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16 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study and Marker Development for Fusarium Oxysporum Root Rot Resistance in Soybean

by Yuhe Wang, Jinfeng Han, Xiangkun Meng, Maolin Sun, Shuo Qu, Yuanyuan Liu, Yongguang Li, Yuhang Zhan, Weili Teng, Haiyan Li, Xue Zhao and Yingpeng Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312573 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum root rot (FORR) is an important disease threatening soybean production. The development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) molecular markers will help accelerate the disease resistance breeding process and achieve the breeding goal of improving soybean disease resistance. This study evaluated the FORR [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum root rot (FORR) is an important disease threatening soybean production. The development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) molecular markers will help accelerate the disease resistance breeding process and achieve the breeding goal of improving soybean disease resistance. This study evaluated the FORR disease resistance of 356 soybean germplasm accessions (SGAs) and screened resistance-related loci using genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) to develop molecular markers for MAS. A total of 1,355,930 high-quality SNPs were analyzed, 150 SNP sites significantly associated with FORR resistance were identified, and these sites were distributed within 41 QTLs. Additionally, 240 candidate genes were screened near these QTL regions, involving multiple functions such as hormone metabolism, signal transduction, stress defense, and growth regulation. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) molecular markers were developed based on candidate genes with significant SNP loci and beneficial haplotypes. The CAPS markers, S15_50486939-CAPS1 and S15_50452626-CAPS2, can effectively distinguish resistant and sensitive genotypes through enzyme digestion. The KASP marker is based on S07_19078765-G/T and exhibits a genotype clustering pattern consistent with disease resistance, demonstrating its application value in breeding. The CAPS and KASP markers developed in this study can provide reliable tools for MAS in FORR disease-resistant varieties. The research results will help reveal the genetic structure of FORR disease resistance and provide support for efficient breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

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26 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Integrated Approaches for Monitoring and Treating Parabens in Water Matrices

by Denga Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha and Tshimangadzo S. Munonde

Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5533; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235533 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties, parabens are commonly used as biocides and preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Parabens have been reported to exist in various water matrices at low concentrations, which renders the need for sample preparation before their quantification [...] Read more.

Due to their antibacterial and antifungal properties, parabens are commonly used as biocides and preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Parabens have been reported to exist in various water matrices at low concentrations, which renders the need for sample preparation before their quantification using analytical techniques. Thus, sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), and vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid extraction (VA-DLLE) that are commonly used for parabens extraction and preconcentration have been discussed. As a result of sample preparation methods, analytical techniques now detect parabens at trace levels ranging from µg/L to ng/L. These compounds have been detected in water, air, soil, and human tissues. While the full impact of parabens on human health and ecosystems is still being debated in the scientific community, it is widely recognized that parabens can act as endocrine disruptors. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that parabens may have carcinogenic effects. The presence of parabens in the environment is primarily due to wastewater discharges, which result in widespread contamination and their concentrations increased during the COVID-19 pandemic waves. Neglecting the presence of parabens in water exposes humans to these compounds through contaminated food and drinking water. Although there are reviews that focus on the occurrence, fate, and behavior of parabens in the environment, they frequently overlook critical aspects such as removal methods, policy development, and regulatory frameworks. Addressing this gap, the effective treatment of parabens in water relies on combined approaches that address both cost and operational challenges. Membrane filtration methods, such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO), demonstrate high efficacy but are hindered by maintenance and energy costs due to extensive fouling. Innovations in anti-fouling and energy efficiency, coupled with pre-treatment methods like adsorption, help mitigate these costs and enhance scalability. Furthermore, combining adsorption with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) or biological treatments significantly improves economic and energy efficiency. Integrating systems like O₃/UV with activated carbon, along with byproduct recovery strategies, further advances circular economy goals by minimizing waste and resource use. This review provides a thorough overview of paraben monitoring in wastewater, current treatment techniques, and the regulatory policies that govern their presence. Furthermore, it provides perspectives that are critical for future scientific investigations and shaping policies aimed at mitigating the risks of parabens in drinking water. Full article

16 pages, 1271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Biochar Derived from Pecan Shells for the Removal of Congo Red: The Effects of Temperature and Heating Rate

by Wanqiang Xu, Bo Cai, Xujie Zhang, Yating Zhang, Yongjian Zhang and Hehuan Peng

Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5532; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235532 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Organic pollutants, especially dyes, are seriously hazardous to the aquatic system and humans due to their toxicity, and carcinogenic or mutagenic properties. In this study, a biochar prepared from agricultural waste (pecan shells) via pyrolysis was applied to remove the dye pollutant Congo [...] Read more.

Organic pollutants, especially dyes, are seriously hazardous to the aquatic system and humans due to their toxicity, and carcinogenic or mutagenic properties. In this study, a biochar prepared from agricultural waste (pecan shells) via pyrolysis was applied to remove the dye pollutant Congo Red from wastewater to avoid a negative effect to the ecosystem. This study also investigated the effect of preparation conditions (temperature and heating rate) on the physicochemical properties and the adsorption performance of biochars. The physicochemical properties of the biochar were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption performance of the biochar was evaluated for Congo Red removal. The results showed that biochar prepared at 800 °C with a heating rate of 20 °C/min (PSC-800-20) exhibited a higher specific surface area of 450.23 m²/g and a higher adsorption capacity for Congo Red (130.48 mg/g). Furthermore, adsorption experiments indicated that the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models fitted well with the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the biochar derived from pecan shells, respectively. Additionally, the PSC-800-20 biochar demonstrated a stable adsorption capacity over multiple cycles, suggesting its potential for regeneration and reuse in wastewater treatment applications. Therefore, the biochar derived from agricultural waste presents a promising and sustainable solution for the removal of toxic dye pollutants from wastewater. Full article

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29 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Naphthalene-Derivative Bis-QACs as Potent Antimicrobials: Unraveling Structure–Activity Relationship and Microbiological Properties

by Nikita A. Frolov, Mary A. Seferyan, Elena V. Detusheva, Elizabeth Son, Ilya G. Kolmakov, Alena S. Kartseva, Victoria V. Firstova, Anatoly N. Vereshchagin and Michail N. Elinson

Molecules 2024, 29(23), 5526; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29235526 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

While the pandemic is behind us, the world community faces a global threat of bacterial resistance outbreak. One of the key ways to combat the spread of multi-resistant bacteria is infection prevention and control tactics using modern antiseptic and disinfectant compositions. Herein, we [...] Read more.

While the pandemic is behind us, the world community faces a global threat of bacterial resistance outbreak. One of the key ways to combat the spread of multi-resistant bacteria is infection prevention and control tactics using modern antiseptic and disinfectant compositions. Herein, we continue the path to unravel the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of potent pyridine-derived biocide class bis-quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). In this study, twenty dihydroxynaphthalene-derivative bis-QACs were subjected to extensive microbiological analysis on planktonic cells and biofilms of the ESKAPE microorganisms. Among them, hit compounds were superior in their bacteriostatic and bactericidal action to commercial mono-QACs and were comparable to the best bis-QAC antiseptic on the market. SAR analysis indicated that the linker conformation does not significantly affect the activity, though structure symmetry and especially lipophilicity had an influence on antibacterial performance. Furthermore, we delve deeper in investigation of the antimicrobial potential of bis-QACs and conducted a variety of assays, including time–kill kinetics, bacterial resistance formation, cell morphology, and cytotoxicity. Studies showed promising results for compounds 5d and 6d, indicating 2 to 3-fold less cytotoxicity and hemotoxicity compared to commercial QACs. Moreover, SEM imaging revealed that bis-QACs can cause severe membrane damage to S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains, confirming great potential of novel compounds as antiseptic and disinfectant. Full article

16 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Predictive Power of the Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS) for Psychosocial Outcomes in Living-Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Two-Year Prospective Study

by Ernst Peter Richter, Betty Schlegel and Hendrik Berth

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7076; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237076 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS) assesses the psychosocial risk of transplant candidates; however, its predictive value for outcomes in living-donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients remains unclear. This study evaluated the predictive power of the TERS for psychosocial outcomes in LDKT recipients [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS) assesses the psychosocial risk of transplant candidates; however, its predictive value for outcomes in living-donor kidney transplant (LDKT) recipients remains unclear. This study evaluated the predictive power of the TERS for psychosocial outcomes in LDKT recipients over two years post-transplant. Methods: In this prospective single-center cohort study, 107 LDKT recipients completed assessments pre-transplant (T0), 6 months post-transplant (T1), and 24 months post-transplant (T2). The outcomes measured were mental distress, physical complaints, and perceived social support. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the relationship between the pre-transplant TERS scores and outcomes over time. Results: Higher TERS scores predicted increased physical complaints (p < 0.001) and lower perceived social support (p = 0.035) at all time points. Additionally, higher TERS scores were associated with greater mental distress between T0 and T2 (p < 0.001). A hierarchical partitioning revealed that the TERS accounted for 11.9% of the variance in mental distress, 14.6% of that in physical complaints, and 6.0% of that in perceived social support. Conclusions: The pre-transplant psychosocial risk, as measured by the TERS, significantly predicted the psychosocial outcomes in the LDKT recipients over two years, with small-to-medium effect sizes. The TERS may serve as a valuable tool for identifying patients who could benefit from targeted psychosocial interventions to improve their long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

8 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Transcriptomics in the Study of Insect Biology”

by Yakov E. Dunaevsky and Elena N. Elpidina

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312582 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Transcriptomics is at the intersection of molecular biology and genetics, and studies the complete set of transcripts that are synthesized in a cell or organism under certain conditions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transcriptomics in the Study of Insect Biology)

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9 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Psychological Disturbances of Myasthenia Gravis: How Anxiety, Sleep Quality, and Thymectomy Interact

by Maddalen García-Sanchoyerto, Imanol Amayra, Aitana Ruiz de Lazcano, Alicia Aurora Rodríguez, Samuel Anguiano and Monika Salgueiro

Psychol. Int. 2024, 6(4), 977-985; https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint6040061 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness. Previous research has noted a high incidence of psychological problems, particularly anxiety and depression, as well as alterations in sleep quality among patients with MG. The aim of [...] Read more.

Background: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness. Previous research has noted a high incidence of psychological problems, particularly anxiety and depression, as well as alterations in sleep quality among patients with MG. The aim of this study was to assess depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and fatigue in individuals with MG and to analyze the relationships among these variables, as well as to determine the influence of corticosteroid use and thymectomy. Methods: The sample consisted of 72 participants, 42 belonging to the clinical group with MG and 30 healthy participants to the control group. The instruments used were Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Results: The results showed that MG patients exhibited higher levels of fatigue, anxiety, depression, and poorer sleep quality compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Significant differences in sleep quality and anxiety levels were observed between thymectomized and non-thymectomized patients. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between anxiety symptoms and sleep quality. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the presence of anxious and depressive symptoms in patients with MG, as well as poorer sleep quality and increased fatigue, suggesting that MG affects not only neuromuscular function but also the psychological well-being of patients. Full article

14 pages, 3277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand: Averted Deaths and Severe Infections Across Age Groups

by Chaiwat Wilasang, Pikkanet Suttirat, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama, Mohan Amarasiri, Sudarat Chadsuthi and Charin Modchang

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120286 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pivotal role of vaccines in mitigating the devastating impact of the virus. In Thailand, the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 began on 28 February 2021, initially prioritizing healthcare professionals before expanding into a nationwide effort on 7 June [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pivotal role of vaccines in mitigating the devastating impact of the virus. In Thailand, the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 began on 28 February 2021, initially prioritizing healthcare professionals before expanding into a nationwide effort on 7 June 2021. This study employs a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission with vaccination to analyze the impact of Thailand’s COVID-19 vaccination program from 1 March 2021 to 31 December 2022. We specifically assess the potential loss of lives and occurrence of severe infections across various age groups in a hypothetical scenario where vaccines were not administered. By fitting our model with officially reported COVID-19 death data, our analysis reveals that vaccination efforts prevented a total of 300,234 deaths (95% confidence interval: 295,938–304,349) and averted 1.60 million severe COVID-19 infections (95% confidence interval: 1.54–1.65 million). Notably, the elderly population over 80 years old benefited the most from vaccination, with an estimated 84,518 lives saved, constituting 4.28% of this age group. Furthermore, individuals aged between 70 and 74 years experienced the highest reduction in severe infections, with vaccination potentially preventing 8.35% of this age bracket from developing severe COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)

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29 pages, 41830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beaches’ Expulsion from Paradise: From a Natural to an Artificial Littoral in Tuscany (Italy)

by Enzo Pranzini, Irene Cinelli and Giorgio Anfuso

Coasts 2024, 4(4), 697-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts4040037 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the shoreline evolution of the Tuscany coast (Italy) from 1878–1883 to 2019. The 205 km sandy coastline, divided into 821 sectors, each one 250 m long, was analyzed to understand how human activities have altered this once-pristine coast. Sub-period analyses [...] Read more.

This study investigated the shoreline evolution of the Tuscany coast (Italy) from 1878–1883 to 2019. The 205 km sandy coastline, divided into 821 sectors, each one 250 m long, was analyzed to understand how human activities have altered this once-pristine coast. Sub-period analyses highlighted the impacts, both positive and negative, of various shore-protection projects. Initially, regional beaches were undeveloped and accreting, except for a few river deltas where alternating phases of erosion and accretion were observed. Coastal erosion began at deltas’ areas due to the reduction in sediment inputs and, at other areas, enhanced by the development of human settlements and tourism activities. This triggered the construction of protection structures that shifted erosion processes downdrift, a process that induced the downdrift extension of the structures (according to the “domino” effect), determining the transformation of a completely natural and resilient environment into a largely rigid one. Beach nourishment projects, mostly using inland quarries, added about 1 million cubic meters of sediment from the 1980s to 2019. Currently, 57.8% of beaches are larger than in the 1880s, 9.4% did not change and 32.8% are narrower. Overall, the Tuscan coast gained 6.5 km² of beach surface with an average shoreline advancement of 32 m. Recent trends (2005–2019) show that 37.7% of the coast is eroding, 21.1% is stable, and 41.2% is accreting, with a total surface area increase of about 200,000 m². The beach surface area is still increasing despite the existing reduced sediment input due to the limited sediment loss resulting from the presence of morphological cells enclosed by very prominent headlands and the absence of submarine canyons that would otherwise direct sediments to the continental shelf. Full article

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9 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘Optimal’ vs. ‘Suboptimal’ Haemodialysis Start with Central Venous Catheter—A Better Way to Assess a Vascular Access Service?

by Michael Corr, Agnes Masengu, Damian McGrogan and Jennifer Hanko

Kidney Dial. 2024, 4(4), 214-222; https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial4040018 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Whether patients commence haemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC), or an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is used to audit the quality of a vascular access service. However, this crude metric of measurement can miss the increasing nuance and complexity of vascular [...] Read more.

Background: Whether patients commence haemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC), or an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is used to audit the quality of a vascular access service. However, this crude metric of measurement can miss the increasing nuance and complexity of vascular access planning. We aimed to understand whether commencing haemodialysis with a CVC represented an ‘optimal’ or ‘suboptimal’ outcome and how this could influence the assessment of a vascular access service. Methods: From a prospective clinical database, patients known to nephrology >90 days prior to initiating haemodialysis as first-ever renal replacement therapy (2011–2020) from a single centre were included. Results: A total of 158/254 patients started haemodialysis with a CVC, and 96 with arteriovenous fistula. For 91 patients, the CVC was deemed ‘optimal’ care due to factors such as unpredictable deterioration in renal function (n = 41) and inadequate veins for AVF creation (n = 24). For 67 patients, the CVC was ‘suboptimal’ due to factors such as no/late referral to access assessment (n = 25) and delays in the AVF creation pathway (n = 13). There was no difference in mean survival between the AVF and ‘suboptimal’ groups (2.53 vs. 2.21 years, p = 0.31). There was a survival difference between AVF versus CVC (2.53 vs. 1.97 years, p = 0.002) and ‘suboptimal’ versus ‘optimal’ CVC cohorts (2.21 vs. 1.40 years, p = 0.16). Conclusions: Understanding whether a CVC is ‘optimal’ or ‘suboptimal’ allows a more nuanced analysis of service provision. High mortality in the ‘optimal’ group suggests a frailer cohort where CVC is potentially the best care. Studying ‘suboptimal’ CVC starts helps identify practice and system issues preventing ‘optimal’ care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for Kidney and Dialysis: Advances in Nephrology and Dialysis—Series II)

17 pages, 872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of a Laser System for Autonomous Weeding Robots

by Vitali Czymmek, Jost Völckner and Stephan Hussmann

AgriEngineering 2024, 6(4), 4425-4441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6040251 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Manual weed control is becoming increasingly costly, necessitating the development of alternative methods. This work investigates the feasibility of using laser technology for autonomous weed regulation. We developed a system utilizing a laser scanner to target and eliminate weeds, which was first tested [...] Read more.

Manual weed control is becoming increasingly costly, necessitating the development of alternative methods. This work investigates the feasibility of using laser technology for autonomous weed regulation. We developed a system utilizing a laser scanner to target and eliminate weeds, which was first tested using a pilot laser for accuracy and performance. Subsequently, the system was upgraded with a high-power fiber laser. Experimental results demonstrated a high weed destruction accuracy with real-time capabilities. The system achieved efficient weed control with minimal environmental impact, providing a potential alternative for sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Smart Farming through Agricultural Robots and Automation Technologies)

14 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Trends in Skin Anti-Photoaging by Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Focus on Postbiotics

by Xiangji Jin, Trang Thi Minh Nguyen, Eun-Ji Yi, Qiwen Zheng, Se-Jig Park, Gyeong-Seon Yi, Su-Jin Yang, Mi-Ju Kim and Tae-Hoo Yi

Chemistry 2024, 6(6), 1495-1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6060090 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Reflecting the increasing interest and research on living a healthy life as society ages, there has been a surge in attention and studies on photodamage. Probiotics have been studied for their ability to enhance skin integrity and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation [...] Read more.

Background: Reflecting the increasing interest and research on living a healthy life as society ages, there has been a surge in attention and studies on photodamage. Probiotics have been studied for their ability to enhance skin integrity and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, despite this, extensive research has revealed various issues and side effects, prompting increased interest in alternative options that can effectively and safely protect the skin. We focused on postbiotics as a promising solution for photodamage, aiming to demonstrate their potential as a safe and stable alternative to probiotics. Methods: We investigated papers on “skin aging” or “photoaging” and “probiotics” or “postbiotics” from 2013 to 2023 using the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Additionally, we compared and analyzed publications, authors, countries, keywords, and citations using the VOS viewer program. Results: According to our search results, the majority of papers on photodamage and probiotics were published in PubMed, with the United States leading in publication volume among countries. The most common keywords were “photodamage” and “skin”. The most cited paper recorded 470 citations. Furthermore, upon focused analysis of five papers on postbiotics and photodamage, postbiotics demonstrated preventive and protective effects against skin photodamage. Conclusions: Postbiotics for photodamage show potential as a safe and stable alternative to probiotics. However, research on postbiotics and photodamage remains limited, and additional studies and long-term tracking are essential to substantiate our claims. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Products)

30 pages, 4682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Nonlinear Suspension Based on Concept of Origami Metastructures: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations

by Antonio Zippo, Giovanni Iarriccio, Moslem Molaie and Francesco Pellicano

Vibration 2024, 7(4), 1126-1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7040058 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials; more specifically, the work is focused on origami-type structures due to their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of an innovative mechanical system inspired by recent advancements in metamaterials; more specifically, the work is focused on origami-type structures due to their intriguing mechanical properties. Originating from specific fields such as aerospace for their lightweight and foldable characteristics, origami mechanical devices exhibit unique nonlinear stiffness; in particular, when suitably designed, they show Quasi-Zero Stiffness (QZS) characteristics within a specific working range. The QZS property, aligned with the High Static Low Dynamic (HSLD) stiffness concept, suggests promising applications such as a low-frequency mechanical passive vibration isolator. The study explores the vibration isolation characteristics of origami-type suspensions, with a particular emphasis on their potential application as low-frequency passive vibration isolators. The Kresling Origami Module (KOM) has been selected for its compactness and compatibility with 3D printers. A detailed analysis using 3D CAD, Finite Element Analysis, and experimental testing has been carried out. The investigation includes the analysis of the influence of geometric parameters on the nonlinear force–displacement curve. Multibody simulations validate the low-frequency isolation properties within the QZS region, as well as disparities in dynamic properties beyond the QZS range. The study underscores the transformative potential of origami-type metamaterials in enhancing low-frequency vibration isolation technology. It also highlights challenges related to material properties and loading mass variations, providing valuable insights for future developments in this promising field. Full article

14 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MnO_x and Pd Surface Functionalization of TiO₂ Thin Films via Photodeposition UV Dose Control

by Bozhidar I. Stefanov and Hristo G. Kolev

Photochem 2024, 4(4), 474-487; https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040029 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (

D^{U V}

) on the photodeposition of MnO_x and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO₂ thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnO_x [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (

D^{U V}

) on the photodeposition of MnO_x and Pd cocatalysts on 300-nm-thick anatase TiO₂ thin films, which were prepared via sol–gel dip-coating on a glass substrate. MnO_x and Pd were photodeposited using increasing UV doses ranging from 5 to 20 J cm⁻², from 5 mM aqueous electrolytes based on Mn²⁺/IO₃⁻ or Pd²⁺, respectively. The effect of the

D^{U V}

on the MnO_x photodeposition resulted in an increase in Mn²⁺ surface content, from 2.7 to 5.2 at.%, as determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For Pd, increasing the UV dose led to a reduction in the oxidation state, transitioning from Pd²⁺ to Pd⁰, while the overall Pd surface content range remained relatively steady at 2.2–2.4 at.%. Both MnO_x/TiO₂ and Pd/TiO₂ exhibited proportional enhancements in photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. Notably, Pd/TiO₂ demonstrated a significant improvement in photocatalytic performance, surpassing that of pristine TiO₂. In contrast, TiO₂ samples functionalized through wet impregnation and thermal treatment in the same electrolytes showed overall lower photocatalytic activity compared to those functionalized via photodeposition. Full article

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2 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sustainable Chemistry: The Future

by Matthew D. Jones

Sustain. Chem. 2024, 5(4), 273-274; https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem5040018 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

When we watch the news and events around the world, it is almost impossible not to find items related to climate change, energy security or issues around plastic waste in the environment [...] Full article

26 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Nurse-Led Interventions for Improving Medication Adherence in Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review

by Daniela Berardinelli, Alessio Conti, Anis Hasnaoui, Elena Casabona, Barbara Martin, Sara Campagna and Valerio Dimonte

Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232337 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Poor medication adherence results in negative health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Several healthcare professionals provide interventions to improve medication adherence, with the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in people with chronic diseases remaining unclear. Objective: This study sought to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background: Poor medication adherence results in negative health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Several healthcare professionals provide interventions to improve medication adherence, with the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions in people with chronic diseases remaining unclear. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led interventions for improving medication adherence in adults with chronic conditions. Methods: Five databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS) were searched without applying a temporal limit. Studies evaluating the effects of nurse-led interventions on medication adherence in adults with one or multiple chronic conditions were included. Interventions only targeting a single acute disease were excluded. Results: A total of twenty-two studies with 5975 participants were included. Statistically significant improvements in adherence were reported in five out of seven studies involving face-to-face visits to patients with heart failure (n = 2), chronic myeloid leukemia (n = 1), hypertension (n = 1) and multimorbidity (n = 1) and in four out of nine studies adopting a mixed method involving face-to-face visits and telephone follow-up for patients with heart failure (n = 1), hypertension (n = 1), coronary disease (n = 1) and multimorbidity (n = 1). Remote interventions were effective in improving medication adherence in one out of six studies. No statistically significant differences were found between tablet computer-based patient education and nurse-led educational sessions. The motivational approach was found to be one of the most common strategies used to promote patient medication adherence. Conclusions: Nurse-led face-to-face visits may be effective in improving medication adherence in people with chronic diseases. However, further research is needed because current methods for measuring medication adherence may not accurately capture patient behaviour and medication consumption patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research, Education, Workforce, and Regulation to Transforming Nursing Practice and Leadership: The Future of Nursing)

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19 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessReview

Key Role of Cold-Start Circuits in Low-Power Energy Harvesting Systems: A Research Review

by Xiao Shi, Mengye Cai and Yanfeng Jiang

J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14040055 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The primary functions of an energy harvesting system include the harvesting, transformation, management, and storage of energy. Until now, various types of energy, with different power levels, have been harvested and stored by the energy harvesting system. In low-power scenarios, such as microwaves, [...] Read more.

The primary functions of an energy harvesting system include the harvesting, transformation, management, and storage of energy. Until now, various types of energy, with different power levels, have been harvested and stored by the energy harvesting system. In low-power scenarios, such as microwaves, sound, friction, and pressure, a specific low-power energy harvesting system is required. Due to the absence of an external power supply in such systems, cold-start circuits play a crucial role in igniting the low-power energy harvesting system, ensuring a reliable start-up from the initial state. This paper reviews the categorization and characteristics of energy harvesting systems, with a focus on the design and performance parameters of cold-start circuits. A tabular comparison of existing cold-start strategies is presented herein. The study demonstrates that resonance-based integrated cold-start methods offer significant advantages in terms of conversion efficiency and dynamic range, while ring oscillator-based integrated cold-start methods achieve the lowest start-up voltage. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges of self-starting and future research directions, highlighting the potential role of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and neural networks, in optimizing the design of energy harvesting systems. Full article

4 pages, 141 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advancing the Frontier of Photonics: Exploring Micro–Nano Optical Devices—An Overview of the Special Issue on Micro–Nano Optical Devices

by Yanfeng Zhang and Yan Shen

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121106 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The relentless pursuit of miniaturization in the field of photonics has led to the emergence of micro–nano optical devices as a cornerstone of modern technology [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Nano Optical Devices)

18 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Landscape of Cancer Care in Europe: Evaluating Clinical and Comprehensive Cancer Centers

by Denis Horgan, Marc Van den Bulcke, Núria Malats, Ruggero de Maria, France Dube, Jaya Singh, Paul Hofman, Imran Omar, Umberto Malapelle, Tanya Hills, Francesco Pepe and Vivek Subbiah

Healthcare 2024, 12(23), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232338 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: A comparison of the operations of Clinical Cancer Centers and Comprehensive Cancer Centers across Europe provides novel data on the interrelation between different factors in care delivery. Method: The analysis is based on a survey of key dimensions in care delivery, comparing [...] Read more.

Background: A comparison of the operations of Clinical Cancer Centers and Comprehensive Cancer Centers across Europe provides novel data on the interrelation between different factors in care delivery. Method: The analysis is based on a survey of key dimensions in care delivery, comparing routine treatment, advanced technology integration, research participation, and innovation adoption across the two types of centers. Results: Clinical Cancer Centers excel in providing routine cancer treatment through multidisciplinary teams but struggle with advanced technology integration and research participation. In contrast, Comprehensive Cancer Centers offer robust infrastructure and focus on research, advanced diagnostics, and innovative therapies, yet they face challenges in fully integrating these technologies into patient care. Conclusion: Collaboration between the two types of centers could enhance overall cancer care effectiveness, leveraging the routine efficiency of Clinical Centers and the innovative capabilities of Comprehensive Centers. By addressing gaps in technology adoption, supportive care integration, and research involvement, a more holistic cancer care network can be established, ensuring that patients across Europe access both foundational care and the latest therapeutic options. Full article

28 pages, 7136 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances, Challenges, and Applications of Graphene and Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Engineering Ceramics

by Alaa Almansoori, Katalin Balázsi and Csaba Balázsi

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231881 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Engineering ceramics and their composites are widely used owing to their excellent properties, including high wear, corrosion and heat resistance, low friction coefficient, and low thermal conductivity; thus, the current paper presents a comprehensive review of the most common types of engineering ceramics, [...] Read more.

Engineering ceramics and their composites are widely used owing to their excellent properties, including high wear, corrosion and heat resistance, low friction coefficient, and low thermal conductivity; thus, the current paper presents a comprehensive review of the most common types of engineering ceramics, demonstrating their key properties, advantages, potential applications, and challenges. This paper also provides prevailing methods for tackling the engineering ceramic challenges and maximizing their applicability. This review paper focuses on alumina (Al₂O₃), silicon carbide (SiC), zirconia (ZrO₂), aluminum nitride (AlN), and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), and explores their usability in automotive, aerospace, and tribological applications. Additionally, the incorporation of reinforcing nanomaterials, i.e., graphene and carbon nanotubes or their combination with second-phase reinforcing nanomaterials in these types of ceramics to improve their physico-mechanical properties is also discussed. By strategically adding these reinforcing materials, the brittleness of ceramics can be mitigated, leading to materials that are more suitable for demanding applications in various high-performance industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Cutting-Edge Applications)

24 pages, 3551 KiB

Open AccessReview

Animals as Architects: Building the Future of Technology-Supported Rehabilitation with Biomimetic Principles

by Bruno Bonnechère

Biomimetics 2024, 9(12), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120723 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, [...] Read more.

Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the application of biomimetics to inspire technological innovation. This review explores the application of biomimetic principles in rehabilitation technologies, focusing on the use of animal models to help the design of assistive devices such as robotic exoskeletons, prosthetics, and wearable sensors. Animal locomotion studies have, for example, inspired energy-efficient exoskeletons that mimic natural gait, while insights from neural plasticity research in species like zebrafish and axolotls are advancing regenerative medicine and rehabilitation techniques. Sensory systems in animals, such as the lateral line in fish, have also led to the development of wearable sensors that provide real-time feedback for motor learning. By integrating biomimetic approaches, rehabilitation technologies can better adapt to patient needs, ultimately improving functional outcomes. As the field advances, challenges related to translating animal research to human applications, ethical considerations, and technical barriers must be addressed to unlock the full potential of biomimetic rehabilitation. Full article

12 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cystic Fibrosis Screening Efficacy and Seasonal Variation in California: 15-Year Comparison of IRT Cutoffs Versus Daily Percentile for First-Tier Testing

by Stanley Sciortino, Steve Graham, Tracey Bishop, Jamie Matteson, Sarah Carter, Cindy H. Wu and Rajesh Sharma

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2024, 10(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns10040076 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The California Genetic Disease Screening Program (GDSP) employs a fixed immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) cutoff followed by molecular testing to screen newborns for cystic fibrosis (CF). The cutoffs approximate a 1.6% yearly IRT screen-positive rate; however, seasonal variation in IRT population means has led [...] Read more.

The California Genetic Disease Screening Program (GDSP) employs a fixed immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) cutoff followed by molecular testing to screen newborns for cystic fibrosis (CF). The cutoffs approximate a 1.6% yearly IRT screen-positive rate; however, seasonal variation in IRT population means has led us to develop a model to establish fixed IRT cutoffs that anticipate seasonal variation and minimize missed cases below cutoff. We utilized an ARIMA model to fit monthly IRT screen-positive percentiles and estimated regular seasonal expectations. We established a retrospective cohort followed for at least 1.5 years to capture missed false-negative CF cases. We compared missed CF cases identified by seasonal cutoffs vs. floating cutoffs. GDSP screened 7,410,003 newborns, from July 2007 to December 2022, and missed 36 CF cases below the fixed cutoff; five of the 36 were within 3 ng/mL below the cutoff. There was a regular, seasonal cycle that varied from 1.4% in summer to 1.8% in winter. We would have missed 59 CF cases using a 1.6% daily floating cutoff. California would need to use a 4% daily floating cutoff to improve our current detection rate, which would double the number of specimens sent for costly molecular analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening: From Laboratory Testing to Diagnosis)

11 pages, 285 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Existence, Nonexistence and Multiplicity of Positive Solutions for Generalized Laplacian Problems with a Parameter

by Jeongmi Jeong and Chan-Gyun Kim

Mathematics 2024, 12(23), 3668; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233668 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

We investigate the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem for generalized Laplacian equations with a singular, potentially non-integrable weight. By examining asymptotic behaviors of the nonlinear term near 0 and ∞, we establish the existence, nonexistence, and multiplicity of positive solutions for all [...] Read more.

We investigate the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem for generalized Laplacian equations with a singular, potentially non-integrable weight. By examining asymptotic behaviors of the nonlinear term near 0 and ∞, we establish the existence, nonexistence, and multiplicity of positive solutions for all positive values of the parameter

λ

. Our proofs rely on the fixed point theorem concerning cone expansion and compression of norm type and the Leray–Schauder’s fixed point theorem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Difference and Differential Equations)

15 pages, 2612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Complex Integrated Photonic Resonators Using the Scattering Matrix Method

by Di Jin, Sian Ren, Junkai Hu, Duan Huang, David J. Moss and Jiayang Wu

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121107 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

We propose a universal approach for modeling complex integrated photonic resonators based on the scattering matrix method. By dividing devices into basic elements including directional couplers and connecting waveguides, our approach can be used to model integrated photonic resonators with both unidirectional and [...] Read more.

We propose a universal approach for modeling complex integrated photonic resonators based on the scattering matrix method. By dividing devices into basic elements including directional couplers and connecting waveguides, our approach can be used to model integrated photonic resonators with both unidirectional and bidirectional light propagation, with the simulated spectral response showing good agreement with experimental results. A simplified form of our approach, which divides devices into several independent submodules such as microring resonators and Sagnac interferometers, is also introduced to streamline the calculation of spectral transfer functions. Finally, we discuss the deviations introduced by approximations in our modeling, along with strategies for improving modeling accuracy. Our approach is universal across different integrated platforms, providing a useful tool for designing and optimizing integrated photonic devices with complex configurations. Full article

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