Nutrients

11 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of the Nutritional and Promotional Profile of Commercial Foods for Infants and Toddlers in the United States

by Daisy H. Coyle, Maria Shahid, Kiana Parkins, Monica Hu, Marina Padovan and Elizabeth K. Dunford

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162782 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 24581

Abstract

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model [...] Read more.

Despite growing concerns over the increasing popularity and health impact of commercial foods for infants and toddlers, no nutrition or promotional guidelines currently exist for the United States. In 2022, the WHO Regional Office for Europe published a nutrient and promotion profile model (NPPM) to provide guidance and regulation for commercially produced infant and toddler foods. This study assessed the nutritional and promotional profile of infant and toddler foods (6–36 months of age) collected from the top 10 grocery chains in 2023. Products were assessed against the WHO NPPM nutritional and promotional requirements. The type and number of claims across packaging type were also assessed. Of the 651 products examined, 60% failed to meet the nutritional requirements of the NPPM, and 0% met the promotional requirements. Almost 100% of products had at least 1 claim on-pack that was prohibited under the NPPM, with some products displaying up to 11 prohibited claims. Snack-size packages had the lowest compliance with nutrient requirements. These findings highlight that urgent work is needed to improve the nutritional quality of commercially produced infant and toddler foods in the United States. The high use of prohibited claims also suggests the need to regulate the type and number of claims allowed on-pack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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12 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Egg Consumption and 4-Year Change in Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

by Donna Kritz-Silverstein and Ricki Bettencourt

Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162765 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 26218

Abstract

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N [...] Read more.

The effect of dietary cholesterol on cognitive function is debatable. While eggs contain high levels of dietary cholesterol, they provide nutrients beneficial for cognitive function. This study examined the effects of egg consumption on change in cognitive function among 890 ambulatory adults (N = 357 men; N = 533 women) aged ≥55 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study who attended clinic visits in 1988–1991 and 1992–1996. Egg intake was obtained in 1988–1991 with a food frequency questionnaire. The Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails B, and category fluency were administered at both visits to assess cognitive performance. Sex-specific multiple regression analyses tested associations of egg intake with changes in cognitive function after adjustment for confounders. The mean time between visits was 4.1 ± 0.5 years; average ages were 70.1 ± 8.4 in men and 71.5 ± 8.8 in women (p = 0.0163). More men consumed eggs at higher levels than women; while 14% of men and 16.5% of women reported never eating eggs, 7.0% of men and 3.8% of women reported intakes ≥5/week (p = 0.0013). In women, after adjustment for covariates, egg consumption was associated with less decline in category fluency (beta = −0.10, p = 0.0241). Other associations were nonsignificant in women, and no associations were found in men. Results suggest that egg consumption has a small beneficial effect on semantic memory in women. The lack of decline observed in both sexes suggests that egg consumption does not have detrimental effects and may even have a role in the maintenance of cognitive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyle on Healthy Aging)

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13 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Manuka Honey Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models

by Diana C. Márquez-Garbán, Cristian D. Yanes, Gabriela Llarena, David Elashoff, Nalo Hamilton, Mary Hardy, Madhuri Wadehra, Susan A. McCloskey and Richard J. Pietras

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142369 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 22736

Abstract

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast [...] Read more.

Manuka honey (MH) exhibits potential antitumor activity in preclinical models of a number of human cancers. Treatment in vitro with MH at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 5.0% (w/v) led to significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, but anti-proliferative effects of MH were less pronounced in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Effects of MH were also tested on non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) at 2.5% w/v, and it was found that MH reduced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells but not that of HMECs. Notably, the antitumor activity of MH was in the range of that exerted by treatment of MCF-7 cells with the antiestrogen tamoxifen. Further, MH treatment stimulated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in vitro, with most cells exhibiting acute and significant levels of apoptosis that correlated with PARP activation. Additionally, the effects of MH induced the activation of AMPK and inhibition of AKT/mTOR downstream signaling. Treatment of MCF7 cells with increased concentrations of MH induced AMPK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner that was accompanied by inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR downstream effector protein S6. In addition, MH reduced phosphorylated STAT3 levels in vitro, which may correlate with MH and AMPK-mediated anti-inflammatory properties. Further, in vivo, MH administered alone significantly inhibited the growth of established MCF-7 tumors in nude mice by 84%, resulting in an observable reduction in tumor volume. Our findings highlight the need for further research into the use of natural compounds, such as MH, for antitumor efficacy and potential chemoprevention and investigation of molecular pathways underlying these actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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15 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Haley Barrong, Hannah Coven, Alexandra Lish, Samantha N. Fessler, Paniz Jasbi and Carol S. Johnston

Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142305 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 22420

Abstract

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as [...] Read more.

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as a healthful dietary supplement linked to favorable outcomes for blood glucose management, heart disease risk, and adiposity reduction, and a recent report suggests vinegar may improve symptoms of depression. This randomized controlled study examined the 4-week change in scores for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in healthy overweight adults ingesting 2.95 g acetic acid (4 tablespoons vinegar) vs. 0.025 g acetic acid (one vinegar pill) daily. A secondary objective explored possible underlying mechanisms using metabolomics analyses. At week 4, mean CES-D scores fell 26% and 5% for VIN and CON participants respectively, a non-significant difference between groups, and mean PHQ-9 scores fell 42% and 18% for VIN and CON participants (p = 0.036). Metabolomics analyses revealed increased nicotinamide concentrations and upregulation of the NAD+ salvage pathway for VIN participants compared to controls, metabolic alterations previously linked to improved mood. Thus, daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks improved self-reported depression symptomology in healthy overweight adults, and enhancements in niacin metabolism may factor into this improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health — 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Importance of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Natalia Ekstedt, Dominika Jamioł-Milc and Joanna Pieczyńska

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132092 - 30 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic diseases of the digestive system with a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. There is research suggesting that they may be initiated by genetic, immunological, and lifestyle factors. In turn, all of these factors play an important role in the modulation of intestinal microflora, and a significant proportion of IBD patients struggle with intestinal dysbiosis, which leads to the conclusion that intestinal microflora disorders may significantly increase the risk of developing IBD. Additionally, in IBD patients, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) produced by intestinal epithelial cells and dendritic cells treat intestinal bacterial antigens as pathogens, which causes a disruption of the immune response, resulting in the development of an inflammatory process. This may result in the occurrence of intestinal dysbiosis, which IBD patients are significantly vulnerable to. In this study, we reviewed scientific studies (in particular, systematic reviews with meta-analyses, being studies with the highest level of evidence) regarding the microflora of patients with IBD vs. the microflora in healthy people, and the use of various strains in IBD therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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33 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Foods: A Narrative Review of the Impact on the Human Gut Microbiome and Variations in Classification Methods

by Allison L. Brichacek, Melanie Florkowski, Esther Abiona and Karen M. Frank

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111738 - 1 Jun 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5638

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that are industrially processed and are often pre-packaged, convenient, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. UPFs are widespread in the current Western diet and their proposed contribution to non-communicable diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease is supported by numerous studies. UPFs are hypothesized to affect the body in multiple ways, including by inducing changes in the gut microbiome. This review summarizes the available research on the effect of UPFs on the gut microbiome. We also review current usage of the NOVA food classification system in randomized controlled trials and observational studies and how its implementation effects UPF research. Despite some differences in methodology between studies, results often associate UPF consumption with a number of negative health consequences. There are attempts to standardize a UPF classification system; however, reaching and implementing a consensus is difficult. Future studies focusing on the mechanisms by which UPFs effect the body, including through the microbiome and metabolome, will be essential to refine our understanding of the effects of UPFs on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbes and Human Health)

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13 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mediterranean Dietary Pattern for Healthy and Active Aging: A Narrative Review of an Integrative and Sustainable Approach

by Polina Dobroslavska, Maria Leonor Silva, Filipa Vicente and Paula Pereira

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111725 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3261

Abstract

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and [...] Read more.

The global population is on a trajectory of continuous growth, with estimates projecting an increase from 7.7 billion in 2019 to approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. Longevity is also expected to rise rapidly, with advancements in healthcare contributing to increased life expectancies and an increase in the maximum lifespan. The aging process is accompanied by different changes, often leading to a decline in daily life activities and an increased susceptibility to disease. Age-related changes can cause cellular damage and subsequent cellular death. Oxidative stress and inflammation play significant roles in this process contributing to molecular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Active aging has been associated with improved quality of life and a reduced risk of morbidity and premature mortality. In this context, the Mediterranean diet has emerged as a promising approach to promoting healthy aging and sustainability. The phytochemical compounds within the Mediterranean diet have been linked to a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The findings of peer-reviewed articles regarding the use of the Mediterranean diet as a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern written in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included in this narrative literature review. This dietary pattern’s emphasis on the consumption of fresh and local food aligns with both health and environmental sustainability goals. This work provides a comprehensive review of the benefits of the Mediterranean diet and its components in a healthy aging process and highlights the importance of this dietary pattern as a sustainable approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Food Ingredients—a Sustainable Health Approach for Chronic Disease Prevention)

27 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on the Pathologic Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Development

by Hiva Sharebiani, Mina Mokaram, Melika Mirghani, Bahare Fazeli and Agata Stanek

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111641 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This [...] Read more.

In people with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative stress generation interact. This condition, known as a “metabolic syndrome” (MetS), presents a global challenge and appears to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is designed based on evidence indicating the pathogenic mechanisms of MetS. In detail, we will look at the mechanisms of oxidative stress induction in MetS, the effects of elevated oxidative stress levels on the condition’s pathophysiology, and matters related to endothelial function. According to different components of the MetS pathophysiological network, the effects of antioxidants and endothelial dysfunction are reviewed. After considering the strategic role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of MetS and its associated CVDs, oxidative stress management by antioxidant supplementation seems an appropriate therapeutic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases (Volume II))

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28 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Obesity, Dietary Patterns, and Hormonal Balance Modulation: Gender-Specific Impacts

by Elisa Mazza, Ersilia Troiano, Yvelise Ferro, Fabrizia Lisso, Martina Tosi, Ettore Turco, Roberta Pujia and Tiziana Montalcini

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111629 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11572

Abstract

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and [...] Read more.

Understanding the intricate relationship between nutrition, hormonal balance, and gender-specific factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate obesity-related endocrine disruptions and improve metabolic health. This narrative review examines the impact of various dietary patterns on hormonal regulation in both men and women, focusing on their effects on hormonal balance and metabolic health in the context of obesity. Calorie restriction, the Western diet, high-fat diets, low-CHO diets, plant-based diets, and the Mediterranean diet are analyzed in relation to their influence on obesity-related endocrine disruptions and metabolic health. Future research directions include investigating the specific mechanisms underlying dietary influences on hormonal regulation, addressing the gender-specific metabolic differences and body fat distribution, and exploring the dietary needs of individuals undergoing gender transition. Personalized dietary interventions tailored to individual metabolic and hormonal profiles are essential for optimizing health outcomes across the gender spectrum. By integrating gender-specific considerations into dietary recommendations, healthcare professionals can better support individuals in achieving optimal metabolic health and hormonal balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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14 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ultrasound Cut-Off Values for Rectus Femoris for Detecting Sarcopenia in Patients with Nutritional Risk

by Daniel de Luis Roman, José Manuel García Almeida, Diego Bellido Guerrero, Germán Guzmán Rolo, Andrea Martín, David Primo Martín, Yaiza García-Delgado, Patricia Guirado-Peláez, Fiorella Palmas, Cristina Tejera Pérez, María García Olivares, María Maíz Jiménez, Irene Bretón Lesmes, Carlos Manuel Alzás Teomiro, Juan Manuel Guardia Baena, Laura A. Calles Romero, Inmaculada Prior-Sánchez, Pedro Pablo García-Luna, María González Pacheco, Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos, Blanca Alabadí, Valeria Alcántara-Aragón, Samara Palma Milla, Tomás Martín Folgueras, Andrea Micó García, Begoña Molina-Baena, Henry Rendón Barragán, Pablo Rodríguez de Vera Gómez, María Riestra Fernández, Ana Jiménez Portilla, Juan J. López-Gómez, Nuria Pérez Martín, Natalia Montero Madrid, Alba Zabalegui Eguinoa, Cristina Porca Fernández, María José Tapia Guerrero, Marta Ruiz Aguado, Cristina Velasco Gimeno, Aura D Herrera Martínez, María Novo Rodríguez, Natalia C. Iglesias Hernández, María de Damas Medina, Irene González Navarro, Francisco Javier Vílchez López, Antía Fernández-Pombo and Gabriel Olveira Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111552 - 21 May 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3767

Abstract

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound [...] Read more.

Background: A nationwide, prospective, multicenter, cohort study (the Disease-Related caloric-protein malnutrition EChOgraphy (DRECO) study) was designed to assess the usefulness of ultrasound of the rectus femoris for detecting sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition and to define cut-off values of ultrasound measures. Methods: Patients at risk of malnutrition according to the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) underwent handgrip dynamometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and rectus femoris ultrasound studies. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria were used to define categories of sarcopenia (at risk, probable, confirmed, severe). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to determine the optimal diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of cut-off points of the ultrasound measures for the detection of risk of sarcopenia and probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia. Results: A total of 1000 subjects were included and 991 of them (58.9% men, mean age 58.5 years) were evaluated. Risk of sarcopenia was detected in 9.6% patients, probable sarcopenia in 14%, confirmed sarcopenia in 9.7%, and severe sarcopenia in 3.9%, with significant differences in the distribution of groups between men and women (p < 0.0001). The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris showed a significantly positive correlation with body cell mass of BIA and handgrip strength, and a significant negative correlation with TUG. Cut-off values were similar within each category of sarcopenia, ranging between 2.40 cm² and 3.66 cm² for CSA, 32.57 mm and 40.21 mm for the X-axis, and 7.85 mm and 10.4 mm for the Y-axis. In general, these cut-off values showed high sensitivities, particularly for the categories of confirmed and severe sarcopenia, with male patients also showing better sensitivities than women. Conclusions: Sarcopenia in hospitalized patients at risk of malnutrition was high. Cut-off values for the better sensitivities and specificities of ultrasound measures of the rectus femoris are established. The use of ultrasound of the rectus femoris could be used for the prediction of sarcopenia and be useful to integrate nutritional study into real clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphofunctional Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice)

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25 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary (Poly)phenols and the Gut–Brain Axis in Ageing

by Léonie Láng, Simon McArthur, Alpar S. Lazar, Line Pourtau, David Gaudout, Matthew G. Pontifex, Michael Müller and David Vauzour

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101500 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3371

Abstract

As the population ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing, and novel approaches to mitigate this soaring prevalence are sorely needed. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbial homeostasis and its impact on brain functions, commonly referred to [...] Read more.

As the population ages, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing, and novel approaches to mitigate this soaring prevalence are sorely needed. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of gut microbial homeostasis and its impact on brain functions, commonly referred to as the gut–brain axis, in maintaining overall health and wellbeing. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which this system acts remains poorly defined. In this review, we will explore how (poly)phenols, a class of natural compounds found in many plant-based foods and beverages, can modulate the gut–brain axis, and thereby promote neural health. While evidence indicates a beneficial role of (poly)phenol consumption as part of a balanced diet, human studies are scarce and mechanistic insight is still lacking. In this regard, we make the case that dietary (poly)phenols should be further explored to establish their therapeutic efficacy on brain health through modulation of the gut–brain axis, with much greater emphasis on carefully designed human interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Interventions and Their Impact on Brain Health and Disease)

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38 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Antonio Sciurti, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091345 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5113

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of [...] Read more.

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins’ potential effects against SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Synbiotic Intake on Liver Metabolism in Metabolically Healthy Participants and Its Potential Preventive Effect on Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial

by Aakash Mantri, Anika Köhlmoos, Daniela Stephanie Schelski, Waldemar Seel, Birgit Stoffel-Wagner, Peter Krawitz, Peter Stehle, Jens Juul Holst, Bernd Weber, Leonie Koban, Hilke Plassmann and Marie-Christine Simon

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091300 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 33548

Abstract

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy [...] Read more.

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy male participants. Anthropometric data, blood parameters, and stool samples were analyzed using linear mixed models. After seven weeks of intervention, there was a significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the synbiotic group compared to the placebo group (−14.92%, CI: −26.60–−3.23%, p = 0.013). A stratified analysis according to body fat percentage revealed a significant decrease in ALT (−20.70%, CI: −40.88–−0.53%, p = 0.045) in participants with an elevated body fat percentage. Further, a significant change in microbiome composition (1.16, CI: 0.06–2.25, p = 0.039) in this group was found, while the microbial composition remained stable upon intervention in the group with physiological body fat. The 7-week synbiotic intervention reduced ALT levels, especially in participants with an elevated body fat percentage, possibly due to modulation of the gut microbiome. Synbiotic intake may be helpful in delaying the progression of MAFLD and could be used in addition to the recommended lifestyle modification therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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29 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploiting Natural Niches with Neuroprotective Properties: A Comprehensive Review

by Hind Moukham, Alessia Lambiase, Giovanni Davide Barone, Farida Tripodi and Paola Coccetti

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091298 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3640

Abstract

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are [...] Read more.

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, promising strategies against neurodegenerative diseases are aimed to target multiple processes. These approaches usually avoid premature cell death and the loss of function of damaged neurons. This review focuses attention on the preventive and therapeutic potential of several compounds derived from natural sources, which could be exploited for their neuroprotective effect. Curcumin, resveratrol, ergothioneine, and phycocyanin are presented as examples of successful approaches, with a special focus on possible strategies to improve their delivery to the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Ingredients in Plants Related to Human Health)

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17 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy

by Kinga Borowicz-Reutt, Marlena Krawczyk and Julia Czernia

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091258 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8190

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased a quality of life, and cognitive, behavioral, and personal disorders, but also an increased risk of death, i.e., in the mechanism of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients (SUDEP). The main goals of epilepsy treatment include three basic issues: achieving the best possible seizure control, avoiding the undesired effects of treatment, and maintaining/improving the quality of patients’ lives. Therefore, numerous attempts are made to offer alternative treatments for drug-resistant seizures, an example of which is the ketogenic diet. It is a long-known but rarely used dietary therapy for intractable seizures. One of the reasons for this is the unpalatability of the classic ketogenic diet, which reduces patient compliance and adherence rates. However, its antiseizure effects are often considered to be worth the effort. Until recently, the diet was considered the last-resort treatment. Currently, it is believed that a ketogenic diet should be used much earlier in patients with well-defined indications. In correctly qualified patients, seizure activity may be reduced by over 90% or even abolished for long periods after the diet is stopped. A ketogenic diet can be used in all age groups, although most of the available literature addresses pediatric epilepsy. In this article, we focus on the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and adverse effects of different variants of the ketogenic diet, including its classic version, a medium-chain triglyceride diet, a modified Atkins diet, and a low glycemic index treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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24 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Power of Vitamin D: Is the Future in Precision Nutrition through Personalized Supplementation Plans?

by Mladen Mavar, Tamara Sorić, Ena Bagarić, Ana Sarić and Marijana Matek Sarić

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9128

Abstract

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary supplement, vitamin D deficiency is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly 50% of the global population. Low serum levels of vitamin D are being associated with increased susceptibility to numerous health conditions, including respiratory infections, mental health, autoimmune diseases, and different cancer types. Although the association between vitamin D status and health is well-established, the exact beneficial effects of vitamin D are still inconclusive and indefinite, especially when considering the prevention and treatment of different health conditions and the determination of an appropriate dosage to exert those beneficial effects in various population groups. Therefore, further research is needed. With constant improvements in our understanding of individual variations in vitamin D metabolism and requirements, in the future, precision nutrition and personalized supplementation plans could prove beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in the New Decade: Facts, Controversies, and Future Perspectives for Daily Clinical Practice)

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34 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Dyslipidemia: Is There Really a Link? A Narrative Review

by Antonella Al Refaie, Leonardo Baldassini, Caterina Mondillo, Michela De Vita, Elisa Giglio, Roberto Tarquini, Stefano Gonnelli and Carla Caffarelli

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081144 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3970

Abstract

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate a possible correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we deepened the relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia by reviewing the available literature. The results are not entirely clear-cut: on the one hand, numerous observational studies suggest a link between higher serum vitamin D levels and a beneficial lipid profile, while on the other hand, interventional studies do not demonstrate a significant effect. Understanding the possible relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia may represent a turning point: another link between vitamin D and the cardiovascular system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Functional Components for Disease Prevention and Management)

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21 pages, 2838 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?

by Leonel Pereira, João Cotas and Ana Marta Gonçalves

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081123 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5659

Abstract

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental [...] Read more.

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental impacts. Exploring the nutritional composition, extraction methods, functional properties, and potential health benefits of seaweed proteins, this review provides a comprehensive understanding. Seaweed contains essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its protein content ranges from 11% to 32% of dry weight, making it valuable for diverse dietary preferences, including vegetarian and vegan diets. Furthermore, this review underscores the sustainability and environmental advantages of seaweed protein production compared to traditional sources. Seaweed cultivation requires minimal resources, mitigating environmental issues like ocean acidification. As the review delves into specific seaweed types, extraction methodologies, and functional properties, it highlights the versatility of seaweed proteins in various food products, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Additionally, it discusses the potential health benefits associated with seaweed proteins, such as their unique amino acid profile and bioactive compounds. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into seaweed proteins’ potential applications and their role in addressing global protein needs sustainably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uncommon Alternative Sources of Protein)

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24 pages, 2066 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Nutrition: A Systematic Review

by Tagne Poupi Theodore Armand, Kintoh Allen Nfor, Jung-In Kim and Hee-Cheol Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071073 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 13817

Abstract

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to [...] Read more.

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to the fields influenced by the integration of AI technology. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current landscape of AI in nutrition, providing a deep understanding of the potential of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in nutrition sciences and highlighting eventual challenges and futuristic directions. A hybrid approach from the systematic literature review (SLR) guidelines and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adopted to systematically analyze the scientific literature from a search of major databases on artificial intelligence in nutrition sciences. A rigorous study selection was conducted using the most appropriate eligibility criteria, followed by a methodological quality assessment ensuring the robustness of the included studies. This review identifies several AI applications in nutrition, spanning smart and personalized nutrition, dietary assessment, food recognition and tracking, predictive modeling for disease prevention, and disease diagnosis and monitoring. The selected studies demonstrated the versatility of machine learning and deep learning techniques in handling complex relationships within nutritional datasets. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of AI applications in nutrition sciences and identifies challenges and opportunities. With the rapid advancement in AI, its integration into nutrition holds significant promise to enhance individual nutritional outcomes and optimize dietary recommendations. Researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals can utilize this research to design future projects and support evidence-based decision-making in AI for nutrition and dietary guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformations in Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1740 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiota of Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Leizi Min, Alimjan Ablitip, Rui Wang, Torquati Luciana, Mengxian Wei and Xindong Ma

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071070 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5306

Abstract

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM [...] Read more.

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM diversity remain to be synthesized. Objectives and Design: The study aims to quantitatively examine the effect of exercise on the diversity of gut microbiota of adults using a systemic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: PubMed, Ebsco, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were searched from their inception to September 2023. Exercise intervention studies with a control group that describe and compare the composition of GM in adults, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were included in this meta-analysis. Results: A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 1044 participants. Based on a fixed-effects model [Chi² = 29.40, df = 20 (p = 0.08); I² = 32%], the pooled analysis showed that compared with the control group, exercise intervention can significantly increase the alpha diversity of adult GM, using the Shannon index as an example [WMD = 0.05, 95% CI (0.00, 0.09); Z = 1.99 (p = 0.05)]. In addition, exercise interventions were found to significantly alter GM, notably decreasing Bacteroidetes and increasing Firmicutes, indicating a shift in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The subgroup analysis indicates that females and older adults appear to exhibit more significant changes in the Shannon Index and observed OTUs. Conclusions: Exercise may be a promising way to improve GM in adults. In particular, the Shannon index was significantly increased after exercise. Distinct responses in GM diversity to exercise interventions based on gender and age implicated that more research was needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition for Human Health)

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17 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Hidden Culprit for Type 2 Diabetes

by Sneha Dhokte and Krzysztof Czaja

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071015 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4496

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The heightened metabolic activity of VAT encourages the circulation of free fatty acid (FFA) molecules, which induce insulin resistance in surrounding tissues. Individuals most vulnerable to this preferential fat deposition are older males with ancestral ties to Asian countries because genetics and sex hormones are pivotal factors for VAT accumulation. However, interventions in one’s diet and lifestyle have the potential to strategically discourage the growth of VAT. This illuminates the possibility that the expansion of VAT and, subsequently, the risk of T2D development are preventable. Therefore, by reducing the amount of VAT accumulated in an individual and preventing it from building up, one can effectively control and prevent the development of T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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22 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gluten-Free Diet and Other Celiac Disease Therapies: Current Understanding and Emerging Strategies

by Anna Maria Mazzola, Irene Zammarchi, Maria Chiara Valerii, Enzo Spisni, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Francesco Lanzarotto and Chiara Ricci

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071006 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7394

Abstract

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of [...] Read more.

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of gluten-free products. Moreover, although the GFD is effective in achieving mucosal healing, it may lead to dietary imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies over a long period of time. To overcome these issues, several gluten-free wheat flours have been developed to create products that closely resemble their gluten-containing counterparts. Furthermore, given the critical importance of adhering to the GFD, it becomes essential to promote adherence and monitor possible voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Various methods, including clinical assessment, questionnaires, serology for celiac disease, duodenal biopsies and the detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIPs) are employed for this purpose, but none are considered entirely satisfactory. Since adherence to the GFD poses challenges, alternative therapies should be implemented in the coming years to improve treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to explore current knowledge of the GFD and investigate its future perspectives, focusing on technology advancements, follow-up strategies and insights into a rapidly changing future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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31 pages, 1685 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

by Celine Kapper, Peter Oppelt, Clara Ganhör, Ayberk Alp Gyunesh, Barbara Arbeithuber, Patrick Stelzl and Marlene Rezk-Füreder

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071008 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 15908

Abstract

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of [...] Read more.

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral’s contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)

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26 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeting the Hallmarks of Aging with Vitamin D: Starting to Decode the Myth

by Carmelinda Ruggiero, Laura Tafaro, Luisella Cianferotti, Flavia Tramontana, Ilaria Giovanna Macchione, Carla Caffarelli, Agostino Virdis, Marika Ferracci, Giuseppe Rinonapoli, Patrizia Mecocci, Nicola Napoli and Valeria Calsolaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060906 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 23641

Abstract

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or [...] Read more.

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or contributing to biological changes and anticipating several age-related diseases. The complex network of cellular and intercellular connections between the hallmarks might represent a possible target for the research of agents with pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D (VitD) is known to have a positive impact not only on muscle and bone health but also on several extra-skeletal districts, due to the widespread presence of Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs). VitD and VDR could be molecules potentially targeting the hallmarks of the aging network. To date, evidence about the potential effects of VitD on the hallmarks of aging is scarce in humans and mainly based on preclinical models. Although underpowered and heterogeneous, in-human studies seem to confirm the modulatory effect of VitD on some hallmarks of aging and diseases. However, more investigations are needed to clarify the pleiotropic effects of VitD and its impact on the hallmark of aging, hopefully highlighting the courses for translational applications and potential clinical conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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29 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer

by Pasquale Marino, Mariangela Mininni, Giovanni Deiana, Graziella Marino, Rosa Divella, Ilaria Bochicchio, Alda Giuliano, Stefania Lapadula, Alessandro Rocco Lettini and Francesca Sanseverino

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060800 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10259

Abstract

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in [...] Read more.

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in particular, the use of healthy lifestyles, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure; and vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing to its development, progression, and severity. This review evaluates the relationship between potentially modifiable risk factors and overall cancer development, specifically breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, and highlights updated recommendations on cancer prevention. The results of numerous clinical and epidemiological studies clearly show the influence of lifestyles on the development and prevention of cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly of saturated fats and processed products, resulting in increased body weight, combined with physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, has induced an increase in the incidence of all three types of cancer under study. Given the importance of adopting correct and healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer, global institutions should develop strategies and environments that encourage individuals to adopt healthy and regular behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Dietary Patterns and Cancer)

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22 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics

by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Dávid Major, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Stefano Tarantini, Zoltán Csizmadia and János Tamás Varga

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789 - 10 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10944

Abstract

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional [...] Read more.

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional supplements and functional food components associated with gastrointestinal well-being. The bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, with pre-, pro-, and symbiotics potentially affecting various cognitive functions such as attention, perception, and memory. Numerous studies have consistently shown that incorporating pre-, pro-, and symbiotics into a healthy diet can lead to improvements in cognitive functions and mood. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota can support optimal cognitive function, which is crucial for disease prevention in our fast-paced, Westernized society. Our results indicate cognitive benefits in healthy older individuals with probiotic supplementation but not in healthy older individuals who have good and adequate levels of physical activity. Additionally, it appears that there are cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, while mixed results seem to arise in younger and healthier individuals. However, it is important to acknowledge that individual responses may vary, and the use of these dietary supplements should be tailored to each individual’s unique health circumstances and needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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22 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders

by Sameeha Rau, Andrew Gregg, Shelby Yaceczko and Berkeley Limketkai

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060778 - 9 Mar 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9998

Abstract

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been [...] Read more.

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome, which underlies their potential for benefit in GI conditions. Formulating specific recommendations for the public regarding these dietary supplements has been difficult due to the significant heterogeneity between strains, doses, and duration of treatment investigated across studies, as well as safety concerns with administering live organisms. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence for the use of prebiotics and probiotics in various GI disorders, paying special attention to strain-specific effects that emerged and any adverse effects noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Approaches for Digestive Disorders and Gastrointestinal Symptoms)

21 pages, 4993 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationships between Habitual Polyphenol Consumption and Gut Microbiota in the INCLD Health Cohort

by Alexandra Adorno Vita, Kristen M. Roberts, Anders Gundersen, Yuliya Farris, Heather Zwickey, Ryan Bradley and Tiffany L. Weir

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060773 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6344

Abstract

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle [...] Read more.

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle Determinants of Health (INCLD Health) cohort uses a dietary questionnaire and 16s microbiome data to examine relationships between habitual polyphenol consumption and gut microbiota in healthy adults (n = 96). In this exploratory analysis, microbial taxa, but not diversity measures, differed by levels of dietary polyphenol consumption. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of daily polyphenol consumption (mg/day) included Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Eubacterium ventriosum group, Ruminococcus torques group, and Sutterella. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of the frequency of polyphenol-weighted herb and spice use included Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnotalea. Several of the differentiating taxa carry out activities important for human health, although out of these taxa, those with previously described pro-inflammatory qualities in certain contexts displayed inverse relationships with polyphenol consumption. Our results suggest that higher quantities of habitual polyphenol consumption may support an intestinal environment where opportunistic and pro-inflammatory bacteria are represented in a lower relative abundance compared to those with less potentially virulent qualities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Peptides, and Their Health Benefits)

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20 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Creatine Nitrate and Caffeine Individually or Combined on Exercise Performance and Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Gina Mabrey, Majid S. Koozehchian, Andrew T. Newton, Alireza Naderi, Scott C. Forbes and Monoem Haddad

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060766 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 21426

Abstract

This study examined the effect of creatine nitrate and caffeine alone and combined on exercise performance and cognitive function in resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve resistance-trained male athletes were supplemented with 7 days of creatine nitrate (5 g/day), caffeine [...] Read more.

This study examined the effect of creatine nitrate and caffeine alone and combined on exercise performance and cognitive function in resistance-trained athletes. In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve resistance-trained male athletes were supplemented with 7 days of creatine nitrate (5 g/day), caffeine (400 mg/day), and a combination of creatine nitrate and caffeine. The study involved twelve resistance-trained male athletes who initially provided a blood sample for comprehensive safety analysis, including tests for key enzymes and a lipid profile, and then performed standardized resistance exercises—bench and leg press at 70% 1RM—and a Wingate anaerobic power test. Cognitive function and cardiovascular responses were also examined forty-five minutes after supplementation. Creatine nitrate and caffeine that were co-ingested significantly enhanced cognitive function, as indicated by improved scores in the Stroop Word–Color Interference test (p = 0.04; effect size = 0.163). Co-ingestion was more effective than caffeine alone in enhancing cognitive performance. In contrast, no significant enhancements in exercise performance were observed. The co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine improved cognitive function, particularly in cognitive interference tasks, without altering short-term exercise performance. Furthermore, no adverse events were reported. Overall, the co-ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine appears to enhance cognition without any reported side effects for up to seven days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Physical Activity)

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31 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Impact of Diet on miRNA Regulation and Its Implications for Health: A Systematic Review

by María DeLucas, Juana Sánchez, Andreu Palou and Francisca Serra

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060770 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3974

Abstract

The evidence suggests that diet can modulate endogenous microRNA (miRNA) expression. Changes in miRNA expression may affect metabolic processes and consequently be involved in health status and disease development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role [...] Read more.

The evidence suggests that diet can modulate endogenous microRNA (miRNA) expression. Changes in miRNA expression may affect metabolic processes and consequently be involved in health status and disease development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the role of diet and specific food components in the regulation of miRNA expression and discuss its implications for human health and disease development. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for relevant studies. A total of 32 interventional and 5 observational studies performed in adults and evaluating dietary modulation of miRNA expression were included. Energy- and fat-controlled diets along with plant-based foods show substantial evidence of modulating endogenous miRNA levels. Plasma, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the main sources used to measure miRNAs. A total of 108 miRNAs modulated by diet were identified. We confirmed that dietary habits are closely associated with the modulation of endogenous miRNAs. Particularly, energy content and fat intake appeared to be key factors influencing miRNA levels. Furthermore, since miRNAs are involved in the regulation of several biological processes, this modulatory process may affect health status and lead to metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Nutrients—Precision Nutrition and Nutrigenomics)

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44 pages, 6606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of Aromatic Herbs and Spices Present in the Mediterranean Diet on the Glycemic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by María Carmen Garza, Sofía Pérez-Calahorra, Carmen Rodrigo-Carbó, María Antonia Sánchez-Calavera, Estíbaliz Jarauta, Rocío Mateo-Gallego, Irene Gracia-Rubio and Itziar Lamiquiz-Moneo

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060756 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 24221

Abstract

Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Background: The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is the dietary pattern par excellence for managing and preventing metabolic diseases, such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). The MedDiet incorporates spices and aromatic herbs, which are abundant sources of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all aromatic herbs and spices included in the MedDiet, such as black cumin, clove, parsley, saffron, thyme, ginger, black pepper, rosemary, turmeric, basil, oregano, and cinnamon, on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for interventional studies investigating the effect of these aromatic herbs and spices on the glycemic profile in T2DM subjects. Results: This systematic review retrieved 6958 studies, of which 77 were included in the qualitative synthesis and 45 were included in the meta-analysis. Our results showed that cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, black cumin, and saffron significantly improved the fasting glucose levels in T2DM subjects. The most significant decreases in fasting glucose were achieved after supplementation with black cumin, followed by cinnamon and ginger, which achieved a decrease of between 27 and 17 mg/dL. Conclusions: Only ginger and black cumin reported a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin, and only cinnamon and ginger showed a significant decrease in insulin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Behavioral Interventions for Diabetes)

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12 pages, 19872 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

GFRAL Is Widely Distributed in the Brain and Peripheral Tissues of Mice

by Karoline Fichtner, Hermann Kalwa, Miao-Miao Lin, Yuanyuan Gong, Anne Müglitz, Michael Kluge and Ute Krügel

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050734 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3134

Abstract

In 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as receptor for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in the mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) [...] Read more.

In 2017, four independent publications described the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) as receptor for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15, also MIC-1, NAG-1) with an expression exclusively in the mice brainstem area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) where it mediates effects of GDF15 on reduction of food intake and body weight. GDF15 is a cell stress cytokine with a widespread expression and pleiotropic effects, which both seem to be in contrast to the reported highly specialized localization of its receptor. This discrepancy prompts us to re-evaluate the expression pattern of GFRAL in the brain and peripheral tissues of mice. In this detailed immunohistochemical study, we provide evidence for a more widespread distribution of this receptor. Apart from the AP/NTS region, GFRAL-immunoreactivity was found in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, nucleus arcuatus and peripheral tissues including liver, small intestine, fat, kidney and muscle tissues. This widespread receptor expression, not taken into consideration so far, may explain the multiple effects of GDF-15 that are not yet assigned to GFRAL. Furthermore, our results could be relevant for the development of novel pharmacological therapies for physical and mental disorders related to body image and food intake, such as eating disorders, cachexia and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Body Image, Nutrition and Mental Health)

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23 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioactive Components of Areca Nut: An Overview of Their Positive Impacts Targeting Different Organs

by Huihui Sun, Wenzhen Yu, Hu Li, Xiaosong Hu and Xiaofei Wang

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050695 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6477

Abstract

Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca [...] Read more.

Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca nut holds a significant position in traditional medicine in many areas and ranks first among the four southern medicines in China. Numerous bioactive compounds have been identified in areca nuts, including alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, which exhibit diverse bioactive functions, such as anti-bacterial, deworming, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, they also display beneficial impacts targeting the nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems. This review summarizes the pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients in areca nut. This helps to ascertain the beneficial components of areca nut, discover its medicinal potential, and guide the utilization of the areca nut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Preventive Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk for COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Marina Sartini, Filippo Del Puente, Martino Oliva, Alessio Carbone, Nicoletta Bobbio, Elisa Schinca, Luana Giribone and Maria Luisa Cristina

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050679 - 28 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 50670

Abstract

Over the past few decades, vitamin D has been found to play a crucial role in bone homeostasis, muscle function, oncogenesis, immune response and metabolism. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous researchers have tried to determine the role vitamin D might [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, vitamin D has been found to play a crucial role in bone homeostasis, muscle function, oncogenesis, immune response and metabolism. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous researchers have tried to determine the role vitamin D might play in the immune response to the virus. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to demonstrate that preventive vitamin D supplementation can play a protective role in the incidence of COVID-19, mortality and admission to intensive care units (ICUs). A comprehensive search on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases was performed on 15 May 2023, and two of the authors independently screened the literature. As effect measures, we calculated the Odds Ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (ICs). The assessment of potential bias and the evaluation of study quality will be conducted independently by two researchers. Sixteen publications were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Our findings indicate that vitamin D supplementation has a protective effect against the incidence of COVID-19 in RCT studies (OR 0.403, 95% IC 0.218, 0.747), in the incidence of COVID-19 in analytical studies (OR = 0.592, 95% IC 0.476–0.736) and in ICU admission (OR 0.317, 95% IC 0.147–0.680). Subsequent analyses were conducted by type of subject treated (patient/healthcare workers) and type of supplementation (vitamin D vs. placebo/no treatment or high dose vs. low dose). Our meta-analysis suggests a definitive and significant association between the protective role of vitamin D and COVID-19 incidence and ICU admission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vitamin D on Respiratory Disease)

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24 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases

by Valeria Prete, Angela Carmelita Abate, Paola Di Pietro, Massimiliano De Lucia, Carmine Vecchione and Albino Carrizzo

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050642 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 11428

Abstract

In recent decades, as a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina [...] Read more.

In recent decades, as a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a blue-green cyanobacterium, classified as a “superfood”, used worldwide as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its remarkable nutritional value, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Several scientific studies have evaluated the cardioprotective role of Spirulina. This article presents a comprehensive review of the therapeutic benefits of Spirulina in improving cardio- and cerebrovascular health. It focuses on the latest experimental and clinical findings to evaluate its antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The objective is to highlight its potential in preventing and managing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Foods and Ingredients for Cardiovascular Diseases)

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22 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Structure, Biological Functions, Separation, Properties, and Potential Applications of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM): A Review

by Chao Nie, Yunyi Zhao, Xifan Wang, Yixuan Li, Bing Fang, Ran Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, Haiping Liao, Gengsheng Li, Pengjie Wang and Rong Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050587 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5237

Abstract

Background: The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest [...] Read more.

Background: The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a thin film that exists within the milk emulsion, suspended on the surface of milk fat globules, and comprises a diverse array of bioactive components. Recent advancements in MFGM research have sparked a growing interest in its biological characteristics and health-related functions. Thorough exploration and utilization of MFGM as a significant bioactive constituent in milk emulsion can profoundly impact human health in a positive manner. Scope and approach: This review comprehensively examines the current progress in understanding the structure, composition, physicochemical properties, methods of separation and purification, and biological activity of MFGM. Additionally, it underscores the vast potential of MFGM in the development of additives and drug delivery systems, with a particular focus on harnessing the surface activity and stability of proteins and phospholipids present on the MFGM for the production of natural emulsifiers and drug encapsulation materials. Key findings and conclusions: MFGM harbors numerous active substances that possess diverse physiological functions, including the promotion of digestion, maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and facilitation of nerve development. Typically employed as a dietary supplement in infant formula, MFGM’s exceptional surface activity has propelled its advancement toward becoming a natural emulsifier or encapsulation material. This surface activity is primarily derived from the amphiphilicity of polar lipids and the stability exhibited by highly glycosylated proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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28 pages, 28736 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium and the Hallmarks of Aging

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040496 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 18713

Abstract

Magnesium is an essential ion in the human body that regulates numerous physiological and pathological processes. Magnesium deficiency is very common in old age. Age-related chronic diseases and the aging process itself are frequently associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, called ‘inflammaging’. Because chronic [...] Read more.

Magnesium is an essential ion in the human body that regulates numerous physiological and pathological processes. Magnesium deficiency is very common in old age. Age-related chronic diseases and the aging process itself are frequently associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, called ‘inflammaging’. Because chronic magnesium insufficiency has been linked to excessive generation of inflammatory markers and free radicals, inducing a chronic inflammatory state, we formerly hypothesized that magnesium inadequacy may be considered among the intermediaries helping us explain the link between inflammaging and aging-associated diseases. We show in this review evidence of the relationship of magnesium with all the hallmarks of aging (genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, disabled autophagy, dysbiosis, and chronic inflammation), which may positively affect the human healthspan. It is feasible to hypothesize that maintaining an optimal balance of magnesium during one’s life course may turn out to be a safe and economical strategy contributing to the promotion of healthy aging. Future well-designed studies are necessary to further explore this hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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26 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

B Cells Dynamic in Aging and the Implications of Nutritional Regulation

by Yifei Yu, Chenxu Lu, Weiru Yu, Yumei Lei, Siyuan Sun, Ping Liu, Feirong Bai, Yu Chen and Juan Chen

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040487 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3531

Abstract

Aging negatively affects B cell production, resulting in a decrease in B-1 and B-2 cells and impaired antibody responses. Age-related B cell subsets contribute to inflammation. Investigating age-related alterations in the B-cell pool and developing targeted therapies are crucial for combating autoimmune diseases [...] Read more.

Aging negatively affects B cell production, resulting in a decrease in B-1 and B-2 cells and impaired antibody responses. Age-related B cell subsets contribute to inflammation. Investigating age-related alterations in the B-cell pool and developing targeted therapies are crucial for combating autoimmune diseases in the elderly. Additionally, optimal nutrition, including carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and especially lipids, play a vital role in supporting immune function and mitigating the age-related decline in B cell activity. Research on the influence of lipids on B cells shows promise for improving autoimmune diseases. Understanding the aging B-cell pool and considering nutritional interventions can inform strategies for promoting healthy aging and reducing the age-related disease burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Metabolism with Molecular Immunology)

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21 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Trends on the Involvement of Zinc, Copper, and Selenium in the Process of Hepatocarcinogenesis

by Takashi Himoto and Tsutomu Masaki

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040472 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2710

Abstract

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell [...] Read more.

Numerous nutritional factors increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The dysregulation of zinc, copper, and selenium homeostasis is associated with the occurrence of HCC. The impairment of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements results in oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle progression, and angiogenesis, finally leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. These essential trace elements can affect the microenvironment in HCC. The carrier proteins for zinc and copper and selenium-containing enzymes play important roles in the prevention or progression of HCC. These trace elements enhance or alleviate the chemosensitivity of anticancer agents in patients with HCC. The zinc, copper, or selenium may affect the homeostasis of other trace elements with each other. Novel types of cell death including ferropotosis and cupropotosis are also associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies for HCC that target these carrier proteins for zinc and copper or selenium-containing enzymes have been developed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The use of zinc-, copper- or selenium-nanoparticles has been considered as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. These results indicate that zinc, copper, and selenium may become promising therapeutic targets in patients with HCC. The clinical application of these agents is an urgent unmet requirement. This review article highlights the correlation between the dysregulation of the homeostasis of these essential trace elements and the development of HCC and summarizes the current trends on the roles of these essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Trace Elements in Chronic Liver Disease)

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10 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Is ChatGPT an Effective Tool for Providing Dietary Advice?

by Valentina Ponzo, Ilaria Goitre, Enrica Favaro, Fabio Dario Merlo, Maria Vittoria Mancino, Sergio Riso and Simona Bo

Nutrients 2024, 16(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040469 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7836

Abstract

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT’s potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in [...] Read more.

The chatbot Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer (ChatGPT) is becoming increasingly popular among patients for searching health-related information. Prior studies have raised concerns regarding accuracy in offering nutritional advice. We investigated in November 2023 ChatGPT’s potential as a tool for providing nutritional guidance in relation to different non-communicable diseases (NCDs). First, the dietary advice given by ChatGPT (version 3.5) for various NCDs was compared with guidelines; then, the chatbot’s capacity to manage a complex case with several diseases was investigated. A panel of nutrition experts assessed ChatGPT’s responses. Overall, ChatGPT offered clear advice, with appropriateness of responses ranging from 55.5% (sarcopenia) to 73.3% (NAFLD). Only two recommendations (one for obesity, one for non-alcoholic-fatty-liver disease) contradicted guidelines. A single suggestion for T2DM was found to be “unsupported”, while many recommendations for various NCDs were deemed to be “not fully matched” to the guidelines despite not directly contradicting them. However, when the chatbot handled overlapping conditions, limitations emerged, resulting in some contradictory or inappropriate advice. In conclusion, although ChatGPT exhibited a reasonable accuracy in providing general dietary advice for NCDs, its efficacy decreased in complex situations necessitating customized strategies; therefore, the chatbot is currently unable to replace a healthcare professional’s consultation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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17 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease

by D. M. Sithara Dissanayaka, Vijay Jayasena, Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith, Ralph N. Martins and W. M. A. D. Binosha Fernando

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030412 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 11234

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) impacts 50 million individuals, with projections anticipating an increase to 152 million by the year 2050. Despite [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) impacts 50 million individuals, with projections anticipating an increase to 152 million by the year 2050. Despite the increasing global prevalence of AD, its underlying pathology remains poorly understood, posing challenges for early diagnosis and treatment. Recent research suggests a link between gut dysbiosis and the aggregation of Aβ, the development of tau proteins, and the occurrence of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are associated with AD. However, investigations into the gut–brain axis (GBA) in the context of AD progression and pathology have yielded inconsistent findings. This review aims to enhance our understanding of microbial diversity at the species level and the role of these species in AD pathology. Additionally, this review addresses the influence of confounding elements, including diet, probiotics, and prebiotics, on AD throughout different stages (preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD) of its progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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22 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Twelve Weeks of Daily Lentil Consumption Improves Fasting Cholesterol and Postprandial Glucose and Inflammatory Responses—A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Morgan L. Chamberlin, Stephanie M.G. Wilson, Marcy E. Gaston, Wan-Yuan Kuo and Mary P. Miles

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030419 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 9197

Abstract

Lentils have potential to improve metabolic health but there are limited randomized clinical trials evaluating their comprehensive impact on metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lentil-based vs. meat-based meals on fasting and postprandial measures of glucose and [...] Read more.

Lentils have potential to improve metabolic health but there are limited randomized clinical trials evaluating their comprehensive impact on metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of lentil-based vs. meat-based meals on fasting and postprandial measures of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. Thirty-eight adults with an increased waist circumference (male ≥ 40 inches and female ≥ 35 inches) participated in a 12-week dietary intervention that included seven prepared midday meals totaling either 980 g (LEN) or 0 g (CON) of cooked green lentils per week. Linear models were used to assess changes in fasting and postprandial markers from pre- to post-intervention by meal group. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed through a survey randomly delivered once per week during the intervention. We found that regular consumption of lentils lowered fasting LDL (F = 5.53, p = 0.02) and total cholesterol levels (F = 8.64, p < 0.01) as well as postprandial glucose (β = −0.99, p = 0.01), IL-17 (β = −0.68, p = 0.04), and IL-1β (β = −0.70, p = 0.03) responses. GI symptoms were not different by meal group and all symptoms were reported as “none” or “mild” for the duration of the intervention. Our results suggest that daily lentil consumption may be helpful in lowering cholesterol and postprandial glycemic and inflammatory responses without causing GI stress. This information further informs the development of pulse-based dietary strategies to lower disease risk and to slow or reverse metabolic disease progression in at-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition Strategies to Counteract Inflammation and Obesity)

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24 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Nutritional Interventions for the Infant Gut Microbiome

by Giulia Catassi, Marina Aloi, Valentina Giorgio, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030400 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9601

Abstract

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding [...] Read more.

The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. These findings underscore the need for future research to understand the long-term health impacts of these interventions and for further strategies to enrich the gut microbiome of formula-fed and preterm infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutritional Intervention for the Infant Gut Microbiome—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Aging: Central Role of Immunocompetence

by Carsten Carlberg and Eunike Velleuer

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030398 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7520

Abstract

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human [...] Read more.

The pro-hormone vitamin D₃ is an important modulator of both innate and adaptive immunity since its biologically active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃) regulates via the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) the epigenome and transcriptome of human immune cells and controls in this way the expression of hundreds of vitamin D target genes. Since the myeloid linage of hematopoiesis is epigenetically programmed by VDR in concert with the pioneer factors PU.1 (purine-rich box 1) and CEBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α), monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are the most vitamin D-sensitive immune cell types. The central role of the immune system in various aging-related diseases suggests that immunocompetence describes not only the ability of an individual to resist pathogens and parasites but also to contest non-communicative diseases and the process of aging itself. In this review, we argue that the individual-specific responsiveness to vitamin D relates to a person’s immunocompetence via the epigenetic programming function of VDR and its ligand 1,25(OH)₂D₃ during hematopoiesis as well as in the periphery. This may provide a mechanism explaining how vitamin D protects against major common diseases and, in parallel, promotes healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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15 pages, 640 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D Supplementation: A Review of the Evidence Arguing for a Daily Dose of 2000 International Units (50 µg) of Vitamin D for Adults in the General Population

by Pawel Pludowski, William B. Grant, Spyridon N. Karras, Armin Zittermann and Stefan Pilz

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030391 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 36857

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem due to its worldwide high prevalence and adverse clinical consequences regarding musculoskeletal health. In addition, vitamin D may also be crucial for the prevention of certain extraskeletal diseases. Despite decades of intensive scientific research, several knowledge gaps remain regarding the precise definition of vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency, the health benefits of improving vitamin D status, and the required vitamin D intakes. Consequently, various societies and expert groups have released heterogeneous recommendations on the dosages for vitamin D supplementation. In this brief narrative review, we outline and discuss recent advances regarding the scientific evidence arguing for a daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 international units (IU) (50 µg) of vitamin D3 to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency. According to data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), such a dose may improve some health outcomes and is sufficient to raise and maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) and above 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) in >99% and >90% of the general adult population, respectively. According to large vitamin D RCTs, there are no significant safety concerns in supplementing such a dose for several years, even in individuals with an already sufficient vitamin D status at baseline. A daily vitamin D supplementation with 2000 IU (50 µg) may be considered a simple, effective, and safe dosage to prevent and treat vitamin D deficiency in the adult general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pleiotropic Actions of Vitamin D: Proceedings from the 6th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

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24 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review

by Adriano dos Santos and Serena Galiè

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030390 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9838

Abstract

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). [...] Read more.

Background: Over recent decades, a growing body of evidence has emerged linking the composition of the gut microbiota to sleep regulation. Interestingly, the prevalence of sleep disorders is commonly related to cardiometabolic comorbidities such as diabetes, impaired lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this complex scenario, the role of the gut–brain axis as the main communicating pathway between gut microbiota and sleep regulation pathways in the brain reveals some common host–microbial biomarkers in both sleep disturbances and MetS. As the biological mechanisms behind this complex interacting network of neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways are not fully understood yet, the present systematic review aims to describe common microbial features between these two unrelated chronic conditions. Results: This systematic review highlights a total of 36 articles associating the gut microbial signature with MetS or sleep disorders. Specific emphasis is given to studies evaluating the effect of dietary patterns, dietary supplementation, and probiotics on MetS or sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Dietary choices promote microbial composition and metabolites, causing both the amelioration and impairment of MetS and sleep homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health)

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24 pages, 1712 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of the FODMAP Diet in IBS

by Luisa Bertin, Miriana Zanconato, Martina Crepaldi, Giovanni Marasco, Cesare Cremon, Giovanni Barbara, Brigida Barberio, Fabiana Zingone and Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030370 - 26 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 13216

Abstract

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such [...] Read more.

The low FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol) diet is a beneficial therapeutic approach for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, how the low FODMAP diet works is still not completely understood. These mechanisms encompass not only traditionally known factors such as luminal distension induced by gas and water but also recent evidence on the role of FOMAPs in the modulation of visceral hypersensitivity, increases in intestinal permeability, the induction of microbiota changes, and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as metabolomics and alterations in motility. Although most of the supporting evidence is of low quality, recent trials have confirmed its effectiveness, even though the majority of the evidence pertains only to the restriction phase and its effectiveness in relieving abdominal bloating and pain. This review examines potential pathophysiological mechanisms and provides an overview of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet across various IBS subtypes. Key considerations for its use include the challenges and disadvantages associated with its practical implementation, including the need for professional guidance, variations in individual responses, concerns related to microbiota, nutritional deficiencies, the development of constipation, the necessity of excluding an eating disorder before commencing the diet, and the scarcity of long-term data. Despite its recognized efficacy in symptom management, acknowledging these limitations becomes imperative for a nuanced comprehension of the role of a low FODMAP diet in managing IBS. By investigating its potential mechanisms and evidence across IBS subtypes and addressing emerging modulations alongside limitations, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for healthcare practitioners, researchers, and patients navigating the intricate landscape of IBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation)

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12 pages, 964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Mushroom Intake and Cognitive Performance: An Epidemiological Study in the European Investigation of Cancer—Norfolk Cohort (EPIC-Norfolk)

by Sara Cha, Lynne Bell and Claire M. Williams

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030353 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4763

Abstract

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. [...] Read more.

The previous literature suggests that regular consumption of edible mushrooms may confer neuroprotective cognitive health benefits. To further investigate the possible association between mushrooms and brain function during ageing, data from a population-based study of diet and chronic disease (EPIC-Norfolk cohort) were analysed. Changes in mushroom intake were measured using a food frequency questionnaire at three health check (HC) points over an 18-year period, with participants categorised based on their consumption frequency. Cognitive performance was assessed at the final health check (3HC) via a battery of validated tests assessing a range of different cognitive domains. The findings revealed a significant reduction in mushroom intake over time, with 4.12% of the cohort giving up mushrooms after previously consuming them. At 3HC, mushroom consumers displayed better cognitive performance than non-consumers across multiple cognitive domains. This relationship was observed to be dose-dependent, with those consuming 1 or more portions per week showing the highest cognitive scores. These findings suggest that regular mushroom consumption may be beneficial for cognitive function during aging. Further randomised controlled trials will be needed to confirm any potential benefits of mushrooms on long-term cognitive health, alongside public health initiatives to promote mushroom consumption in this older-adult demographic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant-Based Nutrition on Ageing)

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19 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Adverse Food Reactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

by Ivan Capobianco, Federica Di Vincenzo, Pierluigi Puca, Guia Becherucci, Maria Chiara Mentella, Valentina Petito and Franco Scaldaferri

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030351 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5536

Abstract

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the [...] Read more.

Limited knowledge is available about the relationship between food allergies or intolerances and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinicians frequently encounter patients who report food allergies or intolerances, and gastroenterologists struggle distinguishing between patients with organic disorders and those with functional disorders, which the patients themselves may associate with specific dietary components. This task becomes even more arduous when managing patients with significant underlying organic conditions, like IBD. The aim of this review is to summarize and emphasize any actual associations between food allergies and intolerances and inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Through a narrative disceptation of the current literature, we highlight the increased prevalence of various food intolerances, including lactose, fructose, histamine, nickel, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in individuals with IBD. Additionally, we explore the association between increased epithelial barrier permeability in IBD and the development of food sensitization. By doing so, we aim to enhance clinicians’ awareness of the nutritional management of patients with IBD when facing complaints or evidence of food allergies or intolerances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What Is New in Nutrition Care and What Should We Eat?)

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25 pages, 2150 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cow’s Milk: A Benefit for Human Health? Omics Tools and Precision Nutrition for Lactose Intolerance Management

by Giovanni Pratelli, Bartolo Tamburini, Giusto Davide Badami, Marianna Lo Pizzo, Anna De Blasio, Daniela Carlisi and Diana Di Liberto

Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020320 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 11286

Abstract

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals [...] Read more.

Cow’s milk (CM) is a healthy food consumed worldwide by individuals of all ages. Unfortunately, “lactase-deficient” individuals cannot digest milk’s main carbohydrate, lactose, depriving themselves of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, and lactoglobulin due to lactose intolerance (LI), while other individuals develop allergies specifically against these proteins (CMPA). The management of these conditions differs, and an inappropriate diagnosis or treatment may have significant implications for the patients, especially if they are infants or very young children, resulting in unnecessary dietary restrictions or avoidable adverse reactions. Omics technologies play a pivotal role in elucidating the intricate interactions between nutrients and the human body, spanning from genetic factors to the microbiota profile and metabolites. This comprehensive approach enables the precise delineation and identification of distinct cohorts of individuals with specific dietary requirements, so that tailored nutrition strategies can be developed. This is what is called personalized nutrition or precision nutrition (PN), the area of nutrition that focuses on the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome, and metabolome, promoting well-being and health, preventing diseases, reducing chronic disease incidence, and increasing life expectancy. Here, we report the opinion of the scientific community proposing to replace the “one size fits all” approach with tailor-made nutrition programs, designed by integrating nutrigenomic data together with clinical parameters and microbiota profiles, taking into account the individual lactose tolerance threshold and needs in terms of specific nutrients intake. This customized approach could help LI patients to improve their quality of life, overcoming depression or anxiety often resulting from the individual perception of this condition as different from a normal state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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