Viruses

18 pages, 2580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Avermectins Inhibit Replication of Parvovirus B19 by Disrupting the Interaction Between Importin α and Non-Structural Protein 1

by Gualtiero Alvisi, Elisabetta Manaresi, Silvia Pavan, David A. Jans, Kylie M. Wagstaff and Giorgio Gallinella

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020220 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a major human pathogen in which the ssDNA genome is replicated within the nucleus of infected human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) through a process involving both cellular and viral proteins, including the non-structural protein (NS)1. We previously characterized [...] Read more.

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a major human pathogen in which the ssDNA genome is replicated within the nucleus of infected human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) through a process involving both cellular and viral proteins, including the non-structural protein (NS)1. We previously characterized the interaction between NS1 classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS: GACHAKKPRIT-182) and host cell importin (IMP)α and proposed it as a potential target for antiviral drug development. Here, we further extend on such findings. First, we demonstrate that NS1 nuclear localization is required for viral production since introducing the K177T substitution in a cloned, infectious viral genome resulted in a non-viable virus. Secondly, we demonstrate that the antiparasitic drug ivermectin (IVM), known to inhibit the IMPα/β dependent nuclear import pathway, could impair the NS1-NLS:IMPα interaction and suppress viral replication in UT7/EpoS1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We also show that a panel of structurally related avermectins (AVMs) can dissociate the NS1-NLS:IMPα complex with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations in the nanomolar range. Among them, Eprinomectin emerged as the most selective inhibitor of B19V replication, with a selectivity index of c. 5.0. However, when tested in EPCs generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which constitute a cellular population close to the natural target cells in bone marrow, the inhibitory effect of IVM and Eprinomectin was demonstrated to a lesser extent, and both compounds exhibited high toxicity, thus highlighting the need for more specific inhibitors of the NS1-NLS:IMPα interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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8 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Emergence of Coxsackievirus A16 Subgenotype B1c: A Key Driver of the Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Epidemic in Guangdong, China

by Huiling Zeng, Biao Zeng, Lina Yi, Lin Qu, Jiadian Cao, Fen Yang, Haiyi Yang, Chunyan Xie, Yuxi Yan, Wenwen Deng, Shuling Li, Yingtao Zhang, Baisheng Li, Jing Lu and Hanri Zeng

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020219 - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: In 2024, mainland China witnessed a significant upsurge in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) cases. Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the primary causative agents of HFMD. Long-term monitoring of theCVA16 infection rate and genotype changes is crucial for the prevention [...] Read more.

Background: In 2024, mainland China witnessed a significant upsurge in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) cases. Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the primary causative agents of HFMD. Long-term monitoring of theCVA16 infection rate and genotype changes is crucial for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods: A total of 40,673 clinical specimens were collected from suspected HFMD cases in Guangdong province from 2018 to 2024, including rectal swabs (n = 27,954), throat swabs (n = 6791), stool (n = 5923), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 3), and herpes fluid (n = 2). A total of 24,410 samples were detected as EV-positive and further typed by RT-PCR. A total of 872 CVA16-positive samples were isolated and further sequenced to obtain the full-length VP1 sequence. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on viral protein 1 gene (VP1). Results: In the first 25 weeks of 2024, reported cases of HFMD were 1.36 times higher than the mean rates of 2023. In 2024, CVA16 predominated at 75.42%, contrasting with the past etiological pattern in which the CVA6 was predominant with the detection rate ranging from 32.85 to 77.61% from 2019 to 2023. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 gene revealed that the B1a and B1b subtypes co-circulated in Guangdong from 2018 to 2022. The B1c outbreak clade, detected in Guangdong in 2023, constituted 68.24% of the 148 strains of CVA16 collected in 2024, suggesting a subtype shift in the CVA16 virus. There were three specific amino acid variations (P3S, I235V, and T240A) in the VP1 sequence of B1c. Conclusions: The new emergence of the CVA16 B1c outbreak clade in Guangdong during 2023–2024 highlights the necessity for the enhanced surveillance of the virus evolution epidemiological dynamic in this region. Furthermore, it is imperative to closely monitor the etiological pattern changes in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in other regions as well. Such vigilance will be instrumental in guiding future vaccination strategies for HFMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coxsackieviruses, Polioviruses and Associated Diseases (Second Edition))

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17 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Plant Viral Nanoparticles in Cancer Biotherapy—A Review

by Mamorake Donty Komane, Prudence Ngalula Kayoka-Kabongo and Daria Anna Rutkowska

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020218 - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Cancer is a major global health problem that poses significant challenges. Conventional cancer therapies often have severe side effects, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches that are more effective and less toxic. The utilization of plant viral nanoparticles is one of the [...] Read more.

Cancer is a major global health problem that poses significant challenges. Conventional cancer therapies often have severe side effects, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic approaches that are more effective and less toxic. The utilization of plant viral nanoparticles is one of the more promising strategies for cancer biotherapy. Plant viral nanoparticles exhibit advantageous properties, including safety, high stability, rapid production and scalability, biocompatibility and biodegradability, structural uniformity, inherent immunogenicity, ease of modification and high update efficacy as well as lower cost implications, making them attractive vehicles for health applications. Various studies have demonstrated the efficacy of plant viral nanoparticles in targeted therapeutic drug/molecule delivery, tumor imaging and immunotherapy, highlighting their potential as a versatile platform for cancer biotherapy. The drawbacks of plant viral nanoparticles include their perceived ability to induce a hypersensitive/allergic immune response, non-well-defined regulatory approval processes as well as the reluctance of pharmaceutical companies to adapt their manufacturing processes to facilitate plant-based expression. This review discusses applications of plant virus-derived nanoparticles in cancer therapeutics and prospects for translating these findings into clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Virus-Like Particles as Nanoplatforms for Vaccines, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nanomedicine)

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27 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Temperature-Associated Effects of Rift Valley Fever Virus Infections in Mosquitoes and Climate-Driven Epidemics: A Review

by Faustus A. Azerigyik, Shelby M. Cagle, William C. Wilson, Dana N. Mitzel and Rebekah C. Kading

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020217 - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease within the genus Phlebovirus. Symptoms of the disease in animals range from moderate to severe febrile illness, which significantly impacts the livestock industry and causes severe health complications in humans. Similar to [...] Read more.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease within the genus Phlebovirus. Symptoms of the disease in animals range from moderate to severe febrile illness, which significantly impacts the livestock industry and causes severe health complications in humans. Similar to bunyaviruses in the genus Orthobunyavirus transmitted by mosquitoes, RVFV progression is dependent on the susceptibility of the physical, cellular, microbial, and immune response barriers of the vectors. These barriers, shaped by the genetic makeup of the mosquito species and the surrounding environmental temperature, exert strong selective pressure on the virus, affecting its replication, evolution, and spread. The changing climate coupled with the aforementioned bottlenecks are significant drivers of RVF epidemics and expansion into previously nonendemic areas. Despite the link between microclimatic changes and RVF outbreaks, there is still a dearth of knowledge on how these temperature effects impact RVF transmission and vector competence and virus persistence during interepidemic years. This intricate interdependence between the virus, larval habitat temperatures, and vector competence necessitates increased efforts in addressing RVFV disease burden. This review highlights recent advancements made in response to shifting demographics, weather patterns, and conveyance of RVFV. Additionally, ongoing studies related to temperature-sensitive variations in RVFV–vector interactions and knowledge gaps are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Highlights in the Study of Rift Valley Fever Virus)

18 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into Antiviral Natural Formulations: Biopolymeric Films for the Prevention and Treatment of a Wide Gamma of Viral Infections

by Victoria Belén Ayala-Peña, Ana Karen Jaimes, Ana Lucía Conesa, Cybele Carina García, Claudia Soledad Sepulveda, Fernando Gaspar Dellatorre, Ezequiel Latour, Nora Marta Andrea Ponce, Vera Alejandra Álvarez and Verónica Leticia Lassalle

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020216 - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Viral infections remain a major concern, as existing treatments often yield inadequate responses or lead to the development of antiviral resistance in some cases. Fucoidan extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (F) is a natural sulphated polysaccharide that exhibits antiviral action. Despite its potential, the [...] Read more.

Viral infections remain a major concern, as existing treatments often yield inadequate responses or lead to the development of antiviral resistance in some cases. Fucoidan extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (F) is a natural sulphated polysaccharide that exhibits antiviral action. Despite its potential, the biomedical application of F is limited due to its difficult administration through trans-mucosal, skin, or oral ingestion. The most effective way to solve these problems is to propose novel methods of administration aiming to ensure better contact between the biopolymers and pathogens, leading to their inactivation. In this work, the synthesis of films based on chitosan (Ch)-coupled F is reported, aiming to generate a synergic effect between both biopolymers in terms of their antiviral and antioxidant capability. Biocomposites were prepared by a sonochemical method. They were characterized to infer structural properties, functionality, and possible F-Ch interactions by using Zeta potential, FTIR, and XRD techniques. The biocomposites showed excellent film-forming ability. They also exhibited improved antioxidant activity with respect to F and Ch individually and proved to be non-cytotoxic. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the antiviral activity of F:Ch biocomposites against bovine coronavirus and human viruses (adenovirus, poliovirus, herpes simplex, and respiratory syncytial virus), which could be applied in film form to prevent or treat viral infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural, Semisynthetic, and Synthetic Antiviral Drugs Targeting HIV and SARS-CoV-2)

7 pages, 765 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of the MMR Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Among Healthcare Workers

by Hyeri Seok, Joon-Yong Bae, Jooyun Kim, Won Suk Choi, Heedo Park, Jungmin Lee, Sohyun Lee, Chulwoo Kim, Man-Seong Park and Dae Won Park

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020215 - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and immunogenicity of the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers at one medical institution. The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated in overall healthcare workers (HCWs). In addition, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and immunogenicity of the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers at one medical institution. The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated in overall healthcare workers (HCWs). In addition, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were measured according to the subjects’ measles immunity status with serum samples collected before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period. The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in all HCWs and measles IgG-positive subjects was 34% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53–2.70) and 34% (aOR = 0.66, CI = 0.38–18.4), respectively. The neutralizing antibody levels for SARS-CoV-2 were low in all groups regardless of the measles immune status. The MMR vaccine alone may not provide sufficient protection against SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)

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37 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement: From Capsid Disassembly to Transport Through Plasmodesmata

by Amr Ibrahim, Nobumitsu Sasaki, James E. Schoelz and Richard S. Nelson

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020214 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Determining mechanisms to establish an initial infection and form intracellular complexes for accumulation and movement of RNA plant viruses are important areas of study in plant virology. The impact of these findings on the basic understanding of plant molecular virology and its application [...] Read more.

Determining mechanisms to establish an initial infection and form intracellular complexes for accumulation and movement of RNA plant viruses are important areas of study in plant virology. The impact of these findings on the basic understanding of plant molecular virology and its application in agriculture is significant. Studies with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and related tobamoviruses often provide important foundational knowledge for studies involving other viruses. Topics discussed here include capsid disassembly, establishment of a virus replication complex (VRC), and transport of the VRCs or virus components within the cell to locations at the plasmodesmata (PD) for intercellular virus RNA (vRNA) movement. Seminal findings with TMV and related tobamoviruses include detecting co-translational disassembly of the vRNA from the virus rod, full sequencing of genomic vRNA, and production of infectious transcript for genetic studies determining virus components necessary for intercellular movement and biochemical and cell biological studies determining the host factors, protein and membrane, needed for replication and movement. This review highlights many of the studies through the years on TMV and selected tobamoviruses that have impacted not only our understanding of tobamovirus accumulation and movement but also that of other plant viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobamoviruses: Molecular Aspects and Resistance Regulation—a Special Issue Commemorating 125 Years of Research on Tobamoviruses)

11 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Molecular Characterization of the Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Involved in Poultry Outbreaks Reveals the Virus Origin and Estimated Spreading Route

by Jorge Luis Chacón, Ruy D. Chacón, Henrique Lage Hagemann, Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira, Cesar Nunes, Luiz Sesti, Branko Alva and Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020213 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Infectious laryngotracheitis outbreaks have been observed in a short period of time in broiler, layer, and broiler breeder flocks, resulting in clinical signs and high mortality. The affected farms are located in the same geographical area, which is a high-density poultry region of [...] Read more.

Infectious laryngotracheitis outbreaks have been observed in a short period of time in broiler, layer, and broiler breeder flocks, resulting in clinical signs and high mortality. The affected farms are located in the same geographical area, which is a high-density poultry region of Brazil. To estimate the potential origin of the virus or viruses that caused the outbreaks, the ILTVs detected at six companies were molecularly characterized by sequencing two fragments of the ICP4 gene and then compared with previous field and vaccine viruses detected in the country. The sequencing results revealed that all farms investigated were infected with a nonvaccine-origin virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all farms were infected by the same virus classified as genotype VI. In addition, the ILTV detected in the present study was compared with that of viruses previously detected in egg-layer poultry regions in the country. The viruses detected in the recent outbreaks were indistinguishable, with one of them (VI-4) suggesting a possible route of transmission. This study describes for the first time severe ILT outbreaks in meat-type poultry in Brazil that spread quickly, and the phylogenetic analysis suggests the potential origin of the virus and route of transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Respiratory Viruses, 4th Edition)

19 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Dengue Virus Vaccine Developments and Future Directions

by Govindaraj Anumanthan, Bikash Sahay and Ayalew Mergia

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020212 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Dengue fever (DF), a leading arboviral disease globally, is caused by the Dengue virus (DENV) and represents a significant public health concern, with an estimated 390 million cases reported annually. Due to the complexity of the various dengue variants and the severity of [...] Read more.

Dengue fever (DF), a leading arboviral disease globally, is caused by the Dengue virus (DENV) and represents a significant public health concern, with an estimated 390 million cases reported annually. Due to the complexity of the various dengue variants and the severity of the disease, vaccination emerges as the essential strategy for combating this widespread infectious disease. The absence of specific antiviral medications underscores the critical need for developing a Dengue vaccine. This review aims to present the current status and future prospects of Dengue vaccine development. Further, this review elaborates on the various strategies employed in vaccine development, including attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and viral vector vaccines. Each approach is evaluated based on its immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy, drawing on data from preclinical and clinical studies to highlight the strengths and limitations of each candidate vaccine. The current study sheds light on future directions and research priorities in developing Dengue vaccines. In conclusion, the development of a Dengue vaccine holds significant potential for reducing the global burden of DF. However, challenges remain in terms of vaccine safety, efficacy, delivery, and availability. Overcoming these challenges, coupled with advancements in vaccine technology, could lead to better control and prevention of Dengue, thereby enhancing public health and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)

26 pages, 5920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Genome Classification System of Rotavirus alphagastroenteritidis: An Updated Analysis

by Ricardo Gabriel Díaz Alarcón, Karina Salvatierra, Emiliano Gómez Quintero, Domingo Javier Liotta, Viviana Parreño and Samuel Orlando Miño

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020211 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Rotavirus alphagastroenteritidis is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in both children under the age of 5 and young mammals and birds globally. RVAs are non-enveloped viruses with a genome comprising 11 double-stranded RNA segments. In 2008, the Rotavirus Classification Working Group [...] Read more.

Rotavirus alphagastroenteritidis is the major causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in both children under the age of 5 and young mammals and birds globally. RVAs are non-enveloped viruses with a genome comprising 11 double-stranded RNA segments. In 2008, the Rotavirus Classification Working Group pioneered a comprehensive and complete RVA genome classification system, establishing a specific threshold, which measures the genetic distances between homologous genes. The aim of this study was to perform an updated systematic analysis of the genetic variability across all RVA genes. Our investigation involved assessing the established cutoff values for each RVA genome segment and determining the need for any updates. To achieve this objective, multiple sequence alignments were constructed for all 11 genes and one for each genotype with discrepancies. Also, pairwise distances along with their cutoff values were evaluated. The analyses provided insights into the current relevance of cutoff values, which remain applicable for the majority of genotypes. In conclusion, this study fortifies the current classification system by highlighting its robustness and accurate genotyping of Rotavirus alphagastroenteritidis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Bioinformatics 2024)

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15 pages, 2773 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Novel Oronasal Drainage for Long COVID: Proposed Mechanisms—Case Report

by Claudia Lorenz and Roland Frankenberger

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020210 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Long COVID, potentially emerging post COVID-19 infection, involves extreme health challenges. Based on current literature in the field, we propose a novel approach to Long COVID treatment based on epipharyngeal abrasive therapy targeting ostia of the oral and nasal mucosa, having been identified [...] Read more.

Long COVID, potentially emerging post COVID-19 infection, involves extreme health challenges. Based on current literature in the field, we propose a novel approach to Long COVID treatment based on epipharyngeal abrasive therapy targeting ostia of the oral and nasal mucosa, having been identified for the first time. The presented case report documents the application of innovative oronasal drainage (OND), a novel treatment integrating physiological, biochemical, and fluid mechanical components simultaneously. OND led to remarkable improvements and even remissions of various symptoms, along with enhanced hand blood circulation. While the case suggests potential efficacy in Long COVID therapy, acknowledging inherent limitations is essential and its impact needs further validation through clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Complications and Co-infections)

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22 pages, 13356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Genome Sequencing Analysis of Some Novel Feline Infectious Peritonitis Viruses Isolated from Some Feral Cats in Long Island

by Abid Ullah Shah, Blanca Esparza, Oscar Illanes and Maged Gomaa Hemida

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020209 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) remains as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in young cats from shelters and catteries worldwide. Since little is known about the molecular characteristics of currently circulating FIPV strains in Long Island, New York, samples [...] Read more.

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) remains as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in young cats from shelters and catteries worldwide. Since little is known about the molecular characteristics of currently circulating FIPV strains in Long Island, New York, samples from two shelter cats submitted to the Pathology Diagnostic Services of the Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, with gross and microscopic lesions consistent with those of FIP were processed for virus isolation, molecular characterization and full-length genome decoding. The younger shelter cat, a 1-year-old male (A15) was found dead without previous signs of illness. Postmortem examination revealed gross and microscopic lesions characterized by vasculitis, necrosis, hemorrhage, and pyogranulomatous inflammation confined to the colon and associated lymph nodes. The second cat, a 7-year-old spayed female (A37) had an identical clinical history and similar but widespread lesions, including fibrinous peritoneal effusion, cecal, colonic, renal, and hepatic involvement. The gross and microscopic diagnosis of FIP in these cats was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstration of feline coronavirus antigen using mouse anti-FIPV3-70 monoclonal antibody. Virus isolation from saved frozen kidney and colon tissue was performed through several subsequent blind passages in MDCK and Vero cell lines. Confirmation of the FIPV isolation was done through qRT-PCR, IFA, western blot using N protein antibodies, and NGS of the full-length genome sequencing. The full-length genome sequences of the virus isolate from the two cats were decoded using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and deposited in the GenBank as accession numbers PQ192636 and PQ202302. The genome size of these isolates was (29355 and 29321) nucleotides (nt) in length, respectively. While their genome organization was consistent with other FIPV genomes as follows (5’UTR-ORF1ab-S-3abc-M-E-7b-3’UTR-3’), marked differential mutations were observed in the ORF1a/b, S, 3Abc, and 7b protein genes of the two FIPV isolates. One notable deletion of 34 nucleotides was observed in the 7b genes of one of these isolates but was absent in the other. We confirmed the potential recombination events during the evolution of those two FIPV field isolates with the potential parent virus as FECoV-US isolated in 1970 and the potential minor parent as the Canine coronavirus. Our results provide a comprehensive molecular analysis of two novel FIPV isolates causing fatal disease in shelter cats from Long Island. Diagnostic surveillance with molecular characterization and sequencing analysis of circulating FIPV strains within animal shelters may help early detect unique emerging clinical and pathological manifestations of the disease and develop more targeted prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to control it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronaviruses and Influenza Viruses: Evolution, Cross-Species Transmission, and Recombination)

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14 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Microcephaly and Central Nervous System Abnormalities During the Zika Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro

by Marlos Melo Martins, Roberto de Andrade Medronho, Carlos Eduardo Raymundo, Arnaldo Prata-Barbosa and Antonio José Ledo Alves da Cunha

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020208 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7870 pregnant women, including 2269 with confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and 5601 without Zika infection, along with their fetuses and newborns. Data were sourced from multiple databases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A propensity [...] Read more.

This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7870 pregnant women, including 2269 with confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and 5601 without Zika infection, along with their fetuses and newborns. Data were sourced from multiple databases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A propensity score model was employed to control confounding factors and stratify outcomes by pregnancy trimester. Among ZIKV+ pregnant women, 49 cases of congenital microcephaly or congenital nervous system (CNS) abnormalities were identified (2.16%, or 193.9 cases in 10,000 live births), whereas 44 cases were identified among ZIKV− women (0.78%, or 71.4 cases in 10,000 live births). Multivariable analysis yielded an odds ratio of 2.46 (95% CI 1.30–4.64) overall, with 4.29 (95% CI 1.93–9.53) in the first trimester, 5.29 (95% CI 1.08–25.95) in the second trimester, and 0.68 (95% CI 0.21–2.14) in the third trimester. The most frequent findings among ZIKV+ cases included intracranial calcifications, ventriculomegaly, posterior fossa malformations, reduced brain volume, corpus callosum malformations, cortex dysplasia, lissencephaly, and pachygyria. Ophthalmologic abnormalities were detected in 55.5% of cases, and brainstem auditory evoked potential anomalies were reported in 33.3%. ZIKV infection can result in structural or functional anomalies. Given the absence of specific treatment for congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), clinical care should prioritize monitoring and managing neurological, motor, auditory, visual, and orthopedic disorders in all children with in utero ZIKV exposure, especially during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zika Virus and Congenital Zika Syndrome)

17 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Adverse Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes: Time-to-Event Analysis of a Hospital-Based Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

by Michelle Brendolin, Mayumi Duarte Wakimoto, Raquel de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes de Oliveira, Larissa Rangel Mageste, Karin Nielsen-Saines and Patricia Brasil

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020207 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Understanding perinatal health outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy necessitates large-scale studies of mother-infant dyads. Hospital-based studies of pregnant women and their neonates provide valuable insights within the field of perinatal health research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect [...] Read more.

Understanding perinatal health outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy necessitates large-scale studies of mother-infant dyads. Hospital-based studies of pregnant women and their neonates provide valuable insights within the field of perinatal health research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on maternal and perinatal outcomes among hospitalized pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study consisted of a time-to-event analysis of a hospital-based cohort of 1185 pregnant women ≥ 16 years and their infants from May 2020 to March 2022. Pregnant women were classified as infected if they had a SARS CoV-2 positive RT-PCR or a positive rapid antigen test. An exploratory analysis of qualitative variables was conducted with calculation of absolute and relative frequencies and calculation of 95% confidence intervals. Survival functions were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazards model was employed to interpret the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on time to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes, adjusted for vaccination, comorbidity, and gestational trimester. Results: A total of 21% (249/1185) women were infected with SARS-CoV-2, with a median age of 26 (range: 16–47). Cesarean section deliveries were performed in 57% (135/237) SARS CoV-2+ participants vs. 43% (391/914) of uninfected participants, p < 0.001. Intensive care unit admission and/or death occurred in 68 of 1185 participants (5.7%), 44 of 249 participants (17.7%) infected with SARS CoV-2 vs. 24 of 936 uninfected participants (2.5%). All 21 participants who died were unvaccinated against COVID-19. Women infected with SARS-CoV-2 were at greater risk of adverse maternal outcomes (crude HR: 5.93, 95% CI: 3.58–9.84; adjusted HR: 5.47, 95% CI: 3.16–9.48) than uninfected pregnant women. SARS CoV-2 vertical transmission was observed in 6 of 169 (3.6%) tested neonates. Preterm deliveries occurred more frequently in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (30.7% vs. 23.6). In the survival analysis, no effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed on prematurity (HR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.68–1.23) and adverse perinatal outcomes, including fetal distress (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.82–2.05), stillbirth (HR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.48–2.38), and neonatal death (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.35–2.67), even after adjusting for vaccination, comorbidity, gestational trimester, and periods of time. Conclusion: The risk of maternal death due to COVID-19 highlights the need for adequate preventive measures, particularly vaccination, during the prenatal and postpartum periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)

18 pages, 856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viral Suppression and HIV Drug Resistance Among Patients on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Selected Health Facility in Ethiopia

by Kidist Zealiyas, Atsbeha Gebreegziabxier, Yimam Getaneh, Eleni Kidane, Belete Woldesemayat, Ajanaw Yizengaw, Gadisa Gutema, Sisay Adane, Mengistu Yimer, Amelework Yilma, Sisay Tadele, Sviataslau Sasinovich, Patrik Medstrand and Dawit Assefa Arimide

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020206 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) presents a significant challenge to antiretroviral therapy (ART) success, particularly in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study investigated viral suppression rates and resistance patterns among patients on second-line ART across 28 Ethiopian health facilities. Blood samples collected from [...] Read more.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) presents a significant challenge to antiretroviral therapy (ART) success, particularly in resource-limited settings like Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study investigated viral suppression rates and resistance patterns among patients on second-line ART across 28 Ethiopian health facilities. Blood samples collected from 586 participants were analyzed to measure CD4 count and viral load and assess HIVDR in patients experiencing virological failure (VF) (viral load ≥ 1000 copies/mL). Demographic and clinical data were analyzed using logistic regression to identify factors associated with VF. Results showed that 13.82% of participants experienced VF, with 67.57% of genotyped samples exhibiting at least one drug resistance mutation. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was detected in 48.64%, 64.86%, and 18.92% of cases, respectively. Dual-class resistance was identified in 48.64% of patients, while triple-class resistance was detected in 18.92%. VF was more likely among students and those with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm³, but less likely in patients on second-line treatment for 12 months or more. Our findings highlight a substantial HIVDR burden among patients on second-line ART with VF, emphasizing the need for comprehensive HIV care, including adherence support, regular viral load monitoring, and HIVDR testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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8 pages, 1904 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Mexico’s Laboratory-Confirmed Human Case of Infection with the Influenza A(H5N2) Virus

by Joel Armando Vázquez-Pérez, Claudia Wong-Arámbula, Mario Solís-Hernández, Eduardo Becerril-Vargas, Gisela Barrera-Badillo, Víctor Hugo Ahumada-Topete, Santiago Avila-Rios, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Fidencio Mejía-Nepomuceno, Enrique Mendoza-Ramírez, Marisol Karina Rocha-Martinez, Carlos Javier Alcazar-Ramiro, Alfredo Cruz, Joaquin Zúñiga, Karolina Bozena Piekarska, Dayanira Sarith Arellano-Suarez, María Natividad Cruz-Ortiz, Tatiana Ernestina Núñez-García, Eréndira Molina-Gómez, Laura Adriana Flores-Cisneros, Rodrigo Aparicio-Antonio, Abril Rodríguez-Maldonado, Magaly Landa-Flores, Armando García-López, Jorge Membrillo-Hernández, Gabriel García-Rodríguez, Herlinda García-Lozano, Irma López-Martínez, Ruth Purisima González-Sánchez and Carmen Margarita Hernández-Cárdenas Show full author list Hide full author list

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020205 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

In April 2024, the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias of Mexico City identified a case of unsubtypeable Influenza A in a 58-year-old immunocompromised patient with renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy and bacterial peritonitis. Through sequencing the M, NS, NA, NP, and HA [...] Read more.

In April 2024, the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias of Mexico City identified a case of unsubtypeable Influenza A in a 58-year-old immunocompromised patient with renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy and bacterial peritonitis. Through sequencing the M, NS, NA, NP, and HA complete segments, we identified an H5N2 influenza virus with identity of 99% with avian influenza A(H5N2) from Texcoco, Mexico, in 2024. This case is the first reported with direct evidence of human infection caused by the H5N2 influenza virus; the relationship of the virus with the severity of his condition remains unknown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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13 pages, 9541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Guinea: A Meta-Analysis of Sequence Data (2020–2023)

by Thibaut Armel Chérif Gnimadi, Kadio Jean-Jacques Olivier Kadio, Mano Joseph Mathew, Haby Diallo, Abdoul Karim Soumah, Alpha Kabiné Keita, Castro Gbêmêmali Hounmenou, Nicolas Fernandez-Nuñez, Nicole Vidal, Emilande Guichet, Ahidjo Ayouba, Eric Delaporte, Martine Peeters, Abdoulaye Touré and Alpha Kabinet Keita

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020204 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

In Guinea, genomic surveillance has been established to generate sequences of and to identify locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aims to describe the distributions, genetic diversity, and origins of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Guinea during the COVID-19 pandemic. A migration analysis was [...] Read more.

In Guinea, genomic surveillance has been established to generate sequences of and to identify locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study aims to describe the distributions, genetic diversity, and origins of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Guinea during the COVID-19 pandemic. A migration analysis was performed by selecting all sequences generated in Guinea for variants of concern and interest. From March 2020 to December 2023, 1038 sequences were generated in Guinea and submitted to the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. Of these, 73.1% corresponded to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, which were further grouped into Omicron (69.4%), Delta (21.9%), Alpha (6.6%), and Eta (2.1%). Other variants accounted for 26.9% of the total. Among the total variants analyzed, 75 importations into Guinea from various countries worldwide were identified. Most of the importations (40%) originated from African countries, followed in significance by those from European countries (25.3%) and Asia (18.6%). A significant migratory flow was observed within Guinea. The genomic surveillance reported in this study revealed the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in Guinea, emphasizing the importance of large-scale sequencing analyses in understanding the dynamics of the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, 3rd Edition)

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48 pages, 1297 KiB

Open AccessReview

Viruses and the Brain—A Relationship Prone to Trouble

by Matylda Barbara Mielcarska and Barry T. Rouse

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020203 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

Neurological disorders, some of which are associated with viral infections, are growing due to the aging and expanding population. Despite strong defenses of the central nervous system, some viruses have evolved ways to breach them, which often result in dire consequences. In this [...] Read more.

Neurological disorders, some of which are associated with viral infections, are growing due to the aging and expanding population. Despite strong defenses of the central nervous system, some viruses have evolved ways to breach them, which often result in dire consequences. In this review, we recount the various ways by which different viruses can enter the CNS, and we describe the consequences of such invasions. Consequences may manifest as acute disease, such as encephalitis, meningitis, or result in long-term effects, such as neuromuscular dysfunction, as occurs in poliomyelitis. We discuss evidence for viral involvement in the causation of well-known chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, as well as vascular dementia in the elderly. We also describe the approaches currently available to control a few of the neural viral infections. These include antivirals that are effective against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus, as well as vaccines valuable for controlling rabies virus, poliomyelitis virus, and some flavivirus infections. There is an urgent need to better understand, at a molecular level, how viruses contribute to acute and, especially, chronic neurological diseases and to develop more precise and effective vaccines and therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

19 pages, 9669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Genome Sequences of Baculoviruses from the Tufted Apple Bud Moth, Platynota idaeusalis, Reveal Recombination Between an Alphabaculovirus and a Betabaculovirus from the Same Host

by Robert L. Harrison, Michael A. Jansen, Austin N. Fife and Daniel L. Rowley

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020202 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

The USDA-ARS collection of insect viruses at Beltsville, MD, USA, contains samples of an alphabaculovirus from larvae of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis Walker, as well as a presumptive betabaculovirus from the same host species. The viruses in these samples—Platynota idaeusalis [...] Read more.

The USDA-ARS collection of insect viruses at Beltsville, MD, USA, contains samples of an alphabaculovirus from larvae of the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis Walker, as well as a presumptive betabaculovirus from the same host species. The viruses in these samples—Platynota idaeusalis nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate 2680 (PlidNPV-2680) and Platynota idaeusalis granulovirus isolate 2683 (PlidGV-2683)—were characterized by electron microscopy of their occlusion bodies (OBs) and determination and analysis of their genome sequences. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the OBs revealed morphologies typical for alphabaculoviruses and betabaculoviruses. Sequencing viral DNA resulted in circular genomes of 121,881 bp and 106,633 bp for PlidNPV-2680 and PlidGV-2683, respectively. Similar numbers of ORFs (128 for PlidNPV-2680, 125 for PlidGV-2683) were annotated, along with ten homologous regions (hrs) in the PlidNPV-2680 genome and five intergenic regions of tandem direct repeats (drs) in the PlidGV genome. Phylogenetic inference from core gene alignments suggested that PlidMNPV-2680 represents a unique lineage within the genus Alphabaculovirus, while PlidGV-2683 was grouped with clade b betabaculoviruses. A comparison of the PlidNPV-2680 and PlidGV-2683 genomes revealed a 1516 bp region in PlidNPV-2680 that exhibited 97.5% sequence identity to a region of the PlidGV-2683 genome, suggesting that recombination had occurred recently between viruses from these lineages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Invertebrate Viruses)

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