applied to reduce the carbon footprint of the production of biosurfactants without compromising the possibility of having a suitable fermentation medium for industrial production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioconversion of Biomass for Effective Production of Biofuels as Well as Biobased Chemicals and Materials)

25 pages, 5932 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Academic and Patent Progress on Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Enhanced Environmental Solutions

by Usharani Hareesh Govindarajan, Chuyi Zhang, Rakesh D. Raut, Gagan Narang and Alessandro Galdelli

Technologies 2025, 13(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13020064 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue, and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers transformative potential for its management through its application in advanced real-time monitoring and analytics. However, the heterogeneous and fragmented nature of IoT technologies poses challenges to seamless integration, limiting [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue, and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers transformative potential for its management through its application in advanced real-time monitoring and analytics. However, the heterogeneous and fragmented nature of IoT technologies poses challenges to seamless integration, limiting the efficacy of these solutions in addressing environmental impacts. This paper addresses these challenges by reviewing recent developments in IoT technologies, encompassing sensor networks, computing frameworks, and application layers for enhanced pollution management. A comprehensive analysis of 74,604 academic publications and 35,000 patent documents spanning from 2008 to 2024 is conducted using a textual analysis that combines quantitative bibliometric methods along with a qualitative analysis based on both scholarly research and patent innovations. This approach allows us to identify key challenges in IoT implementation for environmental monitoring—including integration, interoperability, and scalability issues—and to highlight corresponding architectural solutions. Our findings reveal emerging technology trends that aim to overcome a few of these challenges, and we present a scalable IoT architecture as key discussions that enhances system interoperability and efficiency for pollution monitoring. This framework provides targeted solutions for specific tasks in pollution monitoring while guiding decision-makers to adopt solutions effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Enabling Technologies and Applications)

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21 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Emerging Countries

by Rui Zhou, Shu Guan and Bing He

Energies 2025, 18(3), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030697 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Emerging countries are the main source of new CO₂ emissions and the major net carbon importers, and they have also become an important part of the global trade pattern. In this study, the impact of trade openness on CO₂ emissions was [...] Read more.

Emerging countries are the main source of new CO₂ emissions and the major net carbon importers, and they have also become an important part of the global trade pattern. In this study, the impact of trade openness on CO₂ emissions was investigated by approaches such as fully modified least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and pooled mean group-autoregressive distributive lag (PMG-ARDL) methods. Further estimations were conducted by employing methods such as DCCEMG (dynamic common-correlated effect mean group) and Driscoll–Kray to strengthen the robustness of the results. Moreover, the Granger causality between trade openness and CO₂ emissions was tested by using the Dumitrescu–Hurlin method. Conclusions can be drawn as follows: First, economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and CO₂ emissions are all interconnected in the long term. Specifically, higher levels of economic growth and trade openness are associated with lower CO₂ emissions, whereas energy consumption contributes to higher emissions. However, in the short term, economic growth and energy consumption lead to an increase in CO₂ emissions, while trade openness does not have a significant impact. Moreover, there is a two-way Granger causality between trade openness and CO₂ emissions. Additionally, economic growth and energy consumption have an indirect effect on CO₂ emissions by influencing trade openness. Given these findings, emerging market countries should focus on enhancing their service sectors, promoting technological advancements, and fostering international collaboration in green technologies. By actively engaging in efforts to combat climate change, these countries reach a point where trade expansion and carbon reduction are achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Transition and Environmental Sustainability: 3rd Edition)

23 pages, 7035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modular Robotics Configurator: A MATLAB Model-Based Development Approach

by Ernest Andrei Grosz and Marian Borzan

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8010021 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

In recent years, modularity has become increasingly present in the field of robotics and mechatronics. The need to easily calculate and generate modular robots in an easier and faster way and for a wide range of robotics projects has increased. This paper aims [...] Read more.

In recent years, modularity has become increasingly present in the field of robotics and mechatronics. The need to easily calculate and generate modular robots in an easier and faster way and for a wide range of robotics projects has increased. This paper aims to present a new modular software development method for an automatic configurator of serial robots through the model-based development technique using the MATLAB Simulink R2024b software. Using this functionality, the user has the possibility to configure, generate, and analyze serial robots, starting from a kinematic scheme that complies with the development requirements of the project. Having a high degree of flexibility and avoiding multiple instances of debugging, caused by the need to use different environments, as well as connectivity problems between them or a lack of support in development, the user has the possibility to configure and reconfigure serial robots, easily adapting to the high degree of dynamism in the development of current projects. Because of the modularity on which the software development is based, the user has the possibility to optimize and improve the quality and performance of the system, along with easy adaptation to the speed of technological advancement. Full article

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15 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023

by Meng Chang, Shengjie Shi, Yan Jin, Gaoyu Wang, Ruoyan Peng, Jing An, Yi Huang, Xiaoyuan Hu, Chuanning Tang, Yi Niu, Xiuying Tian, Wanxin Deng, Cheng Tang, Xiuji Cui, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Yibo Jia and Feifei Yin

Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we continuously monitored the epidemiology of influenza virus among pediatric patients from January 2021 to December 2023 in Hainan Island, China. Methods: In this study, we collected 54,974 nasopharyngeal swab samples for influenza A Virus (IAV) [...] Read more.

Abstract: Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we continuously monitored the epidemiology of influenza virus among pediatric patients from January 2021 to December 2023 in Hainan Island, China. Methods: In this study, we collected 54,974 nasopharyngeal swab samples for influenza A Virus (IAV) testing and 53,151 samples for influenza B Virus (IBV) testing from pediatric outpatients. Additionally, we also collected 19,687 nasopharyngeal swab samples from pediatric inpatients for IAV and IBV testing. Outpatient samples were screened for influenza viruses (IVs) infection by the colloidal gold method. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (tNGS) was used to detect influenza virus infections in inpatients. Influenza virus types were identified by analyzing the HA/NA partial regions. Results: The findings revealed a significant decrease in the infection rate of IBV over the specified period, while the infection rate of IAV exhibited a rising trend. Additionally, B/Victoria lineage was the dominant epidemic strain in 2021, while the epidemic strains in 2022 and 2023 underwent a dynamic transformation from A/H3N2 to A/H1N1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships among the circulating strains. Nonetheless, because the sample size is limited, additional research is required. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the predominant types of influenza viruses in the pediatric population are undergoing dynamic changes, influenced by the implementation and relaxation of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures. These findings highlight the need for adaptive influenza vaccination and containment strategies, particularly in tropical regions like Hainan, where climate and public health policies significantly impact viral transmission patterns. The insights gained from this study could inform more effective public health strategies in similar regions to mitigate the impact of influenza outbreaks in the future. Full article

21 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of BIM 6D and 7D in Enhancing Sustainable Construction Practices: A Qualitative Study

by Hanan Al-Raqeb and Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar

Technologies 2025, 13(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13020065 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The construction industry in Kuwait is experiencing a transformative shift with the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies, particularly BIM 6D for sustainability analysis and 7D for facility management. This study investigates the integration of these dimensions to address sustainability challenges in [...] Read more.

The construction industry in Kuwait is experiencing a transformative shift with the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies, particularly BIM 6D for sustainability analysis and 7D for facility management. This study investigates the integration of these dimensions to address sustainability challenges in Kuwait’s construction sector, aligning practices with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through qualitative interviews with 15 stakeholders—including architects, engineers, and contractors—and analysis of industry reports, policies, and case studies, the research identifies both opportunities for and barriers to BIM adoption. While BIM offers significant potential for lifecycle analysis, waste reduction, and energy efficiency, its adoption remains limited, with only 27% of construction waste recycled. Challenges include high initial costs, a shortage of skilled personnel, and resistance to change. The study highlights actionable strategies, including enhanced regulatory frameworks, university curriculum integration, and professional training programs led by the Kuwait Society of Engineers, to address these barriers. It also emphasizes the critical role of collaboration among government bodies, industry leaders, and institutions like the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Drawing from successful international BIM projects, the findings offer a practical framework for improving sustainability in arid regions, positioning Kuwait’s experience as a model for other Middle Eastern and North African countries. This research underscores the transformative role of BIM technologies in advancing global sustainable construction practices and achieving a more efficient and eco-friendly future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Technologies)

22 pages, 7150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geographical Origin Traceability of Navel Oranges Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Deep Learning

by Yue Li, Zhong Ren, Chunyan Zhao and Gaoqiang Liang

Foods 2025, 14(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030484 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The quality and price of navel oranges vary depending on their geographical origin, thus providing a financial incentive for origin fraud. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to explore a fast, non-destructive, and precise method for tracing the origin of navel oranges. [...] Read more.

The quality and price of navel oranges vary depending on their geographical origin, thus providing a financial incentive for origin fraud. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to explore a fast, non-destructive, and precise method for tracing the origin of navel oranges. In this study, a total of 490 Newhall navel oranges were selected from five major production regions in China, and the diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectrum in 4000–10,000 cm⁻¹ were non-invasively collected. We examined seven preprocessing techniques for the spectra, including Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing, first derivative (FD), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), combinations of SG with MSC (SG+MSC), SG with FD (SG+FD), MSC with FD (MSC+FD), and three combined (SG+MSC+FD). A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) deep learning model for geographical origin tracing of navel orange was established, and five machine learning algorithms, i.e., partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and back-propagation neural network (BPNN), were compared with 1DCNN. The results show that the 1DCNN model based on the SG+FD preprocessing method achieved the optimal performance for the testing set, with prediction accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of 97.92%, 98%, 97.95%, and 97.90%, respectively. Therefore, NIRS combined with deep learning has a significant research and application value in the rapid, nondestructive, and accurate geographical origin traceability of agricultural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Analytical Techniques for Food Origin Traceability and Authenticity)

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16 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifractal Structures and the Energy-Economic Efficiency of Chinese Cities: Using a Classification-Based Multifractal Method

by Jiaxin Wang, Bin Meng and Feng Lu

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9020096 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Improper urban spatial structure can lead to problems such as traffic congestion, long commuting times, and diseconomies of scale. Evaluating the efficiency of urban spatial structure is an important means to enhance the sustainable development of cities. The fractal method has been widely [...] Read more.

Improper urban spatial structure can lead to problems such as traffic congestion, long commuting times, and diseconomies of scale. Evaluating the efficiency of urban spatial structure is an important means to enhance the sustainable development of cities. The fractal method has been widely used in the identification and efficiency evaluation of urban spatial structure due to its sufficient characterization of urban complexity. However, the identification of urban fractal structures has expanded from monofractal structures to multifractal structures, while the efficiency evaluation of urban fractal structures remains limited to the single-dimensional efficiency evaluations of single fractals, seriously affecting the reliability of urban fractal structure evaluation. Therefore, this study identifies and evaluates urban spatial structure within the unified framework of multifractal analysis. Specifically, a classification-based multifractal method is introduced to identify the multifractal structure of 290 cities in China. An iterative application of the geographic detector method is used to evaluate the comprehensive energy-economic efficiency of urban multifractal structures. The results indicate that the 290 Chinese cities include 6 typical multifractal structures. The explanatory power of these six typical multifractal structures for urban energy-economic efficiency is 16.27%. The advantageous multifractal structures of cities that achieve higher energy-economic efficiency rates satisfy a cubic polynomial form. By comparing them with the advantageous multifractal structures, the main problems affecting the efficiency of urban multifractal structures in the other five types of cities are shown to include overly strong or weak concentration capacity of high-level centers, weak hierarchical structures among centers, and the spreading of low-level centers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Processes and Systems in Computer Science and Engineering)

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13 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Women’s Awareness of the Possible Risk of Stroke Associated with the Use of Oral Contraceptives Pills in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Fawaz E. Edris, Rehab Ahmed A. Alasiri, Abdullah Faisal Albukhari, Mohammed Arab Sadiq, Wojood Mubarak Alahmadi, Alhanouf Radhyan Alruwaili, Nojuod Fares Alhadidi, Iman Hamid Alenezi, Hussein Talal Sabban, Abdulrahim Gari, Mamdoh Eskandar, Umme Salma and Ahmed Baker A. Alshaikh

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020259 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: One of the most widely used reversible contraceptive techniques among women of reproductive age worldwide is oral contraceptives (OCPs). Despite their widespread use, OCPs are associated with increased risks of stroke, yet the extent of awareness of these risks [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: One of the most widely used reversible contraceptive techniques among women of reproductive age worldwide is oral contraceptives (OCPs). Despite their widespread use, OCPs are associated with increased risks of stroke, yet the extent of awareness of these risks among women remains insufficiently explored. This study aims to evaluate the level of awareness among women resident in Saudi Arabia regarding the potential risk of stroke linked to the use of OCPs. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted targeting women of reproductive age (18–49 years). Data was collected through an online self-administrated questionnaire distributed via social media platforms, encompassing sociodemographic characteristics, OCP usage patterns, and awareness of stroke risks, perceived side effects of OCPs, symptoms of stroke, and methods to reduce stroke incidence. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23, with descriptive statistics for categorical data and chi-square tests to assess associations. Results: A total of 516 women participated in the study. Of these, 148, or over a quarter (28.7%), of the participants reported using oral contraceptive pills; 86, or more than half (58%), who use OCPs are not sure what type of OCPs they use; 60, or over half of the participants (40.5%), have been using for less than a year. Over two thirds of the participants (350, 67.8%) are not aware that using OCP increases the risk of stroke. The most recognized side effect of OCPs use was weight gain (38.2%), while awareness of stroke as a side effect was significantly lower (24.6%). Additionally, 62.8% of respondents identified selecting the appropriate type of contraceptive as the best way to prevent stroke while taking OCPs. Conclusions: this study highlights the need for increased awareness and education about the potential risk of cerebral thrombosis associated with OCP use among Saudi women. Addressing this knowledge gap through targeted educational initiatives could help mitigate the risks and improve overall public health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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24 pages, 4791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential in Portuguese Agricultural Soils Through Land-Management and Land-Use Changes

by Mariana Raposo, Paulo Canaveira and Tiago Domingos

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031223 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) is a nature-based, low-cost climate mitigation strategy that also contributes to the climate adaptation of agricultural systems. Some land-use and land-management practices potentially lead to an enhancement of the soil organic carbon (SOC) sink, such as no-till, the use [...] Read more.

Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) is a nature-based, low-cost climate mitigation strategy that also contributes to the climate adaptation of agricultural systems. Some land-use and land-management practices potentially lead to an enhancement of the soil organic carbon (SOC) sink, such as no-till, the use of cover crops, leaving residues on fields, improving the variety of legume species in grasslands and reducing grazing intensity. However, uncertainties remain both in estimating and measuring the impact of the application of certain practices, as these vary with the soil, climate and historic land use. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines are commonly used to estimate SOC and SOC sequestration potentials at different tiers. Here, the IPCC’s tier 1 methodology was applied to estimate (1) the sequestration potential of nine mitigation practices and (2) the emission or sequestration potential of four current land-change trends for n = 7092 unique agricultural sites in mainland Portugal. The conversion of irrigated crops to improved grasslands resulted in the highest average unit sequestration (1.05 tC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), while cropland conversion to poor degraded pasture (abandonment) resulted in the highest unit SOC loss (−0.08 tC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The abandonment of cropland results in a national SOC loss of up to 0.09 MtC yr⁻¹, while the improvement of poor degraded pastures has the highest national sequestration potential, equal to 0.6 MtC yr⁻¹ (2.2 MtCO_2eq yr⁻¹), about 4% of Portugal’s emissions in 2021, if applied in all managed areas. The results enable a comparison between different practices and land uses; however, to enhance accuracy, a higher tier methodology tailored to the Portuguese context should be developed. Full article

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27 pages, 3854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Score and Microvesicle Profile Suggest Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Gemma Valera-Arévalo, María del Mar Rodríguez-San Pedro, Paula Jara Caro, Víctor Cabanillas, María Gabriela Ortiz-Diaz, Andrea Figuer, Claudia Yuste, Rafael Ramírez, Matilde Alique, Enrique Morales, Natalia Guerra-Pérez and Julia Carracedo

Antioxidants 2025, 14(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14020178 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, altered redox state, and chronic systemic inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the redox status of patients with CKD [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, altered redox state, and chronic systemic inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the redox status of patients with CKD and the phenotype of microvesicles (MVs) subtypes, and cardiovascular events. The oxidative stress level of each participant was determined using an individualized OXY-SCORE. The relationship between pro-oxidant and antioxidant parameters and the expression of membrane markers in endothelial-derived microvesicles (EMVs) and platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) was established. Patients with advanced CKD (ACKD) and hemodialysis (HD) had a higher OXY-SCORE than healthy subjects (HS), whereas peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients had similar scores to HS. PD patients showed elevated PMVs and CD41 expression, whereas HD patients had higher EMVs and CD31 expression. Patients with ACKD had higher tissue factor (TF) expression in the PMVs and EMVs. TF expression was correlated with xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and was negatively correlated with antioxidant parameters. Patients with cardiovascular events show elevated TF. In conclusion, microvesicles and oxidative stress may serve as markers of cardiovascular risk in CKD, with TF expression in PMVs and EMVs being potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers of CVD. Full article

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11 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time, Risk and Control in Musical Performance Practices

by Michela Garda

Philosophies 2025, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies10010020 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Time, control and risk are interrelated concepts that provide a valuable framework for exploring the connections among various performative practices and their cultural functions. By referencing sports, circus arts, and musical performance, this article examines the similarities and differences between musical reproductive performance [...] Read more.

Time, control and risk are interrelated concepts that provide a valuable framework for exploring the connections among various performative practices and their cultural functions. By referencing sports, circus arts, and musical performance, this article examines the similarities and differences between musical reproductive performance and improvisation. It focuses on the concept of transformational processes through analogies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Aesthetics of the Performing Arts in the Contemporary Landscape)

16 pages, 1749 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biological Significance and Therapeutic Promise of Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting

by Miora Bruna Marielle Ramamonjiharisoa and Sen Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031294 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting (PRF) is a mechanism that alters the mRNA reading frame during translation, resulting in the production of out-of-frame proteins. PRF plays crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and contributes significantly to disease pathogenesis, particularly in viral infections. Notably, PRF can [...] Read more.

Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting (PRF) is a mechanism that alters the mRNA reading frame during translation, resulting in the production of out-of-frame proteins. PRF plays crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and contributes significantly to disease pathogenesis, particularly in viral infections. Notably, PRF can induce immune responses in the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, further extending its biological significance. These multiple aspects of PRF highlight its potential as a therapeutic target. Since PRF efficiency can be modulated by cellular factors, its expression or silencing is context-dependent. Therefore, a deeper understanding of PRF is essential for harnessing its therapeutic potential. This review explores PRF biological significance in disease and homeostasis. Such knowledge would serve as a foundation to advance therapeutic strategies targeting PRF modulation, especially in viral infections and vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into Macromolecules Structure, Function, and Regulation: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies

by Jeongbeen Park, Juwon Lee, In-Tae Shim, Eunju Kim, Sook-Hyun Nam, Jae-Wuk Koo and Tae-Mun Hwang

Resources 2025, 14(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020027 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) markets for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage has exponentially increased lithium demand, driving research into sustainable extraction methods. Traditional lithium recovery from brine using evaporation ponds is resource intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) markets for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage has exponentially increased lithium demand, driving research into sustainable extraction methods. Traditional lithium recovery from brine using evaporation ponds is resource intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and causing severe environmental issues. In response, Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies have emerged as more efficient, eco-friendly alternatives. This review explores two promising electrochemical DLE methods: Electrodialysis (ED) and Capacitive Deionization (CDI). ED employs ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), such as cation exchange membranes, to selectively transport lithium ions from sources like brine and seawater and achieves high recovery rates. IEMs utilize chemical and structural properties to enhance the selectivity of Li⁺ over competing ions like Mg²⁺ and Na⁺. However, ED faces challenges such as high energy consumption, membrane fouling, and reduced efficiency in ion-rich solutions. CDI uses electrostatic forces to adsorb lithium ions onto electrodes, offering low energy consumption and adaptability to varying lithium concentrations. Advanced variants, such as Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) and Flow Capacitive Deionization (FCDI), enhance ion selectivity and enable continuous operation. MCDI incorporates IEMs to reduce co-ion interference effects, while FCDI utilizes liquid electrodes to enhance scalability and operational flexibility. Advancements in electrode materials remain crucial to enhance selectivity and efficiency. Validating these methods at the pilot scale is crucial for assessing performance, scalability, and economic feasibility under real-world conditions. Future research should focus on reducing operational costs, developing more durable and selective electrodes, and creating integrated systems to enhance overall efficiency. By addressing these challenges, DLE technologies can provide sustainable solutions for lithium resource management, minimize environmental impact, and support a low-carbon future. Full article

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15 pages, 3619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation into the Biological Activities of Four Lamiaceae Essential Oils Against Thrips flavus, Crops, and Weeds

by Yuxin Zhou, Tianhao Pei, Xuechao Zhou, Meng-Lei Xu, Hexin Gao, Lulu Wang and Yu Gao

Plants 2025, 14(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030448 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and food safety, essential oils (EOs) have gained significant attention as safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of four Lamiaceae EOs (patchouli oil, catnip oil, lavender oil, [...] Read more.

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and food safety, essential oils (EOs) have gained significant attention as safer and more environmentally friendly alternatives. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of four Lamiaceae EOs (patchouli oil, catnip oil, lavender oil, and mint oil) against Thrips flavus and their effects on crops and weeds. The results show that patchouli oil, catnip oil, and lavender oil exhibited better insecticidal activity, with patchouli oil having the strongest toxicity, with an LC₅₀ value of 0.31 mg/mL. Additionally, catnip oil and lavender oil had significant attractive effects on T. flavus, where lavender oil only had a significant attractive effect on male T. flavus, with an attraction rate of 71.88% (p = 0.03), suggesting that it could be a potential alternative to insect lures. In pot experiments, these EOs demonstrated sustained insecticidal effects and varied impacts on crops. Lavender oil only significantly affected the shoot length of soybeans (Glycine max), while mint oil did not significantly affect the growth of G. max. Finally, we preliminarily analyzed the chemical composition of the EOs to provide insights into their active components. These findings indicate that EOs have potential applications as natural agrochemicals, but further research on their mechanisms and application conditions is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity III)

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11 pages, 1081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Streamlining the Choice of Crossing Combinations in Plant Breeding by Integrating Model-Based Recommendations and Plant Breeder’s Preferences

by Sebastian Michel, Franziska Löschenberger, Christian Ametz, Herbert Bistrich and Hermann Bürstmayr

Crops 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5010005 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Selecting crossing combinations crucial for successfully developing new improved crop varieties and genomic data from DNA markers have become invaluable for guiding plant breeders in evaluating and choosing promising crosses between potential parents. However, navigating the vast array of thousands of possible parental [...] Read more.

Selecting crossing combinations crucial for successfully developing new improved crop varieties and genomic data from DNA markers have become invaluable for guiding plant breeders in evaluating and choosing promising crosses between potential parents. However, navigating the vast array of thousands of possible parental combinations, even with extensive genomic information, can be challenging, even for experienced breeders with deep knowledge of their crop’s gene pool. This case study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a recommender system to support plant breeders in this complex decision-making process. It took a retrospective approach, analyzing selection decisions made by an experienced breeder across several thousand potential crossing combinations over six years. The results indicated that a recommender system could significantly reduce the time and effort needed to identify promising crosses aligned with the breeder’s preferences. However, active feedback from the breeder to the recommender system appeared to be essential for achieving a satisfactory prediction. Integrating model-based recommendations and plant breeder’s preferences in a recommender system featuring such a reciprocal fine-tuning scheme, where the breeder actively provides feedback to the machine in the style of hybrid human–artificial intelligence, represents one step towards streamlining the choice of crossing combinations in plant breeding programs. Full article

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21 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Signaling Pathways Identified in Aqueous Humor, Anterior Capsule, and Crystalline Lens of Age-Related, Diabetic, and Post-Vitrectomy Cataract

by Christina Karakosta, Martina Samiotaki, Anastasios Bisoukis, Konstantinos I. Bougioukas, George Panayotou, Dimitrios Papaconstantinou and Marilita M. Moschos

Proteomes 2025, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes13010007 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to detect proteomic alterations and corresponding signaling pathways involved in the formation of age-related cataract (ARC), diabetic cataract (DC), and post-vitrectomy cataract (PVC). Methods: Three sample types, the aqueous humor (AH), the anterior capsule [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to detect proteomic alterations and corresponding signaling pathways involved in the formation of age-related cataract (ARC), diabetic cataract (DC), and post-vitrectomy cataract (PVC). Methods: Three sample types, the aqueous humor (AH), the anterior capsule (AC), and the content of the phaco cassette, were collected during phacoemulsification surgery. The samples were obtained from 12 participants without diabetes mellitus (DM), 11 participants with DM, and 7 participants without DM, with a history of vitrectomy surgery in the past 12 months. The Sp3 protocol (Single-Pot, Solid-Phase, Sample-Preparation) was used for the sample preparation. The recognition and quantification of proteins were carried out with liquid chromatography online with tandem mass spectrometry. The DIA-NN software was applied for the identification and quantification of peptides/proteins. Statistical analysis and data visualization were conducted on Perseus software. Data are available via ProteomeXchange. Results: A very rich atlas of the lens and AH proteome has been generated. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and the non-canonical Wnt receptor signaling pathway were differentially expressed in ARC compared to both the DC and PVC groups. In the PVC group, complement activation was differentially expressed in AH samples, while glutathione metabolism and oxidoreductase activity were differentially expressed in AC samples. Microfilament motor activity, microtubule cytoskeleton organization, and microtubule binding were differentially expressed in the DC and PVC groups in both AH and AC samples. Conclusions: The results of this study expand the existing knowledge on pathways involved in the pathophysiology of cataract, and suggest possible important druggable targets for slower progression or even prevention of cataract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Proteomics: Fourth Edition)

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18 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Enterprise Digitalization Promote Green Technological Innovation? Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Sector

by Jinxiang Zang, Neilson Teruki, Sharon Yong Yee Ong and Yan Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031222 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

China’s manufacturing industry is characterized by high energy consumption and high pollution, which urgently requires resolution through green technological innovation. This study focuses on China’s A-share listed manufacturing enterprises to explore their development path for green technological innovation. The study primarily employs statistical [...] Read more.

China’s manufacturing industry is characterized by high energy consumption and high pollution, which urgently requires resolution through green technological innovation. This study focuses on China’s A-share listed manufacturing enterprises to explore their development path for green technological innovation. The study primarily employs statistical regression analysis to uncover the causal link between digitalization and green technology innovation. The study’s conclusion indicates that the digitalization of manufacturing enterprises has significantly promoted green technological innovation. This conclusion remains robust after a series of tests, including alternative variable measurements, instrumental variable (IV) estimation, and counterfactual analysis. Mechanism analysis reveals that digitalization can enhance green technological innovation by improving human capital and innovating business models. The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the effect of digitalization on promoting green technological innovation is more pronounced in enterprises with higher green awareness among senior executives, high green credit, non-heavy pollution industries, a higher level of existing green technological innovation, and larger enterprise scale. The government should increase support for the digital transformation of enterprises and promote green technological innovation by enhancing the green awareness of enterprise senior executives, optimizing green credit policies, formulating transformation policies for heavily polluting enterprises, implementing differentiated policies based on enterprise scale, and promoting digital transformation. Full article

26 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Trends and Challenges in Plant Cryopreservation Research: A Meta-Analysis of Cryoprotective Agent Development and Research Focus

by Pilsung Kang, Sung Jin Kim, Ha Ju Park, Se Jong Han, Il-Chan Kim, Hyoungseok Lee and Joung Han Yim

Plants 2025, 14(3), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030447 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The stable long-term preservation of plant cells is crucial for biopharmaceuticals and food security. Therefore, the long-term cryopreservation of plant cells using a cryoprotective agent (CPA) is a crucial area of study. However, research on low-toxicity CPAs remains limited. We analyzed 1643 abstracts [...] Read more.

The stable long-term preservation of plant cells is crucial for biopharmaceuticals and food security. Therefore, the long-term cryopreservation of plant cells using a cryoprotective agent (CPA) is a crucial area of study. However, research on low-toxicity CPAs remains limited. We analyzed 1643 abstracts related to plant-cryopreservation (PCP) research published from 1967 to May 2023, spanning 56 years, from academic citation databases, with the search conducted in May 2023. Grouping these abstracts by five-year intervals revealed an increase in PCP papers until 2015, followed by a decline in the 2020s. In order to confirm the declining trend, we performed text-mining analysis using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm, which identifies underlying topics across diverse documents to aid decision-making and classified the abstracts into three distinct topics: Topic 1, “Seed bank”; Topic 2, “Physiology”; and Topic 3, “Cryopreservation protocol”. The decline, particularly in “Cryopreservation protocol” research, is an important observation in this study. At the same time, this decrease may be due to the limited scope of Topic 3. However, we expect improvements with the development of new CPAs. This expectation is based on numerous ongoing studies focused on developing new CPAs for the cryopreservation of various animal and medical cell lines, with particular attention on polysaccharides as components that could reduce the required concentrations of existing CPAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Conservation Science and Practice)

11 pages, 7766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Gait Variability Increases with Age in Children from 2–10 Years Old

by Bryon C. Applequist, Zachary L. Motz and Anastasia Kyvelidou

Biomechanics 2025, 5(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5010010 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Linear methods of analysis of variability are concerned with the magnitude of variability and often consider deviations from a central mean as errors. The utilization of nonlinear tools to examine variability allows for the exploration and measurement of the patterns of variability [...] Read more.

Background: Linear methods of analysis of variability are concerned with the magnitude of variability and often consider deviations from a central mean as errors. The utilization of nonlinear tools to examine variability allows for the exploration and measurement of the patterns of variability displayed by the system. This methodology explores the deterministic properties of biological signals, in this case, gait, or how previous iterations within the gait cycle influence subsequent and future iterations. The nonlinear analysis of gait variability of the joint angle time series has not been investigated in developing children. Methods: We collected 3 min of treadmill walking data for 28 children between the ages of 2 and 10 years old and analyzed their joint angle time series using nonlinear methods of analysis (sample entropy, largest Lyapunov exponent, and recurrence quantification analysis). Results: Our results indicate that the nonlinear variability of children’s gait increases as children age. Interestingly, this contrasts with the findings from our previous work that showed a decrease in linear variability as children age. The combination of a decrease in linear variability, or a refined and improved stability of gait, as well as an increase in nonlinear variability, or an increase in the sophistication and quality of movement patterns, suggest an overall maturation of the neuromuscular system. Conclusions: Our study indicate that there is a refining of gait with age and motor maturation. This refining speaks to the overall multifaceted organization of systems that defines the maturation of gait. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gait and Balance Control in Typical and Special Individuals)

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18 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and First Validation of the Perceived Young Adult Lockdown Parental Relationship Scale (PYALPRS): An Italian Case Study

by Giorgio Maria Regnoli, Massimiliano Sommantico, Gioia Tiano, Jacopo Postiglione and Barbara De Rosa

Future 2025, 3(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/future3010002 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and the confinement experience have significantly affected the relationship between young adults and their parents. The present study focuses on the design and validation of the Perceived Young Adult Lockdown Parental Relationship Scale (PYALPRS), a measure assessing two dimensions of [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the confinement experience have significantly affected the relationship between young adults and their parents. The present study focuses on the design and validation of the Perceived Young Adult Lockdown Parental Relationship Scale (PYALPRS), a measure assessing two dimensions of the child–parent relationship associated with the COVID-19 lockdown period: Oppression-Conflict and Closeness-Support. After a phase of construct definition and item design and purification, 100 Italian young adults (M = 24; SD = 3.9) were recruited to explore the factor structure of the scale. Then, a sample of 259 Italian young adults (aged 18–35; M = 24; SD = 3.8) was used to demonstrate the psychometric validity of the scale. The results of our confirmatory factor analysis, which resulted in high goodness of fit scores, support two identifiable factors reflecting the theory-based constructs of the PYALPRS. Moreover, internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity analyses show that the PYALPRS can be considered a reliable and valid instrument. ANOVA demonstrated that there were significant differences between being a cohabitant or single as well as between different perceptions of the home space during lockdown on the Oppression-Conflict dimension, while a larger home space perception was associated with the Closeness-Support dimension. Full article

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16 pages, 7095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating the Capacity and Mechanism of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Synthesizing Essential Amino Acids from Non-Essential Amino Acids in a Novel Severely Deficient Medium

by Tran Quang Duc, Takashi Uebanso, Kazuaki Mawatari and Akira Takahashi

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5010016 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a vital role in human physiology and nutrient metabolism. However, its capacity to synthesize essential amino acids (EAAs) as a nutrient source remains insufficiently characterized, with genomic evidence suggesting this potential but lacking direct in vitro validation. To address [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota plays a vital role in human physiology and nutrient metabolism. However, its capacity to synthesize essential amino acids (EAAs) as a nutrient source remains insufficiently characterized, with genomic evidence suggesting this potential but lacking direct in vitro validation. To address this, we developed an artificial medium comprising 78 components, enabling Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (ATCC 8014) to achieve growth comparable to that in conventional MRS broth. Through systematic depletion of individual and multiple EAAs, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine were identified as critical for the survival and proliferation of this strain. Subsequent analysis revealed that lysine and threonine were synthesized and secreted into the medium after 48 h of culturing in medium lacking these EAAs, using aspartic acid as a major precursor. Notably, in response to methionine deficiency, cysteine seemed to be converted to methionine via the transsulfuration pathway, with vitamin B6 serving as an essential cofactor. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the ability of L. plantarum to synthesize and provide lysine and threonine in these EAA-restricted conditions. This ability to serve EAAs to the environment provides a basis for future studies to further investigate the role of intestinal microbiota as a potential source of EAAs in host animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Microbiology of Foods, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Grape Agrivoltaic System: Climate Modulation and Vine Benefits in the Puglia Region, Southeastern Italy

by Andrea Magarelli, Andrea Mazzeo and Giuseppe Ferrara

Horticulturae 2025, 11(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11020160 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, a sector with a long-standing tradition in the Mediterranean basin. The region faces altered rainfall patterns, extreme temperatures, aridification, loss of biodiversity, and changes in crop yield and quality. These impacts, combined with intensive farming practices, [...] Read more.

Climate change poses significant challenges to agriculture, a sector with a long-standing tradition in the Mediterranean basin. The region faces altered rainfall patterns, extreme temperatures, aridification, loss of biodiversity, and changes in crop yield and quality. These impacts, combined with intensive farming practices, threaten long-term agricultural sustainability. This study investigates agrivoltaics (AVs), a dual-use technology that integrates solar energy production (photovoltaic panels) with agriculture, as a potential solution to enhance resilience and adaptation of crops. Research at an AV system in Puglia (Southeastern Italy), combined with grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), assessed soil moisture, temperature, and microclimate conditions together with vine yield and fruitfulness. Results showed that shading from photovoltaic panels increased soil moisture and moderated soil temperature, thus benefiting crops. Vines beneath the panels yielded more grapes (+277%) than in the full sun, confirmed by even the better bud fruitfulness of the shaded canes. While panels had minimal impact on air temperature, they reduced wind speed and vapor pressure deficit, creating a better microenvironment for vines. Spectral analysis revealed an increase in UV and blue light under the panels, potentially affecting photosynthesis. The AV system also produced substantial electricity, more than 90% compared to a ground-mounted system, demonstrating its dual-use application. The higher land equivalent ratio (LER) achieved by the AV system (3.54) confirmed that such systems can be advantageous in areas with a Mediterranean climate, allowing crop and energy production on the same land. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Artificial Intelligence in Digital Horticulture: Practices and Innovations)

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