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Preparation of Photocurable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Composites for Continuous Manufacturing of 3D-Patterned Abrasive
Ca/Cu-Decorated TiO₂: Physicochemical Traits and Antimicrobial Action
Raw Ilmenite as a Cost-Effective Photocatalyst for UV Photo Destruction of PFAS
Shear Thickening Fluid and Sponge-Hybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerator
New Bio-Inspired Structures for Enhanced Load Bearing and Deformation Stability

Journal Description

Materials

Materials is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT), Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) and Chinese Society of Micro-Nano Technology (CSMNT) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.

Impact Factor: 3.1 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.4 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 1996-1944

Latest Articles

25 pages, 5288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Concrete Compressive Strength Based on ISSA-BPNN-AdaBoost

by Ping Li, Zichen Zhang and Jiming Gu

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5727; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235727 - 22 Nov 2024

Strength testing of concrete mainly relies on physical experiments, which are not only time-consuming but also costly. To solve this problem, machine learning has proven to be a promising technological tool in concrete strength prediction. In order to improve the accuracy of the [...] Read more.

Strength testing of concrete mainly relies on physical experiments, which are not only time-consuming but also costly. To solve this problem, machine learning has proven to be a promising technological tool in concrete strength prediction. In order to improve the accuracy of the model in predicting the compressive strength of concrete, this paper chooses to optimize the base learner of the ensemble learning model. The position update formula in the search phase of the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is improved, and piecewise chaotic mapping and adaptive t-distribution variation are added, which enhances the diversity of the population and improves the algorithm’s global search and convergence abilities. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the improvement strategy was demonstrated by comparing improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) with some commonly used intelligent optimization algorithms on 10 test functions. A back propagation neural network (BPNN) optimized with ISSA was used as the base learner, and the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm was used to train and integrate multiple base learners, thus establishing an adaptive boosting algorithm based on back propagation neural network improved by the improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA-BPNN-AdaBoost) concrete compressive strength prediction model. Then comparison experiments were conducted with other ensemble models and single models on two strength prediction datasets. The experimental results show that the ISSA-BPNN-AdaBoost model exhibits excellent results on both datasets and can accurately perform the prediction of concrete compressive strength, demonstrating the superiority of ensemble learning in predicting concrete compressive strength. Full article

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17 pages, 12866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Ag-18Cu-10Zn Filler Material on Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Welded Al/Cu Dissimilar Butt Joints

by Ziquan He, Fei Liu, Ping Gao, Lihui Pang and Yong Su

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235726 - 22 Nov 2024

Dissimilar welding between aluminum and copper poses significant challenges, primarily due to differences in their thermal and mechanical properties, resulting in brittle intermetallic compounds, limited joint strength, and high electrical resistivity. This study aims to overcome these issues by employing Ag-18Cu-10Zn filler material [...] Read more.

Dissimilar welding between aluminum and copper poses significant challenges, primarily due to differences in their thermal and mechanical properties, resulting in brittle intermetallic compounds, limited joint strength, and high electrical resistivity. This study aims to overcome these issues by employing Ag-18Cu-10Zn filler material and optimizing laser power with a focus on improving joint strength and electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the incorporation of silver and zinc enhances the phase composition and microstructure of the weld. By forming solid solution phases such as Ag₂Al and Cu₅Zn₈, the brittle Al₂Cu phase commonly found in traditional Al/Cu welding is replaced. This not only promotes the heterogeneous nucleation of fine silver-rich grains but also restricts the excessive growth of silver-poor grains, resulting in a uniform distribution of fine grains throughout the weld. These modifications contribute to both fine-grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening. At an optimal laser power of 750 W, joint strength reaches 109 MPa, while joint resistivity decreases to 3.19 μΩ·cm, 12.6% lower than that of the aluminum alloy base material. This study proposes a process for achieving highly conductive, reliable Al/Cu dissimilar metal joints, potentially impacting the aluminum–copper connections in battery modules for new energy vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding, Joining, and Additive Manufacturing of Metals and Alloys (Second Edition))

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9 pages, 642 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Polyacrylonitrile Composites Blended with Asphalt as a Low-Cost Material for Producing Synthetic Fibers: Rheology and Thermal Stability

by Artem V. Pripakhaylo, Alexei A. Tsypakin, Anton A. Klam, Andrei L. Andreichev, Andrei R. Timerbaev, Oksana V. Shapovalova and Rustam N. Magomedov

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235725 - 22 Nov 2024

The results of rheological studies and thermal analysis of polymer compositions based on polyacrylonitrile copolymers (PAN) of different molecular weights and asphalt isolated by n-pentane solvent deasphalting are presented. It was found that the asphalt content in mixtures with PAN at the level [...] Read more.

The results of rheological studies and thermal analysis of polymer compositions based on polyacrylonitrile copolymers (PAN) of different molecular weights and asphalt isolated by n-pentane solvent deasphalting are presented. It was found that the asphalt content in mixtures with PAN at the level of 10–30 wt.% improves the rheological properties of the polymer composite melt. In particular, the temperatures of extrusion and molding of fibers tend to reduce, and the time during which the melt retains its rheological characteristics necessary for extrusion is notably increased, from 43 to 92 min. Thermal analysis by DSC revealed no effect of asphalt additive in an amount of up to 30 wt.% on radical PAN cyclization and the subsequent stage of fiber stabilization. Our study proved the possibility of preparing polymer composites based on PAN and asphalt suitable for extrusion and eventual molding of continuous filaments of synthetic fibers with reduced cost of production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Researches in Polymer and Plastic Processing)

21 pages, 3954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Compression Failure Characteristics and Damage Constitutive Model of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with 2% Copper-Coated Fibers Under Impact Load

by Guangkun Liu, Zhengxiong Bai, Wei Liu and Yajie He

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235724 - 22 Nov 2024

This study systematically investigates the mechanical properties of plain concrete (PC) and 2% steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under both static and dynamic loading conditions, utilizing advanced mechanical testing equipment and dynamic impact testing methods. The strain rate range studied spans from 10 [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the mechanical properties of plain concrete (PC) and 2% steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) under both static and dynamic loading conditions, utilizing advanced mechanical testing equipment and dynamic impact testing methods. The strain rate range studied spans from 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ to 483.12 s⁻¹. Under static loading conditions, the maximum bearing capacity and energy absorption capacity of 2% SFRC are 2.16 times and 3.83 times greater than those of PC, respectively, indicating a significant enhancement in toughness and resistance to failure. Under dynamic loading conditions, the energy absorption capacity of SFRC increases to 6.36 times that of PC. The impact failure behavior of SFRC was analyzed using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar—digital image correlation (SHPB-DIC) method, revealing that the failure was primarily driven by splitting tension. The failure process was subsequently categorized into four distinct stages. At high strain rates, the dynamic enhancement factor, peak stress, and peak strain of SFRC exhibit a linear increase with strain rate, whereas the energy absorption capacity increases in a nonlinear manner. This study presents a simplified viscoelastic constitutive model with four parameters and develops a damage-based viscoelastic constitutive model with seven parameters, demonstrating its broad applicability. The findings offer both theoretical insights and experimental evidence to support the use of SFRC under high strain rate conditions. Full article

14 pages, 6106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis and Validation of Lightweight Carriage Structures Using Basalt Fiber Composites

by Xianglin Wang, Shaoqing Yuan, Wei Sun, Wenfeng Hao, Xufeng Zhang and Zhongjia Yang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235723 - 22 Nov 2024

With the growth in road transport volume and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the use of lightweight dump trucks not only reduces fuel consumption but also enhances transport efficiency, aligning with the principles of green development. It has now become a key focus in [...] Read more.

With the growth in road transport volume and increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the use of lightweight dump trucks not only reduces fuel consumption but also enhances transport efficiency, aligning with the principles of green development. It has now become a key focus in the field of heavy-duty vehicle research. The carriage is located at the rear of the dump truck, connected to the chassis, and serves as the box for carrying cargo, making its strength and durability crucial. As one of the important components of heavy-duty vehicles, the carriage accounts for 15% to 25% of the total vehicle weight, and its weight reduction efficiency is significantly higher than that of other vehicle systems. This paper presents a prefabricated carriage structure based on basalt fiber composite panels combined with a metal frame, achieving the lightweight design of the carriage while meeting the stringent requirements for high load-bearing capacity and strength in heavy-duty vehicles, and significantly improving assembly and production efficiency. Given the complex working environment and diverse loading demands of heavy vehicles, this study incorporates real operating conditions of dump trucks, utilizing theoretical calculations and design analyses to construct finite element models for various scenarios, followed by detailed numerical simulations in ABAQUS (2023). Additionally, a bending–shear test of the side panel was designed and conducted to validate the accuracy of the finite element model, with comparative analysis performed between simulation results and experimental data, effectively assessing the safety and reliability of this lightweight composite carriage structure. The results indicate that the designed carriage not only meets the strength, stiffness, and impact resistance requirements of current heavy-duty carriages but also significantly reduces the carriage weight. This research provides scientific reference and engineering value for the application of composite materials in the lightweight design and structural optimization of dump trucks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Experimental Testing of Composites Used in the Maritime Industry)

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14 pages, 3722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of TS-1 Zeolite with Small Particle Size by Colloidal Silicon Seed-Induced Synthesis and Application in Oxidative Desulfurization

by Tieqiang Ren, Yue Sun, Yujia Wang, Lulu Wang, Qian Yu, Lisheng Liang, Xianming Kong and Haiyan Wang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235722 - 22 Nov 2024

The dosages of colloidal silicon seeds in the seed-induced synthesis of TS-1 zeolites were investigated in detail. The characterization results revealed that the colloidal silicon seeds not only reduced the particle sizes but also promoted the incorporation of titanium atoms into the framework [...] Read more.

The dosages of colloidal silicon seeds in the seed-induced synthesis of TS-1 zeolites were investigated in detail. The characterization results revealed that the colloidal silicon seeds not only reduced the particle sizes but also promoted the incorporation of titanium atoms into the framework of TS-1 zeolites as prepared. SEM images and particle size distribution (PSD) confirmed that the particle sizes of TS-1 zeolite could be effectively reduced to about 150 nm. The lattice plane [2 1 0] and [0 2 0] of 7.0-Seed-TS-1 zeolite were well exposed, as observed by the HRTEM images. It is worth noting that the ratio of non-framework Ti atoms incorporated onto the surface of TS-1 zeolites increased slightly to 0.11% by XPS. By regulating the dosage of colloidal Si seeds and promoting rapid nucleation, the size of the crystals could be easily tuned, and then the resulting high external specific surface area and pore volume ensured the reactant accessibility to the active site. The TS-1 zeolites regulated by the 5.0~7.0% dosages of colloidal silicon seeds possessed high external specific surface areas (148.1 m²/g and 130.9 m²/g) and small particle sizes (about 150 nm). The oxidative desulfurization of 500 ppm DBT by 7.0-Seed-TS-1 zeolite could reach to 100%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Porous Materials: Synthesis, Characterisations and Applications (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 1592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Form-Stable Phase-Change Materials Using Chemical Vapor Deposition-Derived Porous Supports: Carbon Nanotube/Diatomite Hybrid Powder and Carbon Nanotube Sponges

by Francesca Romana Lamastra, Mario Bragaglia, Lorenzo Paleari, Francesca Nanni, Francesco Fabborcino and Manuela Scarselli

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5721; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235721 - 22 Nov 2024

In this work, two types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-derived porous supporting materials consisting of CNTs–decorated diatomite (CNT/DE) and CNT sponges (CNS) were developed to prepare novel form-stable phase-change material (PCM) composites by impregnation, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the PCM. The CNT/DE [...] Read more.

In this work, two types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-derived porous supporting materials consisting of CNTs–decorated diatomite (CNT/DE) and CNT sponges (CNS) were developed to prepare novel form-stable phase-change material (PCM) composites by impregnation, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the PCM. The CNT/DE support matrix showed highly entangled nanotubes (the weight ratio of CNTs to DE was 0.16) over and inside the porous structure of diatomite, giving the hybrid matrix an electrical response. The CNS that resulted was mainly composed of bent and interconnected CNTs forming a three-dimensional highly porous structure. XPS and FTIR results revealed that CNTs in both the supporting materials have a moderate amount of oxygen-containing functional groups. Both hosts allow for high PEG loading (about 75 wt%) without showing any PCM leakage during melting. Both form-stable PCM composites showed high thermal reliability upon a hundred melting–solidification DSC cycles (PEG/CNT/DE latent heat is 86 ± 4 J/g and PEG/CNS latent heat is 100 ± 2 J/g; melting temperature 34 °C). An analytical model was used to evaluate the passive cooling performance of the systems, simulating the thermal behaviour of a building wall containing the confined PCM in the hosts, resulting in a reduction in required cooling power of about 10%. The overall results suggest that the developed form-stable PCM composites could be considered promising additive materials for the production of building envelopes with thermal energy storage capability. Full article

23 pages, 36687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Waterborne Polyurethane-Modified Cement on the Mechanical Characterization of Grouting Concretion Stone

by Jingyu Zhang, Sili Chen, Xinchao Duan, Jinzhu Meng and Junxiang Wang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235720 - 22 Nov 2024

To improve the safety and stability of tunnel structures, developing grouting materials suitable for cold regions with excellent performance is crucial. Herein, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was used to modify cement grouting materials. Through orthogonal testing analysis, the optimal mixing ratio of the modified [...] Read more.

To improve the safety and stability of tunnel structures, developing grouting materials suitable for cold regions with excellent performance is crucial. Herein, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was used to modify cement grouting materials. Through orthogonal testing analysis, the optimal mixing ratio of the modified cement grouting materials was determined to be as follows: a water–cement ratio of 0.5, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) content of 0.05%, WPU content of 5%, water-reducing agent (WRA) content of 0.2%. Furthermore, the dynamic mechanical properties of grouting concretion stones were studied. The influence of various external parameters on the compressive strength of the grouting concretion stones cured for different ages was evaluated. The influence degree of stone particle size on the dynamic compressive strength of the grouting stone body was d_{5–10 mm} > d_{5–20 mm} > d_{5–30 mm}. The split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment was performed to show that for the same strain rate, the absorbed energy and energy utilization rate first increase and then decrease with increasing stone particle size. When the stone particle size was 5–20 mm, the absorption energy and energy utilization rate of the grouting stone body were the highest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Study, Numerical Simulation & Structural Applications of Construction Materials—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Field Effect on the Electric and Dielectric Properties of the Linear Magnetoelectric Compound Co₄Nb₂O₉

by Iliana N. Apostolova, Angel T. Apostolov and Julia M. Wesselinowa

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235719 - 22 Nov 2024

Using Green’s function theory and a microscopic model, the multiferroic properties of

{Co}_{4} {Nb}_{2} O_{9}

are investigated theoretically. There are some discrepancies in the discussion of the electric and dielectric behavior of CNO with and without external magnetic fields. We [...] Read more.

Using Green’s function theory and a microscopic model, the multiferroic properties of

{Co}_{4} {Nb}_{2} O_{9}

are investigated theoretically. There are some discrepancies in the discussion of the electric and dielectric behavior of CNO with and without external magnetic fields. We try to clarify them. It is observed that the polarization and the dielectric constant do not show a peak at the antiferromagnetic phase transition temperature

T_{N}

without an external magnetic field h. But applying h, there appears a peak around the Neel temperature

T_{N}

, which increases with increasing h and then shifts to lower temperatures. The magneto-dielectric coefficient MD

(T, h)

is also calculated. Moreover, the magnetization rises with an increasing external electric field below the Neel temperature. This shows strong magnetoelectric coupling in

{Co}_{4} {Nb}_{2} O_{9}

. The obtained results are compared with the existing experimental data. There is a good qualitative agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectrics and Ferroelectrics for End Users)

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13 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Softening Measurements of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

by Ottó K. Temesi, Albert Karacs, Nguyen Q. Chinh and Lajos K. Varga

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235718 - 22 Nov 2024

Home-built equipment will be presented able to measure the thermal expansion (with a flat indenter) and indentation depth (with a pointed indenter) up to 1100 °C. In dilatometer mode, the allotropic phase transformations can be studied. For hardness, a Rockwell-type measurement is adopted. [...] Read more.

Home-built equipment will be presented able to measure the thermal expansion (with a flat indenter) and indentation depth (with a pointed indenter) up to 1100 °C. In dilatometer mode, the allotropic phase transformations can be studied. For hardness, a Rockwell-type measurement is adopted. First, we apply a small load and measure the displacement consisting of a dominant positive thermal expansion and a small negative indentation depth contribution. Then, we repeat the thermal cycle with such a high load that the compensation appears at around 250–300 °C. With increasing temperature, the indentation depth starts to dominate and we can notice a contraction. The indentation depth as a function of temperature, ID(T), will be obtained by subtracting the high load curve from the low load curve. A new rational fraction expression will be tested to describe the thermal softening of pure metals and refractory HEAs. Still, we are working on improving the equipment to extend the working temperature up to 1200 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in High-Entropy Alloys (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 11263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hooked-End Steel Fibers Affecting Damping Ratio of Modified Self-Compacting Concrete with Rubber and Marble/Granite Additions

by Amauri Ernesto Gomes, Luisa A. Gachet, Rosa Cristina C. Lintz, Mirian de L. N. M. Melo and Wislei R. Osório

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235717 - 22 Nov 2024

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effects of hooked-end steel fibers on both the fresh and hardened properties of modified self-compacting concretes (SCC). For this purpose, the steel fibers are associated with other residue contents (i.e., marble, granite, and rubber). [...] Read more.

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effects of hooked-end steel fibers on both the fresh and hardened properties of modified self-compacting concretes (SCC). For this purpose, the steel fibers are associated with other residue contents (i.e., marble, granite, and rubber). These concatenated material contents constitute a novelty since no investigations are reported. It is found that with the increase in rubber content, a better ability to absorb energy is observed. This indicates that a good alternative to structural material is provided. Fresh properties are evaluated by using flow, T₅₀₀ time, V-funnel, and J-ring methods. The mechanical behavior is evaluated in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, static and dynamic modulus of elasticity, and damping ratio. Experimental results of the water absorption, porosity, and density are also attained. It is also found that an SCC mixture containing steel fiber, marble/granite residue, and rubber content is a potential mixture to be considered when designing in SCC associated with an improved damping ratio. Although the rubber content decreases the mechanical behavior and slump flow, the concatenated utilization of marble/granite residues and steel fiber contents provides a slight improvement in the damping result. An environmental benefit can also be associated since cement consumption is decreased with marble additions. Full article

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18 pages, 7203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiscale Wettability of Microtextured Irregular Surfaces

by Katarzyna Peta

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235716 - 22 Nov 2024

Surface microgeometry created by the energy of electric discharges is related to surface wetting behavior. These relationships change depending on the scale of observation. In this work, contact angles correlated with the surface complexity of AA 6060 after electro-discharge machining were analyzed at [...] Read more.

Surface microgeometry created by the energy of electric discharges is related to surface wetting behavior. These relationships change depending on the scale of observation. In this work, contact angles correlated with the surface complexity of AA 6060 after electro-discharge machining were analyzed at different observation scales. This research focuses on the methodology of selecting the best scales for observing wetting phenomena on irregular surfaces, as well as indicating the topographic characterization parameters of the surface in relation to the scales. Additionally, the geometric features of the surface that determine the contact angle were identified. In this study, the surfaces of an aluminum alloy are rendered using focus variation 3D microscopy and described by standardized ISO, area-scale, and length-scale parameters. The research also confirms that it is possible to design surface wettability, including its hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, using electrical discharge machining parameters. The static and dynamic behavior of liquids on surfaces relevant to contact mechanics was also determined. Full article

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18 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review on Properties of Electrodeposited Nickel Composite Coatings: Ni-Al₂O₃, Ni-SiC, Ni-ZrO₂, Ni-TiO₂ and Ni-WC

by Daniel M. Zellele, Gulmira Sh. Yar-Mukhamedova and Malgorzata Rutkowska-Gorczyca

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235715 - 22 Nov 2024

Nickel electrodeposition is a widely utilized method for creating thin films on various substrates with various desirable attributes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing nickel composite coatings that incorporate additional elements or particles into the nickel matrix to enhance their [...] Read more.

Nickel electrodeposition is a widely utilized method for creating thin films on various substrates with various desirable attributes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing nickel composite coatings that incorporate additional elements or particles into the nickel matrix to enhance their properties. These composite coatings offer superior corrosion resistance, hardness, tribological, and other functional benefits compared with pure nickel coatings. Some of the recent advancements in electrodeposited nickel composite coatings include improved wear resistance, enhanced mechanical properties, and better corrosion resistance. Researchers have discovered that reinforcing the nickel matrix with Al₂O₃, SiC, ZrO₂, WC, and TiO₂ particles to obtain nickel composite coatings can significantly enhance all these important functional properties of various substrates. The uniform distribution of these particles within the nickel matrix acts as a barrier to wear and tear. Studies have also shown that nickel composite coatings with those particles exhibit superior mechanical properties, including increased hardness. These particles help to refine the grain size of the nickel matrix and deter movements that may cause defects, leading to greater mechanical strength. Moreover, nickel composite coatings offer improved protection against corrosion compared with pure nickel coatings. This review provides a detailed discussion of nickel composite coatings with regard to their comparative advantages compared with pure nickel coatings on different substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)

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13 pages, 4076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydrophobic Fumed Silica on Bending Strength of Sodium Silicate-Bonded Sand Cores

by Yunbo Li, Huarui Zhang, Jiulong Chen, Ting Xiang, Ying Cheng and Hu Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235714 - 22 Nov 2024

Inorganic sand cores involving sodium silicate binder and microsilica have environmental advantages during the casting process of aluminum alloy. Nevertheless, the bending strength of sodium silicate-bonded sand (SSBS) needs to be further improved. In this research, the effect of hydrophobic fumed silica on [...] Read more.

Inorganic sand cores involving sodium silicate binder and microsilica have environmental advantages during the casting process of aluminum alloy. Nevertheless, the bending strength of sodium silicate-bonded sand (SSBS) needs to be further improved. In this research, the effect of hydrophobic fumed silica on the bending strength of sand cores was studied. The experimental results revealed that hydrophobic fumed silica with the addition of 0.050 wt.% can be adopted as an optimal modifier to enhance the bending strength of SSBS. According to scanning electron microscope and spectroscopy techniques, dense bonding bridges and a complex Si–O–Si network containing specific silicon molecules with a silicon atom bonded to three other silicon atoms contribute to the excellent bending strength, with a 53.1% increase in cold strength (24 h) compared to a commercial sample of a modified sand core. Meanwhile, the newly formed Si–O–Al chemical bond plays a crucial role in increasing the bending strength of sand cores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microstructure and Properties in Metals and Alloys, 3rd Volume)

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23 pages, 17855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constitutive Modelling Analysis and Hot Deformation Process of AISI 8822H Steel

by Khaled Elanany, Wojciech Borek and Saad Ebied

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235713 - 22 Nov 2024

This study used the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator to examine the hot deformation characteristics of AISI 8822H steel. The main goal was to understand the alloy’s behaviour under various thermomechanical settings, emphasising temperature ranges between 1173 K and 1323 K and strain rates [...] Read more.

This study used the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator to examine the hot deformation characteristics of AISI 8822H steel. The main goal was to understand the alloy’s behaviour under various thermomechanical settings, emphasising temperature ranges between 1173 K and 1323 K and strain rates from 0.01 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹. This study aimed to enhance the alloy’s manufacturing process by offering a thorough understanding of the material’s response to these conditions. Four various constitutive models—Arrhenius-type, Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook, and Trimble—were used in a comprehensive technique to forecast flow stress values in order to meet the study’s goals. The accuracy of each model in forecasting the behaviour of the material under the given circumstances was assessed. A thorough comparison investigation revealed that the Trimble model was the most accurate model allowing prediction of material behaviour, with the maximum correlation factor (R = 0.99) and at least average absolute relative error (1.7%). On the other hand, the Johnson–Cook model had the least correlation factor (R = 0.92) and the maximum average absolute relative error (32.2%), indicating that it was the least accurate because it could not account for all softening effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume))

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26 pages, 5169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Road Performance Verification of Aggregate Gradation for Large Stone Asphalt Mixture

by Yufeng Bi, Minghao Mu, Lujun Zeng, Tingting Ding, Chengduo Qian, Deshui Yu and Yingjun Jiang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235712 - 22 Nov 2024

The pavement base and subbase are the main load-bearing structures of asphalt pavement, and their materials need to have sufficient bearing capacity. Therefore, in the development of LSAM-50 mixtures with higher bearing capacity, after significant research and engineering practice, conventional particle size asphalt [...] Read more.

The pavement base and subbase are the main load-bearing structures of asphalt pavement, and their materials need to have sufficient bearing capacity. Therefore, in the development of LSAM-50 mixtures with higher bearing capacity, after significant research and engineering practice, conventional particle size asphalt mixtures have formed their own excellent mineral gradation and have been incorporated into relevant specifications, while LSAM-50 mixtures, including mineral gradation, have not been involved in related research and engineering applications. According to the strength composition mechanism of asphalt mixtures, under the same circumstances of asphalt, due to the large nominal maximum particle size of LSAM-50 and the small amount of asphalt used, the strength of mineral grading is more important than that of asphalt, which is one of the key issues to be solved in the research of LSAM-50 mixtures. This study aims to enhance the road performance of asphalt mixtures with a maximum nominal particle size of 50 mm (LSAM-50). The variation of void ratios in coarse aggregate skeletons was investigated when aggregates of 37.5–53 mm (designated as D1), 19–37.5 mm (designated as D2), and 9.5–19 mm (designated as D3) were mixed in different proportions. Meanwhile, the effects of fine aggregate gradation on the strength of asphalt mortar and the influence of the ratio of coarse to fine aggregates on the mechanical strength of LSAM-50 were examined. A densely graded structure with strong interlocking for LSAM-50 was proposed, and its road performance was verified. The results indicate that when the ratio of D1, D2, and D3 is 5:2:3, the void ratio of the mixed coarse aggregate is minimized. When the decrement factor i is 0.75, the compressive strength and splitting strength of asphalt mortar reach their maxima. Compared with the densely graded asphalt-stabilized aggregate mixture (ATB-30) with a maximum nominal particle size of 37.5 mm, the dynamic stability of LSAM-50 with the proposed gradation is increased by 400%, the low-temperature bending strain by 3%, the SCB bending strength by 47%, and the residual SCB strength by 90%. Full article

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20 pages, 41647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Criterion Calibration and Finite Element Simulation in SUS304 Stainless Steel

by Menglong Xing, Yangchao Liu, Jianwei Lu, Xiaomin Huang, Xinge Wang, Jianqi Xue, Fuming Zhang and Fengshan Du

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235711 - 22 Nov 2024

In order to calibrate the ductile fracture criterion in SUS304 stainless steel, four tensile samples were designed, their finite element models were established, and uniaxial tensile tests were carried out. The simulation results were compared with the tests. Due to the limitations of [...] Read more.

In order to calibrate the ductile fracture criterion in SUS304 stainless steel, four tensile samples were designed, their finite element models were established, and uniaxial tensile tests were carried out. The simulation results were compared with the tests. Due to the limitations of finite element software, only a few criteria can be solved in MENTAT of MSC.MARC 2013. In order to make the ductile fracture criteria universal, the HYPELA2 subroutine was used to write the ductile fracture criteria, and the three-point bending simulation was used to verify the ductile fracture criteria program. Finally, the calibration results of different fracture criteria are compared with the test results. The results show that the error between the finite element results of four samples and the test results is small, which verifies the feasibility of the finite element model. Based on the Oh criterion, the correctness of HYPELA2 subroutine development is verified by a three-point bending simulation. In the SH sample, the Freudenthal, C-L, and LeRoy criteria have a better prediction ability, and the prediction error of other criteria is relatively large. All the criteria have a strong prediction ability for the NT20 and CH05 samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Cutting, Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment)

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22 pages, 14187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Ti-Al-V Alloys with Layers Containing TiN Particles Obtained via the Electrophoretic Deposition Process: Surface and Structural Properties

by Maria Biegun-Żurowska, Anna Berezicka, Marcin Gajek, Tomasz Goryczka and Magdalena Ziąbka

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235710 - 22 Nov 2024

The aim of this work was to obtain homogenous coatings containing chitosan with different concentrations of titanium nitride particles (TiN). The coatings were deposited via an electrophoretic process on an etched medically pure Ti-6Al-4V alloy. As part of the study, the zeta potential [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to obtain homogenous coatings containing chitosan with different concentrations of titanium nitride particles (TiN). The coatings were deposited via an electrophoretic process on an etched medically pure Ti-6Al-4V alloy. As part of the study, the zeta potential of the suspensions used for EPD coating deposition was measured, allowing for the optimization of process parameters and the assessment of suspension stability. Subsequently, the research focused on evaluating the microstructure (SEM + EDS), structure (XRD), and surface characteristics (roughness, contact angle, surface energy, microhardness, coating adhesion) of the deposited layers. SEM microscopy confirmed the effective deposition of titanium nitride particles onto the titanium alloy surface. XRD analysis proved the assumed phase composition of the coating. The increase in TiN phase content in the individual layers was confirmed. The chitosan/TiN layer’s introduction altered the alloy surface, increasing its roughness and static water contact angle. The highest roughness and hydrophobic properties were observed in the coating with a 2 wt.% concentration of titanium nitride particles. Additionally, the coating containing the highest concentration of ceramic particles (2 wt.%) exhibited the highest hardness (197 HV) among all the tested layers. However, the TiN particles incorporation in the layer decreased the adhesion strength, from 2.36 MPa (0.5 wt.% TiN) to 1.04 MPa (2 wt.% TiN). The coatings surface and structural properties demonstrate potential as protective layers for implants and are suitable for further biological studies to assess their applicability in medical and veterinary fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 2341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles—Structural, Morphological, and Dielectric Characterization

by Joana Neiva, Zohra Benzarti, Sandra Carvalho and Susana Devesa

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5709; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235709 - 22 Nov 2024

This study investigates the structural, chemical, and morphological properties of CuO nanoparticles synthesized via a green synthesis route using Opuntia ficus-indica cladode extract, with a focus on the effects of stepwise versus direct calcination. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of CuO, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the structural, chemical, and morphological properties of CuO nanoparticles synthesized via a green synthesis route using Opuntia ficus-indica cladode extract, with a focus on the effects of stepwise versus direct calcination. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of CuO, Na₂CO₃, and Na₂SO₃, with the latter two being associated with elements inherited from the cactus extracts. XRD patterns confirmed the presence of crystalline CuO and Na₂CO₃ phases, with the low content of Na₂SO₃ inferred to be amorphous. Rietveld refinement estimated a CuO content of approximately 77% in the stepwise-calcined sample and 75% in the directly calcined sample, with lattice parameters closely aligning with reference values. SEM micrographs revealed a tendency for CuO nanoparticles to aggregate, likely due to high surface energy and interaction with the viscous plant extract used in the green synthesis. Crystallite size estimates, along with morphological observations, suggest that stepwise calcination enhances crystallinity and particle definition without altering the fundamental nanoparticle morphology. These findings highlight the influence of calcination method and natural extracts on the composition and morphology of green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles, offering insights into potential applications, namely in microelectronics, due to their promising dielectric properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials)

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23 pages, 5981 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Mini Review of Advances in Porous Materials Designing for Hydrogen Isotope Separation

by Huafeng Zhu, Liangbo Xu, Jia Li, Duanwei He and Jingchuan Wang

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235708 - 22 Nov 2024

The separation of mixtures of hydrogen isotopes is one of the greatest challenges of modern separation technology. A newly proposed separation mechanism, the quantum sieving (QS) effect, is expected to achieve high separation factors, the main desired properties for hydrogen isotope separation (HIS). [...] Read more.

The separation of mixtures of hydrogen isotopes is one of the greatest challenges of modern separation technology. A newly proposed separation mechanism, the quantum sieving (QS) effect, is expected to achieve high separation factors, the main desired properties for hydrogen isotope separation (HIS). Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and zeolites are excellent candidates to study these quantum effects because of their well-defined and tunable pore structure and the potential to introduce strong adsorption sites directly into the framework structure. This paper briefly discusses the fundamentals of QS of hydrogen isotopes in nanoporous materials, mainly including kinetic quantum sieving (KQS) and chemical affinity quantum sieving (CAQS). Recent experimental advances in the separation of hydrogen isotopes from MOFs and zeolites are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Porous Materials and Nanozeolites)

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