MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

24 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Machine Learning- and Deep Learning-Based Myoelectric Control System for Upper Limb Rehabilitation Utilizing EEG and EMG Signals: A Systematic Review

by Tala Zaim, Sara Abdel-Hadi, Rana Mahmoud, Amith Khandakar, Seyed Mehdi Rakhtala and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury

Bioengineering 2025, 12(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020144 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Upper limb disabilities, often caused by conditions such as stroke or neurological disorders, severely limit an individual’s ability to perform essential daily tasks, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life. The development of effective rehabilitation technologies is crucial to restoring motor [...] Read more.

Upper limb disabilities, often caused by conditions such as stroke or neurological disorders, severely limit an individual’s ability to perform essential daily tasks, leading to a significant reduction in quality of life. The development of effective rehabilitation technologies is crucial to restoring motor function and improving patient outcomes. This systematic review examines the application of machine learning and deep learning techniques in myoelectric-controlled systems for upper limb rehabilitation, focusing on the use of electroencephalography and electromyography signals. By integrating non-invasive signal acquisition methods with advanced computational models, the review highlights how these technologies can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of rehabilitation devices. A comprehensive search of literature published between January 2015 and July 2024 led to the selection of fourteen studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies showcase various approaches in decoding motor intentions and controlling assistive devices, with models such as Long Short-Term Memory Networks, Support Vector Machines, and Convolutional Neural Networks showing notable improvements in control precision. However, challenges remain in terms of model robustness, computational complexity, and real-time applicability. This systematic review aims to provide researchers with a deeper understanding of the current advancements and challenges in this field, guiding future research efforts to overcome these barriers and facilitate the transition of these technologies from experimental settings to practical, real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wearable Robots for Rehabilitation Engineering)

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20 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influencing Factors of Phosphorus Mobility and Retention in the Sediment of Three Typical Plateau Lakes

by Xue Wu, Yancai Wang, Lixin Jiao, Jia He, Hongbin Zhou and Zhengzheng Hao

Toxics 2025, 13(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13020120 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The mechanisms driving changes in the stability of phosphorus (P) in sediments under lake ecosystem degradation remain poorly understood. This study investigated the P-binding forms in sediments from three plateau lakes with different trophic states in Yunnan Province, China, aiming to elucidate the [...] Read more.

The mechanisms driving changes in the stability of phosphorus (P) in sediments under lake ecosystem degradation remain poorly understood. This study investigated the P-binding forms in sediments from three plateau lakes with different trophic states in Yunnan Province, China, aiming to elucidate the responses of sediment P compositions to human activities, lake trophic status, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics. The results showed that human activity directly contributed to sediment P retention. The trophic type of lake exerted a discernible effect on P mobility in the sediments, as eutrophic algae-type lakes had a higher content of sediment mobile-P. Moreover, the sediment DOM promoted the adsorption of BD-P and NH₄Cl-P. Generally, exogenous pollution caused by human activity leads to lake eutrophication and a decline in lake ecosystem stability. This variation was largely influenced by water depth. A decrease in lake ecosystem stability leads to increased P mobility in sediments, which increases the risk of endogenous pollution. The DOM plays an important role in the mobility of sediment P. These insights offer a novel perspective for understanding how lake ecosystem characteristics are related to endogenous P loads in lakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Environmental Risks of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environment)

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13 pages, 4053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Preparation of Thin-Film Q-Switches Based on Vanadium Dioxide for Pulsed Fiber Lasers

by Dmitriy P. Sudas, Sergei M. Popov and Petr I. Kuznetsov

Photonics 2025, 12(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12020133 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

In the presented work, erbium fiber lasers operating in the pulsed mode with a nonlinear element containing a vanadium oxide saturable absorber are demonstrated. The structure of the saturable absorber is based on a segment of thinned silica fiber coated with a thin-film [...] Read more.

In the presented work, erbium fiber lasers operating in the pulsed mode with a nonlinear element containing a vanadium oxide saturable absorber are demonstrated. The structure of the saturable absorber is based on a segment of thinned silica fiber coated with a thin-film vanadium oxide by the method of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A fiber laser scheme is demonstrated that allows controlling the transmission of the internal cavity of the resonator during laser generation and deposition of a thin film. We have demonstrated a method for obtaining and annealing nanocoatings with laser generation control. We controlled the laser output parameters directly during the synthesis of the saturable absorber material. Vanadium oxides obtained in the work demonstrated the Mott–Paierls phase transition practically at room temperature. In this work, the optical characteristics of the output radiation of a fiber laser with a saturable absorber were measured. At temperatures above 70 °C, the coatings demonstrate a passive Q-switch with a repetition rate of 38 kHz and a pulse duration of 3.8 μs. At temperatures below the phase transition, a short-term mode-locking mode occurs. The transmission jump at a wavelength of about 1350 nm during structural rearrangement was 24%. For comparison, VO₂ nanopowder in a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer matrix was used as a saturable absorber material. The nanopowder modulator made it possible to obtain pulses with a frequency of 27 kHz and a duration of about 7.2 μs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Developments in Fiber Laser)

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15 pages, 9933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanosatellite Autonomous Navigation via Extreme Learning Machine Using Magnetometer Measurements

by Gilberto Goracci, Fabio Curti and Mark Anthony de Guzman

Aerospace 2025, 12(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020117 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

This work presents an algorithm to perform autonomous navigation in spacecraft using onboard magnetometer data during GPS outages. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) exploiting magnetic field measurements is combined with a Single-Hidden-Layer Feedforward Neural Network (SLFN) trained via the Extreme Learning Machine to [...] Read more.

This work presents an algorithm to perform autonomous navigation in spacecraft using onboard magnetometer data during GPS outages. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) exploiting magnetic field measurements is combined with a Single-Hidden-Layer Feedforward Neural Network (SLFN) trained via the Extreme Learning Machine to improve the accuracy of the state estimate. The SLFN is trained using GPS data when available and predicts the state correction to be applied to the EKF estimates. The CHAOS-7 magnetic field model is used to generate the magnetometer measurements, while a 13th-order IGRF model is exploited by the EKF. Tests on simulated data showed that the algorithm improved the state estimate provided by the EKF by a factor of 2.4 for a total of 51 days when trained on 5 days of GPS data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Space Exploration)

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24 pages, 3589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methods for Analyzing Avionics Reliability Reflecting Atmospheric Radiation in the Preliminary Development Phase: An Integrated Failure Rate Analysis

by Dongmin Lee and Jongwhoa Na

Aerospace 2025, 12(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020118 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Abstract: Advances in deep submicron semiconductor technology have increased the significance of studying soft errors caused by atmospheric radiation in avionics systems. Atmospheric radiation particles, such as protons and neutrons, can induce Single Event Upsets (SEUs) in sensitive electronic components, leading to system [...] Read more.

Abstract: Advances in deep submicron semiconductor technology have increased the significance of studying soft errors caused by atmospheric radiation in avionics systems. Atmospheric radiation particles, such as protons and neutrons, can induce Single Event Upsets (SEUs) in sensitive electronic components, leading to system malfunctions and data corruption. Traditional reliability analysis based on older IC or LSI components may fail to account for radiation-induced effects. However, modern avionics systems equipped with state-of-the-art VLSI components are increasingly susceptible to Single Event Upsets (SEUs), potentially leading to underestimated failure rates in these advanced systems. This study introduces an integrated failure rate analysis that incorporates both the physics of failure rates resulting from aging and wear-out and soft error rates induced by atmospheric radiation. The proposed failure rate analysis of the reliability of avionics operating at altitudes of up to 18 km by combining the physics of failure rates with radiation-induced failure rates was derived using a semi-empirical SEU estimation method. Case studies using the Zynq 7000 board, sourced from AMD (San Jose, USA), confirmed that the integrated failure rate analysis provides more accurate reliability predictions compared to conventional analysis. This approach is expected to improve the accuracy of safety assessments during the preliminary development stages, leading to a shortened development timeline and enhanced design quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue On-Board Systems Design for Aerospace Vehicles (2nd Edition))

12 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Stratified Cumulative Antibiograms in the (Choice of Appropriate Antibiotics in Urinary Tract Infection) Management of Urinary Tract Infections

by Vaclava Adamkova, Michaela Matouskova, Vanda Gabriela Adamkova, Michal Huptych and Marcela Fontana

Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020141 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial diseases both in communities and in hospitalized patients, and at the same, time they are one of the most common indications for the use of antibiotics. UTI guidelines are generally available nationally [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial diseases both in communities and in hospitalized patients, and at the same, time they are one of the most common indications for the use of antibiotics. UTI guidelines are generally available nationally or internationally, but they do not address all aspects of UTI treatment for different patient cohorts, age, gender, or comorbidities. The aim of the study was to point out the importance of stratified cumulative antibiograms at the level of individual health care facilities and the significant differences between epidemiological data, not only at the national level, but also at the local level. Our study analyses data from 383 patients with UTIs from a hospital department, General University Hospital (GUH), and 272 patients from an outpatient medical facility, Urocentrum (UC). This analysis focuses on the most common UTI causative agent, Escherichia coli, its representation as the causative agent of UTI in patients with complicated acute cystitis (N30), and its representation in complicated acute cystitis in patients with prostate cancer (C61). In addition to the frequency of occurrence, a sub-analysis of the incidence of resistance of E. coli to commonly used antibiotics by age, gender, diagnosis, and medical facility was performed. Results: The most common causative agent of UTI was E. coli. In patients with N30, it was 70% in GUH and 54% in UC, but in oncological patients with UTI, it was only 39% and 35%, respectively. In patients with UTI in C61, there was a significant difference in susceptibility of E. coli between individual health care facilities. Lower resistance was found in UC opposite to GUH isolates in ampicillin, with 29.8% vs. 65%, p = 0.001; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, with 8.5% vs. 30%, p = 0.01; with 2.1% vs. 17.5% in pivmecillinam, p = 0.01; with 10.6% vs. 37.5% in co-trimoxazole, p = 0.003; and ciprofloxacin, with 10.6% vs. 30%, p = 0.04. The study shows significant differences in the sensitivity of urinary E. coli isolates in patients in relation to age, gender, medical devices, and the presence of comorbidities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hospital-Associated Infections and Antibiotic Resistance)

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27 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oncolytic Viruses in Ovarian Cancer: Where Do We Stand? A Narrative Review

by Fulvio Borella, Marco Carosso, Maria Pia Chiparo, Domenico Ferraioli, Luca Bertero, Niccolò Gallio, Mario Preti, Jessica Cusato, Giorgio Valabrega, Alberto Revelli, Luca Marozio and Stefano Cosma

Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020140 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with limited effective treatment options. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, capable of selectively infecting and lysing cancer cells while stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. Preclinical studies have [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with limited effective treatment options. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment, capable of selectively infecting and lysing cancer cells while stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated significant tumor regression and prolonged survival in OC models using various OVs, such as herpes simplex. Early-phase clinical trials have shown a favorable safety profile, though the impact on patient survival has been modest. Current research focuses on combining OVs with other treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance their efficacy. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and future directions for utilizing OVs in the management of OC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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9 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Genetic Diversity of Clinical Isolates of Blastocystis in Italy: A Network Analysis

by Isabel Guadano-Procesi, Federica Berrilli and David Di Cave

Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020139 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist with a global distribution, frequently found in humans and various animals. Despite its prevalence, its role in human health remains debated, oscillating between being a harmless commensal and a potential pathogen. It has also been associated with [...] Read more.

Blastocystis is a common intestinal protist with a global distribution, frequently found in humans and various animals. Despite its prevalence, its role in human health remains debated, oscillating between being a harmless commensal and a potential pathogen. It has also been associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In Italy, the genetic and spatial diversity of Blastocystis remains understudied, despite the country’s diverse urbanized and environmental landscapes. This study investigates the haplotypic and spatial diversity of clinical isolates of Blastocystis across two different Italian regions, with an emphasis on subtype distribution and genetic variation. Using a network-based haplotype analysis, the study reveals a heterogeneous subtype distribution, with subtype ST4 (47.3%) being the most prevalent, followed by ST3 (20%), ST1 (16.4%), ST2 (12.7%), ST6 (1.8%) and ST7 (1.8%). The overall infection rate detected from symptomatic patients is 9.75%. Notably, ST4 shows limited haplotypic variation, suggesting a more stable population structure that is potentially linked to a human-adapted lineage. In contrast, ST1 and ST2 exhibit greater haplotypic diversity, likely due to ongoing zoonotic transmission. These findings enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis in Italy and underscore the need for further research on its pathogenic potential and transmission dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Parasitic Pathogens)

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25 pages, 48394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Research and Significance Analysis of Advanced Interpolation Methods for Optimizing System State Items and Processing Parameters

by Chunlei Tian, Yan Cao, Tian Chen and Tianlong Yuan

Machines 2025, 13(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13020117 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Finite-Difference Method (FDM) plays a pivotal role in the field of stability prediction, particularly in the modeling and stability analysis of cutting process dynamics. However, traditional approaches to optimizing the FDM often treat system state terms and time-delay terms as a monolithic [...] Read more.

The Finite-Difference Method (FDM) plays a pivotal role in the field of stability prediction, particularly in the modeling and stability analysis of cutting process dynamics. However, traditional approaches to optimizing the FDM often treat system state terms and time-delay terms as a monolithic entity, failing to explicitly distinguish between them, which leads to a lack of specificity in selecting optimization targets. In this study, an innovative approach is introduced by incorporating the third-order Newton interpolation method and the fourth-order Hermite interpolation method. By comparing the computational accuracy and convergence speed, it is found that the 3N-FDM (third-order Newton Finite-Difference Method) exhibits superior overall performance, and it is clearly pointed out that increasing the order does not always result in better outcomes. Additionally, this study selects different discretization numbers, denoted as m, for comparative analysis to thoroughly evaluate their impact on computational accuracy. Experimental validation demonstrates the high accuracy of the 3N-FDM. Through a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) of tool wear and workpiece surface roughness, it is revealed that changes in system state terms have the most significant impact on the feed rate

f

, followed by the cutting depth

a_{p}

, and finally the spindle speed

n

. Based on the experimental results and analysis mentioned above, this study concludes that optimizing system state terms can more effectively explore the combined influences of processing parameters on processing quality, production efficiency, and tool wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

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12 pages, 4747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfur Dioxide-Tolerant Core@shell Ru@Pt Catalysts Toward Oxygen Electro-Reduction

by Yuxin Liu, Changyuan Bao, Guodong Xu, Lei Du and Bing Huang

Catalysts 2025, 15(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020139 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have achieved milestones in performance improvements and commercial launches. In the typical commercialized PEMFCs, the compressed air to cathode is usually supplied from ambient air, assuming that no costly pre-purification system is applied. Therefore, the working PEMFCs [...] Read more.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have achieved milestones in performance improvements and commercial launches. In the typical commercialized PEMFCs, the compressed air to cathode is usually supplied from ambient air, assuming that no costly pre-purification system is applied. Therefore, the working PEMFCs may suffer from the negative effects of the air impurities. In this regard, SO₂, as the most poisonous species, may be fed along with air at the cathode and strongly adsorbed on the Pt surface, leading to Pt site deactivation. To address this challenge, we published a series of works in terms of poisoning mechanisms, regeneration protocols, and advanced poisoning-tolerant catalysts. Herein, we are aiming at developing a SO₂-tolerant electrocatalyst toward a cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We reasonably incorporate the Ru, synthesize Ru@Pt core@shell catalysts and investigate the relationships among Ru incorporation, ORR activity and SO₂ tolerance. Impressively, the Ru@Pt/C exhibits higher initial ORR activity (0.288 A mg⁻¹_Pt), better SO₂ poisoning resistance (33% loss in initial activity) than that of commercial Pt/C catalysts (0.252 A mg⁻¹_Pt; 62% loss). The engineered affinity between Pt and SO₂ in the presence of Ru is uncovered to account for the improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction)

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9 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

From Sand to Bell: Novel Predation of Scyphozoans by the Giant Caribbean Sea Anemone Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) from the Western Atlantic

by Ramón D. Morejón-Arrojo, Natalia B. López-Figueroa, Joán I. Hernández-Albernas, Leandro Rodriguez-Viera and Elizabeth W. Stoner

Diversity 2025, 17(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020111 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Predation is a fundamental ecological process that shapes marine ecosystem dynamics. This study reveals a novel predator–prey interaction between the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea and the two jellyfish species Cassiopea sp. and Aurelia sp., challenging traditional understanding of sea anemone feeding [...] Read more.

Predation is a fundamental ecological process that shapes marine ecosystem dynamics. This study reveals a novel predator–prey interaction between the giant Caribbean sea anemone Condylactis gigantea and the two jellyfish species Cassiopea sp. and Aurelia sp., challenging traditional understanding of sea anemone feeding habits. Observations from citizen science platforms and field recordings documented C. gigantea successfully capturing and consuming these gelatinous marine organisms. The research highlights the trophic plasticity of C. gigantea, demonstrating its ability to prey on larger gelatinous organisms beyond its traditionally known diet. This predation event represents a possible benthic–pelagic coupling mechanism and underscores the value of citizen science in capturing rare ecological interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Paleoecology of Atlantic and Caribbean Coral Reefs)

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17 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Productivity of Direct Energy Inputs in EU Agriculture

by Ludwik Wicki, Hanna Dudek, Andrzej Parzonko, Dariusz Kusz and Kaspars Naglis-Liepa

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031217 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Agriculture is a major energy consumer and a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. As the world’s population grows, increasing food production while reducing energy use presents a critical challenge. This study examined the trends in direct energy input productivity in agriculture [...] Read more.

Agriculture is a major energy consumer and a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. As the world’s population grows, increasing food production while reducing energy use presents a critical challenge. This study examined the trends in direct energy input productivity in agriculture across European Union (EU) countries from 2010 to 2021, focusing on the impact of structural factors, including production scale, mechanization, intensity, and output composition. The results showed a gradual decline in energy productivity, averaging a 1.04% annual decrease, reaching EUR 344,000 per terajoule (TJ) in 2021. Higher mechanization and production intensity improved energy productivity, while larger production scales and a greater share of animal farming had negative effects. Given the current trends of production expansion and extensification, further progress in energy productivity in agriculture appears limited. Policy measures should prioritize optimizing animal production’s share and adopting a sustainable use of renewable energy to lower the dependency on non-renewable fossil fuel sources. Future strategies must balance high agricultural output with sustainable energy consumption per food unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agricultural Economy Volume II)

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23 pages, 2444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sharing and Co-Creating Value: Innovation in Platform-Based Agricultural Service Models Driven by Service Demand Collaboration—A Case Study of the JN Life

by Xin Sun and Yike Ma

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031215 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Platform-based agricultural service models have increasingly become a primary approach to agricultural socialized services in China. This study investigates a service-demand-driven platform-based agricultural service model through the case of JN Life initiated by nine ecological farms. Based on the theory of value co-creation, [...] Read more.

Platform-based agricultural service models have increasingly become a primary approach to agricultural socialized services in China. This study investigates a service-demand-driven platform-based agricultural service model through the case of JN Life initiated by nine ecological farms. Based on the theory of value co-creation, it traces the development of the JN platform ecosystem across three phases: emergence, formation, and expansion. The study examines how farm members and key stakeholders of the JN platform actively collaborate throughout these phases, transitioning from value propositions to institutional arrangements, resource integration, and achieving value co-creation. This process is referred to as an endogenous (vs. exogenous) platform-based agricultural service model. The findings provide valuable insights into advancing the sustainable development of ecological farms and agricultural socialized services, as well as enhancing collaborative innovation in the platform ecosystem. Full article

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31 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Occupant Energy Labels (OEL): Capturing the Human Factors in Buildings for Energy Efficiency

by Timuçin Harputlugil and Pieter de Wilde

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031216 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Occupancy is one of the primary contributors to the energy performance gap, defined as the difference between actual and predicted energy usage, in buildings. This paper limits its scope to residential buildings, where occupant-centric consumption often goes unaccounted for in standard energy metrics. [...] Read more.

Occupancy is one of the primary contributors to the energy performance gap, defined as the difference between actual and predicted energy usage, in buildings. This paper limits its scope to residential buildings, where occupant-centric consumption often goes unaccounted for in standard energy metrics. This paper starts from the hypothesis that a simple occupant energy efficiency label is needed to capture the essence of occupant behaviour. Such a label would help researchers and practitioners study a wide range of behavioural patterns and may better frame occupant interventions, potentially contributing more than expected to the field. Focusing on the residential sector, this research recognises that the complexity of occupant behaviour and its links to different scientific calculations requires that researchers deal with several intricate factors in their building performance assessments. Moreover, complexity arising from changing attitudes and behaviours—based on building typology, social environment, seasonal effects, and personal comfort levels—further complicates the challenge. Starting with these problems, this paper proposes a framework for an occupant energy labelling (OEL) model to overcome these issues. The contribution of the paper is twofold. Firstly, the literature is reviewed in depth to reveal current research related to occupant behaviour for labelling of humans based on their energy consumption. Secondly, a case study with energy simulations is implemented in the UK, using the CREST tool, to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of OEL. The results show that labelling occupants may help societies reduce building energy consumption by combining insights from energy statistics, surveys, and bills gathered with less effort, and can assist decision-makers in determining the best match between buildings and occupants. While the focus of this study is on residential buildings, future research is recommended to explore the applicability of OEL in office environments, where occupant behaviour and energy dynamics may differ significantly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

19 pages, 13376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Domain Aggregation of Interharmonics from Parallel Operation of Multiple Sustainable Sources and Electric Vehicles

by Vineetha Ravindran, Shimi Sudha Letha, Sarah Rönnberg and Math H. J. Bollen

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031214 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the random nature of interharmonics generated by power converters connected to sustainable energy sources and loads, such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) panels, and electric vehicles (EVs). Current research often overlooks the stochastic behavior of interharmonics and their impact on [...] Read more.

This paper examines the random nature of interharmonics generated by power converters connected to sustainable energy sources and loads, such as wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) panels, and electric vehicles (EVs). Current research often overlooks the stochastic behavior of interharmonics and their impact on power system reliability and resilience, leading to gaps in effective modeling and mitigation strategies. Thus, this study examines a low-voltage installation with a PV panel, an EV and a microwave operating simultaneously, providing practical insights into real-world scenarios of interharmonic related disruptions and solutions for enhancing the reliability and resilience of sustainable energy grids. By leveraging real-time measurements of interharmonics, suitable probability distribution functions (PDFs) are initialized to develop a probabilistic model using Monte Carlo simulation. This enables the derivation of a time-domain aggregation model of interharmonics from multiple sources operating together at the point of common coupling (PCC). The findings reveal that the peak values of voltage or current fluctuations at the PCC are influenced by the randomness in the number of devices connected and the frequency components originating from different sources. Through multiple case studies, the dependency of these fluctuations on stochastic parameters is systematically established. Empirical relationships are formulated to predict aggregated interharmonic values under varying scenarios, enhancing the accuracy and applicability of the model. The results demonstrate that higher interharmonic frequencies and fewer randomly connected devices significantly increase the probability of elevated aggregated peak values. These insights can serve as benchmarks for grid operators and policymakers in mitigating interharmonic related issues in modern power systems. Full article

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27 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Tackles Vehicle GHG Emissions in California: Regional Plan Adoption or Local Leadership?

by Ahoura Zandiatashbar, Serena Alexander and Branka Tatarevic

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031213 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The California Senate Bill No. 375 (SB 375) serves as a model policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by integrating transportation and land-use planning through regional and local policies. The 18 California Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are tasked with developing Sustainable Communities [...] Read more.

The California Senate Bill No. 375 (SB 375) serves as a model policy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by integrating transportation and land-use planning through regional and local policies. The 18 California Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are tasked with developing Sustainable Communities Strategies (SCS) to guide emissions reductions, often implemented locally through Climate Action Plans (CAPs). However, CAPs are voluntary, and misalignment with SCS objectives can undermine their effectiveness. This study examined 25 California cities using content analysis and regression modeling to explore whether independent local actions, supported by community engagement, activist strategies, and leadership, are more effective than regional alignment in reducing vehicle trips. The findings show that while aligning regional and local plans is important for equity and resource distribution, local activist leadership in addressing specific issues, such as parking and public education, achieves significant reductions in vehicle trips. These efforts lead to a 20% increase in non-auto commuting, even without a mandated regional alignment. Additionally, regional strategies such as climate-friendly infrastructure and mass transit are crucial for addressing resource disparities between lower-income communities with limited volunteer capacity and wealthier communities that benefit from robust regional plans and strong local leadership. This study provides critical evidence of the effectiveness of regional and local approaches, emphasizing the need for a balanced, multi-scalar framework to enhance transportation emission reductions and climate resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

18 pages, 34503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corydalis Tuber Extract Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis: Transcriptomics-Based Mechanism Prediction and In Vitro/In Vivo Studies

by Seong-Eun Jin, Chang-Seob Seo, Woo-Young Jeon, Yong-Jin Oh, Hyeun-Kyoo Shin and Hyekyung Ha

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031291 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent eczema and chronic itching, affecting a significant portion of the global population. This study investigated the effects of Corydalis Tuber 70% ethanol extract (CTE) on tumor necrosis factor-α- and interferon-γ (TI)-stimulated [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent eczema and chronic itching, affecting a significant portion of the global population. This study investigated the effects of Corydalis Tuber 70% ethanol extract (CTE) on tumor necrosis factor-α- and interferon-γ (TI)-stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and a house dust mite-induced AD mouse model, elucidating its mechanism via transcriptome analysis. A total of 13 compounds, including columbamine, corydaline, dehydrocorydaline, and glaucine, were identified in CTE using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CTE downregulated pathways related to cytokine signaling and chemokine receptors in TI-stimulated HaCaT cells. It significantly inhibited C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5, CCL17, and CCL22 levels by blocking the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathways. In the AD mouse model, topical CTE significantly decreased dermatitis scores, epidermal thickening, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Plasma levels of histamine, immunoglobulin E, CCL17, CCL22, corticosterone, and cortisol were reduced. Lesions showed decreased thymic stromal lymphopoietin, CD4⁺ T cells, interleukin-4, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. The findings demonstrate that CTE alleviates AD by modulating inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines, reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, and alleviating stress-related factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Skin Inflammation)

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13 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Human Superficial Fascia: A Narrative Review

by Caterina Fede, Claudia Clair, Carmelo Pirri, Lucia Petrelli, Xiaoxiao Zhao, Yunfeng Sun, Veronica Macchi and Carla Stecco

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031289 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the interest in the comprehension of the fasciae has significantly grown, together with the necessity of finding a consensus for a terminology of the fasciae in the research and clinical fields. Furthermore, it is becoming necessary to categorize the various [...] Read more.

In recent years, the interest in the comprehension of the fasciae has significantly grown, together with the necessity of finding a consensus for a terminology of the fasciae in the research and clinical fields. Furthermore, it is becoming necessary to categorize the various types of fascia (superficial, deep, visceral, neural) since they possess different anatomical characteristics, and are implicated in different pathophysiological pathways. While in the past we have described the deep/muscular fascia, the aim of this work is to summarize and catalog the information relating to the human superficial fascia (thickness, cellular end extracellular matrix component, innervation, vascularization). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fascial Anatomy and Histology: Advances in Molecular Biology)

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17 pages, 7358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disrupted Mitochondrial Dynamics Impair Corneal Epithelial Healing in Neurotrophic Keratopathy

by Mengyi Jin, Zeyu Liu, Ruize Shi, Ya Deng, Jingwei Lin, Yuting Zhang, Lexin Lin, Yanzi Wang, Yunyi Shi, Cheng Li and Zuguo Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031290 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease characterized by impaired corneal sensitivity and epithelial repair that is often linked to sensory nerve dysfunction. To establish a clinically relevant model and explore the mechanisms underlying NK pathogenesis, we developed a novel mouse model [...] Read more.

Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a degenerative corneal disease characterized by impaired corneal sensitivity and epithelial repair that is often linked to sensory nerve dysfunction. To establish a clinically relevant model and explore the mechanisms underlying NK pathogenesis, we developed a novel mouse model through partial transection of the ciliary nerve. This approach mimics the progressive nature of NK, reproducing key clinical features such as corneal epithelial defects, reduced sensitivity, diminished tear secretion, and delayed wound healing. Using this model, we investigated how disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics contribute to corneal epithelial dysfunction and impaired repair in NK. Our findings revealed substantial disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics, including reduced expression of fusion proteins (OPA1), downregulation of fission regulators (FIS1 and MFF), and impaired mitochondrial transport, as evidenced by decreased expression of Rhot1 and Kif5b. Additionally, the downregulation of mitophagy-related genes (Pink1 and Prkn) contributed to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, leading to DNA damage and impaired corneal epithelial repair. These mitochondrial abnormalities were accompanied by increased γH2AX staining, indicative of DNA double-strand breaks and cellular stress. This study highlights the pivotal role of mitochondrial dynamics in corneal epithelial health and repair, suggesting that therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring mitochondrial function, enhancing mitophagy, and mitigating oxidative stress may offer promising avenues for treating NK. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

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13 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Energetic Application of Orange Waste in Multi-Component Co-Digestion with Municipal Sewage Sludge

by Aleksandra Szaja, Joanna Czarnota, Adam Masłoń and Magdalena Lebiocka

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031537 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

A strategy allowing for the application of orange waste (OW) in anaerobic co-digestion with municipal sewage sludge (MSS) has been proposed. For this purpose, the introduction of an additional component represented by ice-cream processing waste (IPW) has been chosen. The experiment was conducted [...] Read more.

A strategy allowing for the application of orange waste (OW) in anaerobic co-digestion with municipal sewage sludge (MSS) has been proposed. For this purpose, the introduction of an additional component represented by ice-cream processing waste (IPW) has been chosen. The experiment was conducted in batch mode at a temperature of 37 °C. Four series were conducted: S1—the mono-digestion of MSS; S2—two-component co-digestion of MSS and 1.5 g of OW; S3—two-component co-digestion of MSS and 1.0 g of IPW; and S4—three-component co-digestion of MSS, 1.0 g of IPW, and 1.5 g of OW. The obtained results indicate that the highest methane production was achieved in the presence of IPW in two- and three-component mixtures (S3 and S4). It was also accompanied by improved kinetics, enhanced organic removal, and stable process performance. The related methane yields were 407.6 and 401.6 mL/g VS in S3 and S4, respectively. In turn, in S1 and S2, this parameter was established at the level of 351.3 and 344.3 mL/g VS. Additionally, as compared to MSS mono-digestion (S1), the energy profit was enhanced by 54 and 62% in S3 and S4, respectively. The obtained results indicate the possibility of effective management of OW with energy recovery in the anaerobic digestion process (AD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

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15 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Population Well-Being in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive National Survey Using the WHO-05 Index and Self-Rated Health Metrics

by Abdulaziz Alahmadi, Yasir Almuzaini, Majed Alosaimi, Ahmed Alahmari, Fahad Alamri, Haytham Sheerah, Mariyyah Alburayh and Anas Khan

Healthcare 2025, 13(3), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13030310 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The well-being of populations is crucial for understanding nations’ public health and progress. With its ongoing transformation and development objectives, Saudi Arabia emphasizes its residents’ quality of life and well-being. Recent surveys and health indicators have underlined the nation’s focus on enhancing [...] Read more.

Introduction: The well-being of populations is crucial for understanding nations’ public health and progress. With its ongoing transformation and development objectives, Saudi Arabia emphasizes its residents’ quality of life and well-being. Recent surveys and health indicators have underlined the nation’s focus on enhancing population well-being. Aim: This study aimed to assess the overall level of well-being of the population living in Saudi Arabia using the WHO-5 index and self-rated health (SRH) metrics. Subject and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among thirty-nine thousand five hundred and sixty-two people from the general population in Saudi Arabia, citizens and residents, including all adult age groups (>18 years) and both genders. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to the Saudi adult population using an online survey. The questionnaire includes socio-demographic characteristics, the five-item Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and the self-rated health status. Results: Based on SRH, 77.4% were considered a healthy group. Male gender participants who had a better education were more likely to report a favorable SRH. According to WHO-5, poor well-being was seen in 26% of the population, and the rest had good well-being (74%). Independent predictors for good well-being include increasing age and educational level and being unemployed. Interestingly, we found a positive significant correlation between SRH and WHO-5 scores (r = 0.371; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Poor well-being was common among the general population. Independent risk factors for poor well-being include female gender and Saudi nationality, while increasing age, male gender, and higher education were significant predictors of healthy SRH. More longitudinal studies are needed to extract more data on this nation’s growing prevalence of poor self-rated health status. Full article

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15 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Insulin Resistance an Independent Predictor of Atherosclerosis?

by Małgorzata Landowska, Bernadetta Kałuża, Cezary Watała, Emilia Babula, Aleksandra Żuk-Łapan, Kinga Woźniak, Aleksandra Kargul, Jonasz Jurek, Tomasz Korcz, Małgorzata Cicha-Brzezińska and Edward Franek

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(3), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14030969 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is regarded as an established risk factor for atherosclerosis (AS). Considering that the same metabolic changes as those caused by IR are evidenced to promote [...] Read more.

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is regarded as an established risk factor for atherosclerosis (AS). Considering that the same metabolic changes as those caused by IR are evidenced to promote the development of AS, we investigated whether IR estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) could predict the occurrence of preclinical AS. Methods: The study participants were divided into two groups based on the presence of IR diagnosed during the baseline hospitalization and defined as a HOMA-IR value equal to or higher than 2.5. After a follow-up period of at least four years, a total of 79 (n = 79) were prospectively assessed in terms of the presence of preclinical AS, determined by either an abnormally low ankle–brachial index (ABI) (ABI < 0.9) or an increased carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (CIMT > 1 mm). Results: Using the multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was demonstrated that the HOMA-IR was associated with an abnormally low ABI (odds ratio: 1.609, 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.041–2.487], p = 0.032). The Cox regression model revealed that the HOMA-IR was a predictor of both an abnormal ABI (hazard ratio: 1.435, CI: [1.076–1.913], p = 0.014) and increased CIMT (hazard ratio: 1.419, CI: [1.033–1.948], p = 0.031), independently of age, sex, dyslipidemia, smoking, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and total cholesterol levels. Conclusions: IR, as estimated by the HOMA-IR, may be considered as a predictor of preclinical AS, independently of cardiovascular risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Dyslipidaemias: Enhancing Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk)

20 pages, 4831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic-Derived Metabolites from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 Reprogram Tumor-Associated Macrophages to an Inflammatory Anti-Tumoral Phenotype: Impact on Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation and Migration

by Beatrice Garavaglia, Letizia Vallino, Alessandra Ferraresi, Angela Amoruso, Marco Pane and Ciro Isidoro

Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020339 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key players in the colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment (TME), representing the most abundant immune cells within it. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota, macrophages, and cancer cells significantly impacts tumor progression by driving macrophage polarization. Particularly, the [...] Read more.

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key players in the colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment (TME), representing the most abundant immune cells within it. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota, macrophages, and cancer cells significantly impacts tumor progression by driving macrophage polarization. Particularly, the polarization into the pro-tumoral M2-like TAM phenotype promotes the extracellular matrix remodeling, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immune suppression, and therapy resistance. Probiotic metabolites can disrupt this crosstalk, possibly reverting the TAM polarization toward a pro-inflammatory anti-tumoral phenotype, thus potentially benefiting the intestinal mucosa and opposing CRC progression. Previously, we showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 metabolites counter interleukin (IL)-6-induced CRC proliferation and migration. Methods: Here, we explore how probiotics affect CRC secretome and how this influences TAM polarization, which then impacts CRC malignancy. Results: The conditioning medium (CM) from CRC cells indeed promoted the polarization of macrophage toward the M2-like phenotype, whereas the CM from CRC pre-treated with L. plantarum OC01 metabolites induced a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, characterized by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and by decreased expression of the M2 phenotype markers CD206 and CD163. Consistently, the expression of tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, a promoter of M2 macrophage polarization, was reduced in CRC cells treated with L. plantarum OC01. The pro-inflammatory macrophages inhibited CRC proliferation and migration. Conclusions: Overall, our study highlights the potential of metabolites from L. plantarum OC01 to reprogram the metabolism in cancer cells and thus reshape the TME by shifting TAMs toward a more inflammatory and anti-tumoral phenotype, emphasizing the promise of probiotics in advancing novel therapeutic approaches for CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development: 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 19886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Adsorption Behaviors of Multi-Component Shale Oil in Illite Nanopores Under Different Reservoir Conditions by Molecular Simulation

by Lingtan Zhang, Maojin Tan, Xuefeng Liu, Xiaoqing Lu, Qian Wang, Siyu Wang, Min Tian and Junjie Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030235 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Clay pores are important storage spaces in shale oil reservoirs. Studying the adsorption behavior of shale oil in clay nanopores is of great significance for reserve assessment and exploitation. In this work, illite clay pore models and multi-component shale oil adsorption models considering [...] Read more.

Clay pores are important storage spaces in shale oil reservoirs. Studying the adsorption behavior of shale oil in clay nanopores is of great significance for reserve assessment and exploitation. In this work, illite clay pore models and multi-component shale oil adsorption models considering light hydrocarbon correction are constructed for carrying out molecular dynamics simulation. We studied the adsorption behavior and characteristics of shale oil in illite pores, and analyzed the effects of reservoir environmental factors such as temperature, pressure and pore size on the adsorption behavior. The results show that in illite nanopores, shale oil can form multiple adsorption layers. The heavier the component, the stronger the interaction with the wall. The adsorption ratio of the component is closely related to the solid–liquid interaction and the molar fraction, which preliminarily reveals the reason why the heavy component content in the produced oil is considerable. The increase in temperature promotes the desorption of light and medium components, while the heavy components and dissolved gas are less affected; although the increase in pressure inhibits diffusion, the adsorption amount changes little, and only the light component increases slightly. This study deeply reveals the adsorption mechanism of shale oil in illite pores, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization and development of shale reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for the Oil and Gas Industry)

30 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Performance Multi-Subpopulation Adaptive Restart Differential Evolutionary Algorithm

by Yong Shen, Yunlu Xie and Qingyi Chen

Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020223 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

To cope with common local optimum traps and balance exploration and development in complex multi-peak optimisation problems, this paper puts forth a Dual-Performance Multi-subpopulation Adaptive Restart Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DPR-MGDE) as a potential solution. The algorithm employs a novel approach by utilising the [...] Read more.

To cope with common local optimum traps and balance exploration and development in complex multi-peak optimisation problems, this paper puts forth a Dual-Performance Multi-subpopulation Adaptive Restart Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DPR-MGDE) as a potential solution. The algorithm employs a novel approach by utilising the fitness and historical update frequency as dual-performance metrics to categorise the population into three distinct sub-populations: PM (the promising individual set), MM (the medium individual set) and UM (the un-promising individual set). The multi-subpopulation division mechanism enables the algorithm to achieve a balance between global exploration, local exploitation and diversity maintenance, thereby enhancing its overall optimisation capability. Furthermore, the DPR-MGDE incorporates an adaptive cross-variation strategy, which enables the dynamic adjustment of the variation factor and crossover probability in accordance with the performance of the individuals. This enhances the flexibility of the algorithm, allowing for the prioritisation of local exploitation among the more excellent individuals and the exploration of new search space among the less excellent individuals. Furthermore, the algorithm employs a collision-based Gaussian wandering restart strategy, wherein the collision frequency serves as the criterion for triggering a restart. Upon detecting population stagnation, the updated population is subjected to optimal solution-guided Gaussian wandering, effectively preventing the descent into local optima. Through experiments on the CEC2017 benchmark functions, we verified that DPR-MGDE has higher solution accuracy compared to newer differential evolution algorithms, and proved its significant advantages in complex optimisation tasks with the Wilcoxon test. In addition to this, we also conducted experiments on real engineering problems to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of DPR-MGDE in dealing with real engineering problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Intelligent Algorithms)

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