Nutrients

13 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Helicobacter pylori Through the “Muco-Microbiotic Layer” Lens: The Challenge of Probiotics and Microbiota Nanovesicles

by Olga Maria Manna, Celeste Caruso Bavisotto, Melania Ionelia Gratie, Provvidenza Damiani, Giuseppe Bonaventura, Francesco Cappello, Giovanni Tomasello and Vito D’Andrea

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030569 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

The muco-microbiotic layer represents a critical biological frontier in gastroenterology, emphasizing the intricate interplay between the protective mucus, its resident microbiota, and extracellular vesicles. This review explores the functional morphology of the gastric mucosa, focusing on the gastric muco-microbiotic layer, its role as [...] Read more.

The muco-microbiotic layer represents a critical biological frontier in gastroenterology, emphasizing the intricate interplay between the protective mucus, its resident microbiota, and extracellular vesicles. This review explores the functional morphology of the gastric mucosa, focusing on the gastric muco-microbiotic layer, its role as a protective barrier, and its dynamic interaction with some of the most insidious pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Highlighting the multifaceted mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenesis, we have delved into bacterial virulence factors, host immune responses, and the microbiota’s regulatory effects. Novel therapeutic strategies for H. pylori eradication, including traditional antibiotic therapies and emerging adjuvant treatments like probiotics and probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles, are critically examined. These findings underscore the potential of targeting nanovesicular interactions in the gastric mucosa, proposing a paradigm shift in the management of H. pylori infections to improve patient outcomes while mitigating antibiotic resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Nutrition on Gastrointestinal Health)

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17 pages, 1796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Ginseng and L-Carnitine in Modulating Exercise Endurance and Oxidative Stress in Rats

by Kakanang Posridee, Sajeera Kupittayanant, Pornthep Rachnavy, Anant Oonsivilai and Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030568 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Ginseng and L-carnitine are natural compounds often used as dietary supplements to enhance athletic performance. However, their combined effects on exercise endurance remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng extract and L-carnitine supplementation on exercise endurance in [...] Read more.

Ginseng and L-carnitine are natural compounds often used as dietary supplements to enhance athletic performance. However, their combined effects on exercise endurance remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng extract and L-carnitine supplementation on exercise endurance in a rat model. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 10 groups (n = 5 per group): control, ginseng extract (250 and 500 mg/kg/day), L-carnitine (250 and 500 mg/kg/day), and combined treatment. Half of the groups underwent a 16-day exercise training program of swimming without loading. Exercise endurance was assessed using a tail-suspended forced swimming test. Relative organ weight, glycogen content, blood biochemistry, and gene expression were analyzed. Results: Both ginseng extract and L-carnitine supplementation significantly increased exercise endurance, particularly in the exercise group. Ginseng extract and L-carnitine also increased liver glycogen content and upregulated the expression of AMPKα1 and PGC-1α genes in the liver and muscle. In addition, both supplements reduced oxidative stress by decreasing MDA levels and increasing SOD activity. Conclusions: Ginseng extract and L-carnitine supplementation may enhance exercise endurance by improving energy metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and upregulating key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements in Exercise and Sports Activities)

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15 pages, 2004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dairy Consumption and the Colonic Mucosa-Associated Gut Microbiota in Humans—A Preliminary Investigation

by Ellie Chen, Nadim J. Ajami, Donna L. White, Yanhong Liu, Shawn Gurwara, Kristi Hoffman, David Y. Graham, Hashem B. El-Serag, Joseph F. Petrosino and Li Jiao

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030567 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Dairy consumption has been associated with various health outcomes that may be mediated by changes in gut microbiota. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiota and the self-reported intake of total dairy, milk, cheese, and yogurt. [...] Read more.

Background: Dairy consumption has been associated with various health outcomes that may be mediated by changes in gut microbiota. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiota and the self-reported intake of total dairy, milk, cheese, and yogurt. A total of 97 colonic mucosal biopsies collected from 34 polyp-free individuals were analyzed. Dairy consumption in the past year was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The 16S rRNA gene V4 region was amplified and sequenced. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) classification was performed using the UPARSE and SILVA databases. OTU diversity and relative abundance were compared between lower vs. higher dairy consumption groups. Multivariable negative binomial regression models for panel data were used to estimate the incidence rate ratio and 95% confidence interval for bacterial counts and dairy consumption. False discovery rate-adjusted p values (q value) < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results: Higher total dairy and milk consumption and lower cheese consumption were associated with higher alpha microbial diversity (adjusted p values < 0.05). Higher total dairy and milk consumption was also associated with higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium. Higher milk consumption was associated with higher relative abundance of Akkermansia. Higher total dairy and cheese consumption was associated with lower relative abundance of Bacteroides. Conclusions: Dairy consumption may influence host health by modulating the structure and composition of the colonic adherent gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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23 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessReview

Preoperative Nutrition in Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review on Enhancing Surgical Success and Patient Outcomes

by Daniel Simancas-Racines, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Martín Campuzano-Donoso, Daniel Ramos-Sarmiento, Raynier Zambrano-Villacres, Claudia Reytor-González and Luigi Schiavo

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030566 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Bariatric surgery has become the preferred treatment for individuals with morbid obesity. Nutrition is key in optimizing surgical outcomes by reducing risks and enhancing recovery. Preoperative strategies, such as reducing body fat, decreasing liver size, and improving metabolic profiles, have been shown to [...] Read more.

Bariatric surgery has become the preferred treatment for individuals with morbid obesity. Nutrition is key in optimizing surgical outcomes by reducing risks and enhancing recovery. Preoperative strategies, such as reducing body fat, decreasing liver size, and improving metabolic profiles, have been shown to facilitate safer surgical procedures with fewer complications. This narrative review aims to provide an analysis of the fundamental role of preoperative nutritional management in improving bariatric surgery outcomes, emphasizing the importance of addressing specific nutritional challenges to enhance surgical safety, recovery, and overall health. Preoperative nutritional interventions focus on correcting comorbidities and nutritional deficiencies, particularly hypovitaminosis and micronutrient imbalances, through a multidisciplinary approach involving nutritionists and other healthcare professionals. These interventions not only prepare patients for the physiological demands of surgery but also initiate a period of adaptation to new dietary habits, aiming to improve long-term compliance and mitigate risks such as postoperative weight regain and dumping syndrome. Adopting dietary changes, such as very low-calorie or ketogenic diets 6–12 weeks before surgery, enhances adherence to postoperative restrictions and overall surgical success. Future research should focus on developing comprehensive guidelines for preoperative nutritional care to improve patient outcomes globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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14 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcomes Across Diverse Ethnic Groups: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Sushant Saluja, Navin Sugathan, Roopa Krishnamurthy and Edward B. Jude

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030565 (registering DOI) - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but its effects across ethnic groups are unclear. This study examines the relationship among vitamin D levels, glucose tolerance, GDM prevalence, and neonatal outcomes in a multi-ethnic cohort [...] Read more.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but its effects across ethnic groups are unclear. This study examines the relationship among vitamin D levels, glucose tolerance, GDM prevalence, and neonatal outcomes in a multi-ethnic cohort of pregnant women. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 252 pregnant women from antenatal clinics between 2018 and 2022. Participants were divided into four groups based on serum vitamin D levels: severely deficient (<25 nmol/L), deficient (25–50 nmol/L), insufficient (51–75 nmol/L), and sufficient (>75 nmol/L). The analysis included multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, BMI, gestational diabetes status, and seasonality. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) analysis identified the vitamin D threshold linked to an increased GDM risk. Results: Women classified as severely deficient had higher fasting glucose levels (5.73 ± 1.24 mmol/L) than those in other groups (p = 0.003, adjusted). The AUROC analysis identified a vitamin D threshold of 45 nmol/L associated with an elevated GDM risk (AUROC = 0.78, CI: 0.70–0.85). South Asian women had lower vitamin D levels (41.17 ± 18.03 nmol/L vs. 45.15 ± 16.75 nmol/L) and higher glucose tolerance test (GTT) levels than Caucasian women, despite having lower BMIs. Moreover, vitamin D levels positively correlated with neonatal birth weight (p = 0.02). Conclusions: There is a strong link between vitamin D deficiency and increased GDM risk, especially among South Asian women. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve vitamin D levels in high-risk ethnic groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Strategy for Maternal and Infant Wellbeing)

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18 pages, 1233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Flavonoids and Topiramate on Glucose Carbon Metabolism in a HepG2 Steatosis Cell Culture Model: A Stable Isotope Study

by Li Ma, Qing-Yi Lu, Shu Lim, Guang Han, Laszlo G. Boros, Mina Desai and Jennifer K. Yee

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030564 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Insufficient treatment options are available for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Flavonoids and topiramate have been studied for weight loss but need investigation into their effects on liver metabolism. This study’s aim was to examine the effects of flavonoids or [...] Read more.

Background: Insufficient treatment options are available for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Flavonoids and topiramate have been studied for weight loss but need investigation into their effects on liver metabolism. This study’s aim was to examine the effects of flavonoids or topiramate on glucose metabolic carbon flux in a cell culture model of steatosis. Methods: Steatosis was induced in HepG2 cells through exposure to oleic acid (OA, 0.5 mml/L) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (2:1). Additionally, 50% U¹³C-glucose was supplied in the medium as a stable isotope tracer. Cells were treated with DMSO, 10 μM of naringenin, morin, silibinin, or topiramate (44 μM) for 72 h. A non-steatotic, untreated HepG2 cell control was included. Cell extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and mass isotopomer distribution analysis for glycogen synthesis, de novo fatty acid synthesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, and ribose synthesis. Groups were compared by ANOVA with Tukey’s pair-wise testing. Results: Compared to untreated HepG2 controls, OA-exposed steatotic cells exhibited increased lipid accumulation by ORO staining (1.6-fold), enhanced palmitate de novo synthesis, reduced pyruvate carboxylase/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PC/PDH) ratio, and reduced ribose synthesis. Treatment with topiramate or silibinin ameliorated the lipid accumulation (1.3-fold) and mitigated enhancement of de novo synthesis. Morin-treated cells exhibited enhanced de novo synthesis but suppressed ribose synthesis. Conclusions: Potential mechanisms of reduced lipid accumulation by topiramate and silibinin may include suppression of palmitate de novo synthesis and a relative decrease in carbon flux through the PDH pathway. Further studies are needed on potential utility in MASLD based on their specific metabolic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bioactive Compounds in Human Health and Diseases (2nd Edition))

22 pages, 3255 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Different Dietary Patterns on Patients with Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Rahele Tavakoly, Alina Moosburner, Dennis Anheyer and Holger Cramer

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030563 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary patterns on depressive disorders. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest databases were systematically searched until 30 April 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary patterns on depressive disorders. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest databases were systematically searched until 30 April 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of different dietary patterns on depressive symptoms in adults with depressive disorders. Secondary outcomes included remission rates, quality of life, and safety. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were aggregated using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB)-2 tool, and certainty of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Five RCTs (n = 952) were included, all investigating the Mediterranean diet (MD) in individuals with major depressive disorder or elevated depression levels. The analysis found no significant effect of short-term MD intervention on depression severity compared to active (SMD = −1.25 [95%CI: −5.11 to 2.61]) or passive (SMD = −0.22 [95%CI: −0.74 to 0.29]) controls. There was no effect on quality of life compared to active controls (SMD = 0.71 [95%CI = −3.38 to 4.79]). Intermediate and long-term results were similar. The overall risk of bias was “some concerns”, and the certainty of evidence was “very low” for most of the results. Conclusions: The MD appears to have no potential influence on major depressive disorder. However, this finding should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of RCTs. Further studies on dietary patterns and depressive disorders are needed for more robust conclusions. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42024541885. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

26 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessReview

Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila

by Ezinne Aja, Amber Zeng, Weston Gray, Kaden Connelley, Anil Chaganti and Jonathan P. Jacobs

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030562 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract that has received considerable interest as a potential probiotic for the improvement of gut health and overall metabolic function. A. muciniphila is enriched in the mucus layer of the intestinal lining, [...] Read more.

Akkermansia muciniphila is a bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract that has received considerable interest as a potential probiotic for the improvement of gut health and overall metabolic function. A. muciniphila is enriched in the mucus layer of the intestinal lining, where it degrades mucin and plays a significant role in gut barrier maintenance and immune regulation. A higher abundance of A. muciniphila has been observed in the gut of healthy individuals relative to those with metabolic disorders, and multiple metabolic benefits, including improved glucose management, reduced body fat, and reduced inflammation have been linked to A. muciniphila. Current research on A. muciniphila primarily relies on mouse models, with limited human interventional studies available. While these animal studies offer valuable insights into the potential roles of A. muciniphila in health and disease, further clinical investigations in humans are needed to fully understand its impact. Here, we explore the current scope of A. muciniphila research and its potential as a therapeutic agent to improve gut and metabolic health while also emphasizing the need to optimize techniques to further improve studies of this organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

27 pages, 1321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Different Low-Volume Concurrent Training Regimens on Cardiometabolic Health, Inflammation, and Fitness in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients

by Dejan Reljic, Hans Joachim Herrmann, Markus Friedrich Neurath and Yurdagül Zopf

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030561 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Evidence supports the benefits of concurrent training (CT), which combines endurance and resistance exercises, for enhancing health and physical fitness. Recently, low-volume, time-efficient exercise approaches such as low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT), whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), and single-set resistance training (1-RT) have gained [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Evidence supports the benefits of concurrent training (CT), which combines endurance and resistance exercises, for enhancing health and physical fitness. Recently, low-volume, time-efficient exercise approaches such as low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT), whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), and single-set resistance training (1-RT) have gained popularity for their feasibility and efficacy in improving various health outcomes. This study investigated the effects of low-volume CT, focusing on (1) whether exercise order affects cardiometabolic health, inflammation, and fitness adaptations and (2) which combination, LOW-HIIT plus WB-EMS or LOW-HIIT plus 1-RT, yields better results. Methods: Ninety-three obese metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients undergoing caloric restriction were randomly assigned to four groups performing the different low-volume CT protocols over 12 weeks. Outcomes included cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and fitness parameters. Results: In both combinations, no significant differences were found regarding exercise order. However, the pooled LOW-HIIT and 1-RT group achieved superior improvements in blood pressure, blood lipids, inflammation markers (CRP, hsCRP), the MetS severity score, and overall fitness compared to the LOW-HIIT and WB-EMS combination. Compared to previous studies using these modalities individually, LOW-HIIT plus 1-RT appeared to further reduce inflammation, whereas LOW-HIIT combined with WB-EMS was less effective for cardiometabolic health, potentially due to interference effects between modalities. Conclusions: While LOW-HIIT plus WB-EMS appears to be a viable option for individuals unable to perform traditional resistance training, the findings suggest prioritizing LOW-HIIT plus 1-RT to maximize health outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of tailored exercise prescriptions and the need for further research into optimizing CT protocols for diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ameliorating Low-Grade Inflammation through Nutrition Interventions and Exercises)

17 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Nutrition Strategies for Anorexia Nervosa: Marker-Based Integration of Calories and Proteins

by Eugenia Dozio, Martina Alonge, Gianluca Tori, Andrea Caumo, Rina Giuseppa Russo, Edoardo Scuttari, Leonardo Fringuelli and Ileana Terruzzi

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030560 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by profound nutritional deficits and significant alterations in body composition, cellular integrity, and hydration. Nutritional rehabilitation is critical not only for weight restoration but also for improving body composition and metabolic functions. However, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by profound nutritional deficits and significant alterations in body composition, cellular integrity, and hydration. Nutritional rehabilitation is critical not only for weight restoration but also for improving body composition and metabolic functions. However, optimal strategies for integrating caloric and protein intake to achieve balanced recovery remain underexplored. This study aims to evaluate the interactions between caloric/protein intake and time on quantitative (weight and BMI) and qualitative (body composition and cellular health) outcomes, and to identify markers that predict recovery trajectories and guide personalized nutritional interventions. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 79 patients with AN admitted to Villa Miralago for six months of nutritional rehabilitation. Anthropometric and body composition parameters—including body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), body cell mass (BCM), phase angle (PA), and hydration markers (TBW and ECW)—were assessed at baseline (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). Generalized Estimating Equations (GEEs) were used to evaluate the effects of caloric and protein intake over time. Results: Significant increases in BW (+6.54 kg, p < 0.0001) and BMI (+2.47 kg/m², p < 0.0001) were observed, alongside improvements in FM, FFM, and BCM. PA increased significantly (+0.47°, p < 0.0001), indicating enhanced cellular health. TBW increased (+1.58 L, p < 0.0001), while ECW% decreased, reflecting improved fluid distribution. Caloric intake predominantly influenced early fat mass recovery, while protein intake was crucial for preserving lean tissues and promoting cellular regeneration. Interaction effects between caloric/protein intake and time revealed dynamic changes in body composition, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a dynamic, marker-based approach to nutritional rehabilitation in AN. Integrating caloric and protein intake with advanced body composition and hydration markers enables personalized interventions and balanced recovery, shifting AN treatment toward a focus on qualitative improvements overweight restoration alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disordered Eating and Lifestyle Studies—2nd Edition)

16 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Habits in Crohn’s Disease Onset and Management

by Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Georgia-Eirini Deligiannidou, Gavriela Voulgaridou, Constantinos Giaginis and Sousana K. Papadopoulou

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030559 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD)’s activation factors are still unclear. However, they are reported to involve an interaction between genetic susceptibility and unhealthy lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, low physical activity, low BMI (<18.5 kg/m²), and probably unbalanced nutritional habits. Therefore, the [...] Read more.

Crohn’s disease (CD)’s activation factors are still unclear. However, they are reported to involve an interaction between genetic susceptibility and unhealthy lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, low physical activity, low BMI (<18.5 kg/m²), and probably unbalanced nutritional habits. Therefore, the aim of the present narrative review is to demonstrate the possible effects of different nutritional habits, before the occurrence of the disease, as crucial factors for the inception of CD activation. The structure of the present narrative review was conducted following the instructions of the “Narrative Review Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Checklist”. It is well established that the consumption of specific foods and drinks, such as spicy and fatty foods, raw vegetables and fruits, dairy products, carbonated beverages, and coffee or tea, can provoke the exacerbation of CD symptoms. On the other hand, Mediterranean-oriented diets seem to provide an inverse association with the incidence of CD. Moreover, patients seem to have the knowledge to select foods that contribute to the remission of their symptoms. However, it is not clearly reported whether the inception of CD activation is due to lifelong unbalanced nutritional habits and their subsequent effect on gut microbiota secretion, which seems to be the gold standard for CD’s investigation. Therefore, more future studies should record, examine, and compare the nutritional habits between patients with CD (immediately after the disease’s diagnosis) and healthy populations in a lifelong manner, in order to reveal the possible influence of foods on CD inception. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Different Nutritional, Supplementation and Physical Activity Strategies on Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Second Edition)

29 pages, 929 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protective Effects of Bifidobacterium Breve MCC1274 as a Novel Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

by Mona Abdelhamid, Scott E. Counts, Chunyu Zhou, Hideki Hida, Jae-Il Kim, Makoto Michikawa and Cha-Gyun Jung

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030558 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment that significantly interferes with daily life. Therapeutic options for AD that substantively modify disease progression remain a critical unmet need. In this regard, the gut microbiota is [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by memory impairment that significantly interferes with daily life. Therapeutic options for AD that substantively modify disease progression remain a critical unmet need. In this regard, the gut microbiota is crucial in maintaining human health by regulating metabolism and immune responses, and increasing evidence suggests that probiotics, particularly beneficial bacteria, can enhance memory and cognitive functions. Recent studies have highlighted the positive effects of Bifidobacterium breve MCC1274 (B. breve MCC1274) on individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and schizophrenia. Additionally, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been shown to effectively prevent memory decline in App^NL–G–F mice. In relation to Alzheimer’s pathology, oral supplementation with B. breve MCC1274 has been found to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tau phosphorylation in both App^NL–G–F and wild-type (WT) mice. It also decreases microglial activation and increases levels of synaptic proteins. In this review, we examine the beneficial effects of B. breve MCC1274 on AD, exploring potential mechanisms of action and how this probiotic strain may aid in preventing or treating the disease. Furthermore, we discuss the broader implications of B. breve MCC1274 for improving overall host health and provide insights into future research directions for this promising probiotic therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Online Nutrition Education Program Targeting Intentions and Related Determinants Towards Dietary Supplement Use: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

by Jana Daher, Margo Mountjoy and Dalia El Khoury

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030557 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary supplement use among varsity athletes is influenced by various psychological and social factors, yet there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of educational interventions in influencing these determinants. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an online [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary supplement use among varsity athletes is influenced by various psychological and social factors, yet there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of educational interventions in influencing these determinants. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an online nutrition education program on improvements in intentions and related determinants towards the use of dietary supplements in varsity athletes at the University of Guelph in Canada. The theory of planned behavior served as the theoretical framework for examining these determinants as predictors of behavior change. Methods: A randomized wait-list controlled trial was conducted on a total of 30 varsity athletes, randomized into experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 12) groups. The experimental group received access to an online nutrition education program focused on sports nutrition and dietary supplements, while the control group did not have access during the study. Results: There was a significant (p < 0.05) intervention effect on varsity athletes’ attitudes (Mean1_(control) = 13.17; Mean1_{(experimental)} = 13.56; Mean2_(control) = 13.92; Mean2_{(experimental)} = 12.11), perceived behavioral control (Mean1_(control) = 15.92; Mean1_{(experimental)} = 16.11; Mean2_(control) = 16.33; Mean2_{(experimental)} = 18.39), and intentions (Mean1_(control) = 12.5; Mean1_{(experimental)} = 12.89; Mean2_(control) = 11.58; Mean2_{(experimental)} = 9.44) towards dietary supplement use. No significant changes were made to descriptive and injunctive norms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that this nutrition education program significantly improved intentions and related determinants towards dietary supplement use in varsity athletes. The absence of a successful change in subjective norm should be a focus for similar future interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplements for Athletic Training and Racing)

14 pages, 742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Prognostic Role of BMI Before Chemotherapy in the Outcomes of Women with Ovarian Cancer

by Stavroula A. Paschou, Angeliki Andrikopoulou, Nikoletta Mili, Anna Svarna, Maria Kaparelou, Katerina Stefanaki, Nikolaos Dedes, Efstathia Liatsou, Nikolaos Thomakos, Dimitrios Haidopoulos, Theodora Psaltopoulou, Efstathios Kastritis, Flora Zagouri, Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos and Michalis Liontos

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030556 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Survival rates for ovarian cancer remain distressingly low. Despite established prognostic factors, the need to identify modifiable parameters to influence survival outcomes is imperative. Overweight and obesity, both prevalent conditions, have been implicated in cancer development and potentially poor survival. However, conflicting [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Survival rates for ovarian cancer remain distressingly low. Despite established prognostic factors, the need to identify modifiable parameters to influence survival outcomes is imperative. Overweight and obesity, both prevalent conditions, have been implicated in cancer development and potentially poor survival. However, conflicting data on the associations of body mass index (BMI) with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in ovarian cancer patients necessitate further exploration. This study aims to investigate the prognostic role of BMI before chemotherapy in women with ovarian cancer, specifically focusing on PFS and OS. Methods: A retrospective analysis encompassed 1,136 patients diagnosed with ovarian carcinomas between 1995 and 2018. Patients were categorized based on BMI at presentation, and a comprehensive examination of clinicopathological, treatment, and survival data was conducted. Results: In the patient population, normal weight patients (BMI <25 kg/m²) demonstrated a median PFS of 12.8 months (95% CI 11.7–13.9 months), while overweight/obese patients (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) exhibited a significantly longer median PFS of 14.9 months (95% CI 13.6–16.4 months, p = 0.006). No statistically significant difference was noted in median OS between the two BMI groups. Subgroup analysis for different histological subtypes revealed a statistically significant benefit for overweight and obese patients with serous and endometrioid histology (mPFS 12.9 months, 95% CI 11.7–14.0 vs 15.6 months, 95% CI 13.9–17.3, p = 0.012 and 14.6 months 95%CI 13.7–15.5 vs 25.6 months, 95%CI 9.5–41.7, p = 0.031, respectively). Additionally, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 demonstrated a significant advantage in advanced-stage disease. Conclusions: The study underscores the intricate association between BMI and ovarian cancer prognosis. While a statistically significant difference in progression-free survival was noted between normal weight and overweight/obese patients, with the latter group experiencing a survival benefit, no such difference was observed in overall survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cancer: Risks and Survival Outcomes)

17 pages, 621 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Metabolism-Related Long-Term Outcomes—Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

by Anca Adam-Raileanu, Ingrith Miron, Ancuta Lupu, Laura Bozomitu, Maria Oana Sasaran, Ruxandra Russu, Solange Tamara Rosu, Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, Delia Lidia Salaru, Ginel Baciu, Cristina Maria Mihai, Tatiana Chisnoiu, Omer Faruk Beser and Vasile Valeriu Lupu

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030555 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

The developmental origins of adult disease theory support the concept that undernourished fetuses are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome due to the energy-saving ‘Thrifty Phenotype’. This metabolic plasticity represents an evolutionary adaptation that allows individuals to resist the intense pressure caused by [...] Read more.

The developmental origins of adult disease theory support the concept that undernourished fetuses are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome due to the energy-saving ‘Thrifty Phenotype’. This metabolic plasticity represents an evolutionary adaptation that allows individuals to resist the intense pressure caused by cyclically recurring periods of nutritional deprivation. A comprehensive review was conducted following an extensive literature search in the PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases concerning reports on fetal/intrauterine growth restriction and its metabolic-related long-term outcomes. We only included articles written in English that were published before July 1, 2024. There are several underlying mechanisms and metabolic and endocrine adjustments shaped by the perinatal environment, and they all contribute to progression towards adult disease. From in utero malnutrition or other insults during the fetal period to fetal programing and postnatal catch-up growth, it is difficult to identify the exact moment when this adaptative phenomenon meant to assure fetal survival and to set children on their own physiological growth curves lose its beneficial effect, establishing the trajectory to obesity, insulin resistance, and other hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. With clinical correspondence to an altered body mass, composition, and eating behaviors, it is evident that the metabolic complications linked to FGR are intricate and arise from disturbances in several pathways and organs, but the underlying processes responsible for the long-term consequences are just starting to be understood. The lack of continuity in perinatal-to-pediatric FGR research sets the challenge of exploring new directions in future scientific opportunities. These will hopefully represent a cornerstone in the management of FGR-related metabolic disorders in children, preventing these disorders from evolving into adult disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolic Syndrome, Biomarkers and Lifestyles)

16 pages, 629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Intake and Ovarian Reserve in Women Attending a Fertility Center

by Ana B. Maldonado-Cárceles, Irene Souter, Ming-Chieh Li, Makiko Mitsunami, Irene Dimitriadis, Jennifer B. Ford, Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón and Jorge E. Chavarro

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030554 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between antioxidant intake and antral follicle count (AFC), a marker of ovarian reserve, in women attending a fertility clinic. Methods: We conducted an observational study with 567 women undergoing infertility evaluation at [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between antioxidant intake and antral follicle count (AFC), a marker of ovarian reserve, in women attending a fertility clinic. Methods: We conducted an observational study with 567 women undergoing infertility evaluation at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, who were enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) study. Participants filled out the lifestyle and health questionnaires and a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing habitual dietary intake and underwent a transvaginal ultrasound to measure AFC. Intake of nutrients with direct antioxidant capacity (vitamin A, C, and E and carotenoids) and intake of antioxidant food sources were estimated from the FFQ. Adjusted Poisson regression models were fitted to assess the relationships between antioxidants and AFC while adjusting for potential confounders. Non-linearity was assessed with restricted cubic splines. Results: The median (interquartile range) age and AFC of participants were 35.0 (32.0–38.0) years and 13 (9–18), respectively. Our findings revealed a non-linear association between lycopene intake and AFC. There was a positive linear association with the highest AFC among women consuming approximately 6000 mcg/day of lycopene (P for non-linearity = 0.003). An inverse association was observed between retinol intake, predominantly from dairy foods, and AFC among women aged under 35 years (P-trend < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that lycopene intake might influence the ovarian reserve in fertility patients. The observed inverse association with retinol, if confirmed, may reflect biological mechanisms different from oxidative stress. The underlying mechanisms of these associations remain to be elucidated and warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle on Reproductive Health)

21 pages, 2621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sunflower Oil Fortified with Vitamins D and A and Sunflower Lecithin Ameliorated Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice and Exploration of the Underlying Protective Pathways

by Xue Tang, Chengkai Zhu, Tristan C. Liu, Rongxiang Zhu, Guoliang Deng, Peng Zhou and Dasong Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030553 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

The incidence of cognitive disorders is increasing globally, with a reported prevalence of over 50 million individuals affected, and current interventions offer limited efficacy. This study investigates the effects of sunflower oil fortified with sunflower lecithin, vitamin D, and vitamin A on scopolamine-induced [...] Read more.

The incidence of cognitive disorders is increasing globally, with a reported prevalence of over 50 million individuals affected, and current interventions offer limited efficacy. This study investigates the effects of sunflower oil fortified with sunflower lecithin, vitamin D, and vitamin A on scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice and explores the underlying mechanisms. The incidence of cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is increasing yearly, and current interventions offer limited efficacy. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the cognitive improvement effects of the three added functional factors on mice with learning and memory impairments, along with the associated molecular mechanisms. Behavioral tests, biochemical assays, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were utilized to examine the intervention effects of these functional factors on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. The results revealed that the groups treated with sunflower lecithin and vitamin D significantly enhanced the mice’s exploratory behavior, working memory, and spatial memory, with increases of 1.6 times and 4.5 times, respectively, in the open field and novel object recognition tests (VD group). Additionally, these treatments reduced levels of inflammatory markers and IL-6, increased antioxidant GSH levels, and decreased oxidative stress marker MDA levels, with all effects showing significant differences (p < 0.01). The effects were further enhanced when vitamin A was combined with these treatments. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the intervention groups had markedly improved learning and memory abilities through upregulation of key gene expression levels in the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, cholinergic pathway, and folate biosynthesis pathway. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of nutritionally fortified edible oils with added sunflower lecithin, vitamin D, and vitamin A, which may help prevent and ameliorate cognitive disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

19 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Symptoms and Quality of Life with Quebracho and Chestnut Tannin-Based Supplementation: A Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Silvia Molino, Lorenza Francesca De Lellis, Maria Vittoria Morone, Marcello Cordara, Danaè S. Larsen, Roberto Piccinocchi, Gaetano Piccinocchi, Alessandra Baldi, Alessandro Di Minno, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Roberto Sacchi and Maria Daglia

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030552 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the gut-brain axis for which the gastroenterologist is most often consulted. Gastrointestinal symptoms and decreased quality of life lead to a considerable burden of disease. The exact causes of IBS are not well [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the gut-brain axis for which the gastroenterologist is most often consulted. Gastrointestinal symptoms and decreased quality of life lead to a considerable burden of disease. The exact causes of IBS are not well understood, and no standard therapy has been established. The primary outcome of the study focused on the improvements of the IBS symptoms assessed through the validated questionnaire IBS-Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS). Similarly, secondary outcomes geared towards the improvement of the quality of life (IBS-Quality of Life (IBS-QoL) and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI)) and specific IBS symptoms (bloating, abdominal distension, feeling of heaviness, abdominal pain, and flatulence), were assessed through self-administered questionnaires. Intestinal habits (consistency and frequency of depositions) through subject stratification into diarrhoea (IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), mixed type (IBS-M), as well as the treatment tolerability were also evaluated. Methods: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial was conducted on 156 enrolled IBS patients (79 female and 77 male), aged 18–70 years, randomised (1:1 allocation ratio) to receive either two capsules per day of the food supplement (containing 480 mg of a complex of tannin extracts) or a placebo for 56 days. Linear random intercept mixed models (LMM) were used to analyse all experimental variables Results: Supplementation resulted in a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the primary outcome IBSS score, with respect to the placebo group, changing the IBS condition going from mild (242.3 ± 89.8) to moderate (148.1 ± 60.6). Similarly, all indicators concerning quality of life, and specific intestinal symptoms resulted in a significant improvement (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the tannin-based treatment showed the ability to modulate the response to different symptomatology such as diarrhoea and constipation, without side effects being reported. Conclusions: The use of a supplement based on chestnut and quebracho tannins presents great application potential in the management of IBS-related disorders, with the peculiarity of resolving opposite symptoms, such as diarrhoea and constipation, indiscriminately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

19 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolated White Lupin Proteins Beneficially Modulate the Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Rats

by Luis A. Rubio and Giulia Chiesa

Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030551 (registering DOI) - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Previous work has shown that the mostly beneficial modulation of intestinal microbiota generally found with legume-based diets is likely to be due, at least in part, to their constituent protein components. Objectives: The faecal microbiota composition was studied in rats fed diets [...] Read more.

Background: Previous work has shown that the mostly beneficial modulation of intestinal microbiota generally found with legume-based diets is likely to be due, at least in part, to their constituent protein components. Objectives: The faecal microbiota composition was studied in rats fed diets differing only in their constituent proteins. Methods: Rats (n = 10/group) were fed for 28 days diets based in milk [(lactalbumin (LA), casein (CAS)], or white lupin (Lupinus albus) protein isolate (LPI). Results: Significant differences among the three groups in bacteria composition and functionality were found by both qPCR and Illumina sequencing analysis. Significant (p < 0.01) differences were found by ANOSIM and Discriminant Analysis among groups at the family, genus and species levels in both microbiota composition and functionality. A number of groups able to explain the differences between animal (casein, lactalbumin) and lupin proteins were revealed by LEfSe and PCA analysis. Specifically, feeding the CAS diet resulted in lower Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli compared to the other diets, and the LPI diet gave place to lower Enterobacteria than CAS, and lower Escherichia/Shigella than LA and CAS. Differences in the LA group were attributable to Bifidobacterium spp., Collinsella spp. (in particular C. stercoris), Bacteroides spp., Eubacterium spp. (in particular E. dolichum), Roseburia spp. (in particular R. faecis), and Oscillospira spp. In the case of the CAS group, the organisms were Parabacteroides spp., Blautia spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp., Turicibacter spp., species from Christenellaceae, species from Alphaproteobacteria and Mogibacteriaceae, Coprobacillus spp. and Dorea spp. In the case of the LPI group, the organisms were Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus spp. and L. reuteri), species from Clostridiaceae, species from Peptostreptococcaceae, species from Erysipelotrichaceae, and Adlercreutzia spp. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, LPI is likely to beneficially modulate the intestinal microbiota composition in rats. Additionally, LA-based diet was associated to a healthier microbiota composition than CAS, although the CAS diet also modulated the intestinal microbiota to a composition compatible with improved bowel movement frequency and lipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Intake and Metabolism in Sports Performance)

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