Nanomaterials

27 pages, 19886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Adsorption Behaviors of Multi-Component Shale Oil in Illite Nanopores Under Different Reservoir Conditions by Molecular Simulation

by Lingtan Zhang, Maojin Tan, Xuefeng Liu, Xiaoqing Lu, Qian Wang, Siyu Wang, Min Tian and Junjie Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030235 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025

Abstract

Clay pores are important storage spaces in shale oil reservoirs. Studying the adsorption behavior of shale oil in clay nanopores is of great significance for reserve assessment and exploitation. In this work, illite clay pore models and multi-component shale oil adsorption models considering [...] Read more.

Clay pores are important storage spaces in shale oil reservoirs. Studying the adsorption behavior of shale oil in clay nanopores is of great significance for reserve assessment and exploitation. In this work, illite clay pore models and multi-component shale oil adsorption models considering light hydrocarbon correction are constructed for carrying out molecular dynamics simulation. We studied the adsorption behavior and characteristics of shale oil in illite pores, and analyzed the effects of reservoir environmental factors such as temperature, pressure and pore size on the adsorption behavior. The results show that in illite nanopores, shale oil can form multiple adsorption layers. The heavier the component, the stronger the interaction with the wall. The adsorption ratio of the component is closely related to the solid–liquid interaction and the molar fraction, which preliminarily reveals the reason why the heavy component content in the produced oil is considerable. The increase in temperature promotes the desorption of light and medium components, while the heavy components and dissolved gas are less affected; although the increase in pressure inhibits diffusion, the adsorption amount changes little, and only the light component increases slightly. This study deeply reveals the adsorption mechanism of shale oil in illite pores, providing a theoretical basis for the optimization and development of shale reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for the Oil and Gas Industry)

15 pages, 6988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of the S/HgCl₂ Ratio for the Synthesis and Conversion of Cinnabar and Metacinnabar

by Qilong Hao, Zhehan Zhang, Wenyuan Zhang, Zongren Yu, Yanping Shi, Haixia Zhang and Bomin Su

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030234 - 2 Feb 2025

Abstract

Cinnabar has been used as a red pigment for centuries, but its degradation significantly impacts the aesthetic quality of historical paintings, particularly murals. Therefore, investigating the preparation method and transformation process of HgS is highly significant for mural research. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Cinnabar has been used as a red pigment for centuries, but its degradation significantly impacts the aesthetic quality of historical paintings, particularly murals. Therefore, investigating the preparation method and transformation process of HgS is highly significant for mural research. In this study, we compared different sulfur sources for HgS synthesis and precisely synthesized α-HgS and β-HgS by adjusting the S/HgCl₂ ratio. SEM and XRD analyses under optimal conditions demonstrated that spherical β-HgS-1.2 exhibited significant morphological differences in comparison with α-HgS-1.0 and α-HgS-1.5. Elemental analysis of HgS was conducted using XPS and ICP-MS for qualitative and quantitative insights. Based on the potential mechanism of cinnabar discoloration, two strategies for converting black β-HgS to α-HgS were proposed and successfully implemented by adding sulfur or HgCl₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Chemical Engineering (3rd Edition))

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14 pages, 3845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Purification of Auto-Exhaust Soot Particles Using Hexagonal Fe₂O₃ Nanosheets Decorated with Non-Noble Metals (Ni)

by Haoqi Guo, Jing Xiong, Peng Zhang, Jian Liu, Zhen Zhao and Yuechang Wei

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030233 - 1 Feb 2025

Abstract

Purification of soot particles from automobile exhaust has closely to do with the synergistic effect between catalyst metals. Here, several binary Ni-Fe oxide catalysts were elaborately prepared via a modified solvothermal method. A non-noble-metal (Ni)-modified hexagonal Fe₂O₃ nano-sheet catalyst (Ni−Fe [...] Read more.

Purification of soot particles from automobile exhaust has closely to do with the synergistic effect between catalyst metals. Here, several binary Ni-Fe oxide catalysts were elaborately prepared via a modified solvothermal method. A non-noble-metal (Ni)-modified hexagonal Fe₂O₃ nano-sheet catalyst (Ni−Fe₂O₃) was prepared. The introduced heteroatoms replace some of the Fe atoms, which take up the surface of the [FeO₆] octahedron, and the synergistic effect formed between the heteroatoms which are on the surface and the adjacent Fe atoms promotes the formation of coordination unsaturated ions of the activated reactants. The optimal performance was obtained with the Ni-Fe₂O₃-20 composition, with catalytic soot oxidation resulting in T₅₀, SCO₂^m, E_a and TOF of 366 °C, 99.1%, 72.7 kJ mol⁻¹ and 0.156 min⁻¹ (at 310 °C), respectively. The combination of Ni and Fe₂O₃ cells increases the ratio of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, making the interaction among electrons between the Ni, which was proved highly dispersed over the catalyst, and the Fe₂O₃ strong. Both exist on the catalyst surface in the form of NiFe₂O₄. Ni atoms and Fe₂O₃, which demonstrate a synergistic effect, promoting the formation of coordination unsaturated ions of the activated reactants and generating more oxygen vacancies, thus promoting the adsorption of NO and accelerating the ignition of soot in O₂ at a low temperature. The novel Ni-Fe₂O₃-X oxide cocatalyst is an improved noble-free catalyst that promotes the synergistic effect between heteroatoms and metal oxides through surface regulation. This is of great significance for the further development of economic and efficient catalysts for soot particle removal from automobile exhaust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructures for Enhanced Catalytic Activity)

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12 pages, 7227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dislocation Transformations at the Common 30°⟨0001⟩ Grain Boundaries During Plastic Deformation in Magnesium

by Yulong Zhu, Yaowu Sun, An Huang, Fangxi Wang and Peng Chen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030232 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

After the thermal-mechanical processing of Mg alloys, extensive 30°⟨0001⟩ grain boundaries (GBs) are present in the recrystallized structure, which strongly affects the mechanical properties via interactions with lattice dislocations. In this work, we systematically investigate how the 30°⟨0001⟩ GBs influence the slip transmission [...] Read more.

After the thermal-mechanical processing of Mg alloys, extensive 30°⟨0001⟩ grain boundaries (GBs) are present in the recrystallized structure, which strongly affects the mechanical properties via interactions with lattice dislocations. In this work, we systematically investigate how the 30°⟨0001⟩ GBs influence the slip transmission during plastic deformation. We reveal that basal dislocations can be transmuted into its neighboring grain and continue gliding on the basal plane. The prismatic dislocation can transmit the GB remaining on the same Burgers vector. However, a mobile pyramidal

⟨c + a⟩

dislocation can be absorbed at GBs, initiating the formation of new grain. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding on GB-dislocation interaction in hexagonal close-packed (HCP) metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Applications for Nanostructured Alloys)

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11 pages, 3380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Atomic Pathways of Crystal-to-Crystal Transitions and Electronic Origins of Resistive Switching in MnTe for Ultralow-Power Memory

by Rui Wu, Nian-Ke Chen, Ming-Yu Ma, Bai-Qian Wang, Yu-Ting Huang, Bin Zhang and Xian-Bin Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030231 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

In conventional phase change memory (PCM) technology, the melting process required to create an amorphous state typically results in extremely high power consumption. Recently, a new type of PCM device based on a melting-free crystal-to-crystal phase transition in MnTe has been developed, offering [...] Read more.

In conventional phase change memory (PCM) technology, the melting process required to create an amorphous state typically results in extremely high power consumption. Recently, a new type of PCM device based on a melting-free crystal-to-crystal phase transition in MnTe has been developed, offering a potential solution to the problem. However, the electronic and atomic mechanisms underlying this transition remain unclear. In this work, by first-principles calculations, the resistance contrast is attributed to the differences in hole effective mass and vacancy formation energy of the two phases. Moreover, two phase transition pathways of the α-MnTe-to-β-MnTe transition, namely, the ‘slide-and-stand-up’ transitions, are identified based on coherent atomic movements. The energy barriers for the two pathways are 0.17 eV per formula unit (f.u.) and 0.38 eV/f.u., respectively. Furthermore, the energy barriers can be reduced to 0.10 eV/f.u. and 0.26 eV/f.u. via c-axis tensile strains, which makes the phase transition easier. The current result provides new insights into the non-melting phase transition process in MnTe, facilitating the development of low-power PCM technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Memory Devices)

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21 pages, 4668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Microwave Hydrothermal Method—Search for Defect-Free Particles

by Julita Rosowska, Jarosław Kaszewski, Marcin Krajewski, Artur Małolepszy, Bartłomiej S. Witkowski, Łukasz Wachnicki, Lev-Ivan Bulyk, Piotr Sybilski, Marek Godlewski and Michał M. Godlewski

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030230 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of chemical reagent selection on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to control the intensities of near-band-edge (NBE) and defect-related deep-level (DLE) emissions. Two zinc precursors—zinc nitrate and zinc chloride—along with three different [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of chemical reagent selection on the properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to control the intensities of near-band-edge (NBE) and defect-related deep-level (DLE) emissions. Two zinc precursors—zinc nitrate and zinc chloride—along with three different precipitating agents (NaOH, KOH, and NH₄OH) were used. ZnO nanoparticles from the ZnCl₂ precursor exhibited two orders of magnitude higher NBE/DLE intensity ratio compared to those obtained from zinc nitrate characterized by a higher contribution from defect-related emissions. Chlorine ions in ZnO nanoparticles play a key role in passivating defects by forming V₀-Cl₂ complexes, quenching luminescence associated with oxygen vacancies (V₀). Thermal treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere enhanced defect-related luminescence, possibly due to chlorine atom diffusion. This study highlights a successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with low defect-related luminescence (DLE) achieved via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, a result rarely reported in the literature. The results emphasize the importance of reagent selection in controlling the morphology and optical properties, especially the defect density of ZnO nanoparticles. Optimizing these properties is crucial for biomedical applications such as bioimaging, antibacterial treatments, and photocatalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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18 pages, 13259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Ni Doping on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB₂ Films

by Ying Wang, Xu Wang, Hailong Shang, Xiaotong Liu, Yu Qi, Xiaoben Qi and Ning Zhong

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030229 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

The TiB₂ film exhibits exceptional hardness and chemical stability due to its unique crystal structure and robust covalent bonds, but it also demonstrates high brittleness and poor toughness, which restricts its practical applications in engineering. By appropriately incorporating metal dopants, the toughness [...] Read more.

The TiB₂ film exhibits exceptional hardness and chemical stability due to its unique crystal structure and robust covalent bonds, but it also demonstrates high brittleness and poor toughness, which restricts its practical applications in engineering. By appropriately incorporating metal dopants, the toughness of the ceramic matrix can be enhanced without compromising its inherent hardness. In this study, TiB₂ films with different nickel contents (0–32.22 at.%) were fabricated through radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The microstructure, chemical composition, phase structure, and mechanical properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nanoindentation tester. The pure TiB₂ film exhibited (0001) and (0002) peaks; however, the addition of nickel resulted in broadening of the (0001) peak and disappearance of the (0002) peak, and no crystalline nickel or other nickel-containing phases could be identified. It was found that the incorporation of nickel refines the grain structure of titanium diboride, with nickel present in an amorphous form at the boundaries of titanium diboride, thereby forming a wrapped structure. The enrichment of nickel at the grain boundary becomes more pronounced as the nickel content is further increased, which hinders the growth of TiB₂ grains, resulting in the thinning of columnar crystals and formation of nanocrystalline in the film, and the coating hardness remains above 20 GPa, when the nickel content is less than 10.83 at.%. With the increase in nickel content, titanium diboride exhibited a tendency to form an amorphous structure, while nickel became increasingly enriched at the boundaries, and the coating hardness and elastic modulus decreased. The wrapped microstructure could absorb the energy generated by compressive shear stress through plastic deformation, which should be beneficial to improve the toughness of the coatings. The addition of nickel enhanced the adhesion between the film and substrate while reducing the friction coefficient of the film. Specifically, when the nickel content reached 4.26 at.%, a notable enhancement in both nanohardness and toughness was observed for nanocomposite films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Heterogeneous Nanostructured Materials)

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10 pages, 3066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spontaneous Emission Mediated by Moiré Hyperbolic Metasurfaces

by Yuying Liu, Zhanrong Yang, Tongbiao Wang, Jianrong Yang, Tianbao Yu and Qinghua Liao

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030228 - 31 Jan 2025

Abstract

We investigate the spontaneous emission of a quantum emitter (QE) placed near the twisted hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMTSs) made of graphene strips. We demonstrate that the spontaneous emission can be enhanced distinctly due to the existence of moiré hyperbolic plasmon polaritons (HPPs) supported by [...] Read more.

We investigate the spontaneous emission of a quantum emitter (QE) placed near the twisted hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMTSs) made of graphene strips. We demonstrate that the spontaneous emission can be enhanced distinctly due to the existence of moiré hyperbolic plasmon polaritons (HPPs) supported by the twisted HMTSs. Moreover, the spontaneous emission decay rate can be efficiently modulated by the chemical potential of graphene, the thickness of the dielectric spacer, and the twist angle between two HMTSs. The maximum spontaneous emission is achieved when topological transition occurs. The spontaneous emission will be enhanced as the thickness of the dielectric spacer increases for most cases. In particular, the twisted HMTSs make it possible to flexibly modify the spontaneous emission through the external field. The findings in this work not only extend past studies of twisted photonic structures but also have important applications in optical sensing and integrated photonics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Innovative Devices Using New-Emerging Micro and Nano Technologies)

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12 pages, 1429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ammonium Salt on Conjugated Polyelectrolyte as an Interlayer for Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Memristors

by Eun Soo Shim, Ji Hyeon Lee, Ju Wan Park, Sun Woo Kim, Su Bin Park and Jea Woong Jo

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030227 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

Memristors are promising candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory devices, offering low power consumption and high-speed switching capabilities. However, conventional metal oxide-based memristors are constrained by fabrication complexity and high costs, limiting their commercial viability. Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs), known for their facile solution [...] Read more.

Memristors are promising candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory devices, offering low power consumption and high-speed switching capabilities. However, conventional metal oxide-based memristors are constrained by fabrication complexity and high costs, limiting their commercial viability. Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs), known for their facile solution processability and unique ionic–electronic conductivity, provide an attractive alternative. This study presents a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), PhNa-1T, as an interlayer for OIHP memristors to enhance the high-resistance state (HRS) performance. A post-treatment process using n-octylammonium bromide (OABr) was further applied to optimize the interlayer properties. Devices treated with PhNa-1T/OABr achieved a significantly improved ON/OFF ratio of 2150, compared to 197 for untreated devices. Systematic characterization revealed that OABr treatment improved film morphology, reduced crystallite strain, and optimized energy level alignment, thereby reinforcing the Schottky barrier and minimizing current leakage. These findings highlight the potential of tailored interlayer engineering to improve OIHP-based memristor performance, offering promising prospects for applications in non-volatile memory technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Energy Harvesting and Environmental Sensing Application)

33 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of Single Atoms vs. Sub-Nanoclusters as Co-Catalysts in Perovskites and Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic Technologies

by Anastasia V. Spyrou, Konstantinos Zodhiates and Yiannis Deligiannakis

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030226 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

Adatoms as co-catalysts may play a key role in photocatalysis, yet control of their exact configuration remains challenging. Specifically, there is converging evidence that ultra-small structures may be optimal as co-catalysts; however, a comprehensive distinction between single atoms (SAs), sub-nanoclusters (SNCs), and quantum-sized [...] Read more.

Adatoms as co-catalysts may play a key role in photocatalysis, yet control of their exact configuration remains challenging. Specifically, there is converging evidence that ultra-small structures may be optimal as co-catalysts; however, a comprehensive distinction between single atoms (SAs), sub-nanoclusters (SNCs), and quantum-sized small particles (QSSPs) has yet to be established. Herein, we present a critical review addressing these distinctions, along with challenges related to the controlled synthesis of SAs, SNCs, and QSSPs; their detection methods; and their functional benefits in photocatalysis. Our discussion focuses on perovskite oxides (e.g., such as ABO₃, where A and B are cations) and metal oxides (M_xO_y, where M is a metal) decorated with adatoms, which demonstrate superior photocatalytic performance compared to their unmodified counterparts. Finally, we highlight cases of misinterpretation between SA, SNC, and QSSP configurations emerging from limitations in high-resolution detection techniques and synthesis methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

30 pages, 3692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Applications of Theoretical Calculations and Artificial Intelligence in Solid-State Electrolyte Research: A Review

by Mingwei Wu, Zheng Wei, Yan Zhao and Qiu He

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030225 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), as key materials for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), face challenges such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability. With the rapid advancement of computational science and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, theoretical calculations and AI methods are emerging as efficient and [...] Read more.

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), as key materials for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), face challenges such as low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial stability. With the rapid advancement of computational science and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, theoretical calculations and AI methods are emerging as efficient and important virtual tools for predicting and screening high-performance SSEs. To further promote the development of the SSEs, this review outlines recent applications of theoretical calculations and AI in this field. First, the current applications of theoretical calculation methods, such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), in material structure optimization, electronic property analysis, and ionic transport dynamics are introduced, along with an analysis of their limitations. Second, innovative applications of AI methods, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), in predicting material properties, analyzing structural features, and simulating interfacial behaviors are elaborated. Subsequently, the synergistic application strategies combining high-throughput screening (HTS), theoretical calculations, and AI methods are highlighted, demonstrating the unique advantages of integrating multiple methodologies in material discovery and performance optimization. Finally, the current research progress is summarized, and future development trends are forecasted. The deep integration of theoretical calculations and AI methods is expected to significantly accelerate the development of high-performance SSE materials, thereby driving the industrial application of ASSBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

34 pages, 11344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Nanobioceramics Based on Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications: Stability and Properties

by Carmen Steluta Ciobanu, Daniela Predoi, Simona Liliana Iconaru, Catalin Constantin Negrila, Damien Leduc, Liliana Ghegoiu, Coralia Bleotu, Mounsif Ech Cherif El Kettani, Roxana Trusca, Philippe Zelmar and Mihai Valentin Predoi

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030224 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

In this work, we report for the first time the development and complex characterization of new bioceramics based on hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). On the other hand, the lyophilization process was used for the first time [...] Read more.

In this work, we report for the first time the development and complex characterization of new bioceramics based on hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). On the other hand, the lyophilization process was used for the first time in this research. The samples were obtained by a modified coprecipitation method and were dried by lyophilization (lyophilized hydroxyapatite (HApLF) and lyophilized zinc-doped hydroxyapatite (5ZnHApLF)). Valuable information about the HApLF and 5ZnHApLF stability was obtained through nondestructive ultrasound measurements. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the phase and the effects of the incorporation of Zn ions into the HAp structure. The chemical composition of the samples was evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Information about the functional groups present in the HApLF and 5ZnHApLF was obtained using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The morphology of HApLF and 5ZnHApLF pellets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface topography of HApLF and 5ZnHApLF pellets was studied with the aid of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Details regarding the roughness of the samples were also obtained using AFM topographies and SEM images. A complementary study was also carried out on a larger analysis surface using a Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM). The SAM was used for the first time to analyze the surface of HAp and 5ZnHAp pellets. The biological properties of the HApLF and 5ZnHApLF pellets was investigated with the aid of MG63 and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) cell lines. The results of the cell viability assay highlighted that both the HApLF and 5ZnHApLF pellets exhibited good biological activity. Moreover, SEM and AFM studies were conducted in order to emphasize the development of MG63 and HGF-1 cells on the pellet’s surface. Both SEM and AFM images depicted that the pellets’ surface favored the cell attachment and development of MG63 and HGF-1 cells. Furthermore, the antimicrobial properties of the HApLF and 5ZnHApLF were evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The results of the antimicrobial assays highlighted that the 5ZnHApLF exhibited a strong antimicrobial activity against the tested microbial strains. The results of the biological assays suggested that the samples show great potential for being used in the development of novel materials for biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Synthesis of Antibacterial Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications)

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17 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Highly Spatiotemporal Resolved Pyrometry for Combustion Temperature Measurement of Single Microparticles Applied in Powder-Fueled Ramjets

by Zhangtao Wang, Xunjie Lin, Xuefeng Huang, Houye Huang, Minqi Zhang, Qinnan Yu, Chao Cui and Shengji Li

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030223 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

It is vital to measure combustion temperature to define combustion models accurately. For single fuel particles in powder-fueled ramjets, their size distribution ranges from submicron to submillimeter, and their burn time is short to millisecond order. Moreover, the radiation intensity of different types [...] Read more.

It is vital to measure combustion temperature to define combustion models accurately. For single fuel particles in powder-fueled ramjets, their size distribution ranges from submicron to submillimeter, and their burn time is short to millisecond order. Moreover, the radiation intensity of different types of fuel particles significantly oscillated with several orders of magnitude. Current temperature measurement technology is facing this challenge. This paper proposes a highly spatiotemporal resolved pyrometry to measure the combustion temperature of fuel particles by coupling single-point photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based and two-dimensional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based photoelectric devices. Both the offline calibration by blackbody furnace and online calibration by standard lamp confirmed the measurement accuracy of the pyrometry. Then, the pyrometry was used to measure the combustion temperature of fuel particles including micro-Al, nano-Al, micro-Mg, nano-B, and micro-B₄C. The temperature evolution and distribution of burning fuel particles were complementarily obtained, especially the interfacial flame temperature near the particle surface. Based on the obtained combustion temperature, the combustion characteristics and the energy release efficiencies among these fuels were evaluated and compared in detail, which are helpful to recognize, in depth, the combustion behavior and reveal the combustion mechanism of fuel particles in powder-fueled ramjets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nano-Enhanced Thermal Functional Materials)

23 pages, 3645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Modeling of Transport Properties in Cementitious Materials with GO Admixture

by Bing Liu, Weichen Kang, Weixing Lian, Feng Xing, Hongfang Sun and Hongyan Ma

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030222 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

In coastal areas, the presence of concrete cracks provides pathways for hazardous ions to ingress from the exterior into the interior of concrete, while the migration of the ions further accelerates concrete deterioration and causes durability problems. The incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) [...] Read more.

In coastal areas, the presence of concrete cracks provides pathways for hazardous ions to ingress from the exterior into the interior of concrete, while the migration of the ions further accelerates concrete deterioration and causes durability problems. The incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into concrete can inhibit crack initiation and development starting at the nanoscale, improving the concrete microstructure, thereby affecting concrete’s resistance to hazardous ion transport and the resulting deterioration. In this study, a multi-scale transport model for cementitious materials with a GO admixture was established to predict the resistance to hazardous ions. Based on the determination of hydration types and hydration kinetics, microstructure modeling was conducted at three scales, the sub-microscale, microscale, and mesoscale, upon which transport property simulations were performed. At the microscale, the effects of both the cement paste matrix and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) were considered. Through the simulation, it was found that the addition of GO reduced the duration of the induction period and increased the rate of hydration development after the induction period. Moreover, the incorporation of GO could reduce the porosity of cementitious materials at all simulation scales at both early and later ages. At the microscale, it improved the pore structure of the cement matrix and ITZ by reducing large pores and increasing small pores. At all three simulation scales, GO could increase the diffusion tortuosity in hydration products, suppress ion transport, and improve the resistance to hazardous ions of cementitious materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

26 pages, 4876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microfluidic-Assisted Silk Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Epirubicin and Copper Sulphide: A Synergistic Photothermal–Photodynamic Chemotherapy Against Breast Cancer

by Zijian Gao, Muhamad Hawari Mansor, Faith Howard, Jordan MacInnes, Xiubo Zhao and Munitta Muthana

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030221 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has emerged as a promising non-invasive cancer treatment, addressing issues like drug resistance and systemic toxicity common in conventional breast cancer therapies. Recent research has shown that copper sulphide (CuS) nanoparticles and polydopamine (PDA) [...] Read more.

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has emerged as a promising non-invasive cancer treatment, addressing issues like drug resistance and systemic toxicity common in conventional breast cancer therapies. Recent research has shown that copper sulphide (CuS) nanoparticles and polydopamine (PDA) exhibit exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, making them valuable for cancer phototherapy. However, the effectiveness of PDT is limited in hypoxic tumour environments, which are common in many breast cancer types, due to its reliance on local oxygen levels. Moreover, single-modality approaches, including phototherapy, often prove insufficient for complete tumour elimination, despite their therapeutic strength. In this paper, a microfluidic-assisted approach was used to create multifunctional silk-based nanoparticles (SFNPs) encapsulating the chemotherapeutic drug Epirubicin (EPI), the PTT/PDT agent CuS, and the heat-activated, oxygen-independent alkyl radical generator AIPH for combined chemotherapy, PTT, and PDT, with a polydopamine (PDA) coating for enhanced photothermal effects and surface-bound folic acid (FA) for targeted delivery in breast cancer treatment. The synthesised CuS-EPI-AIPH@SF-PDA-FA nanoparticles achieved a controlled size of 378 nm, strong NIR absorption, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. Under 808 nm NIR irradiation, these nanoparticles selectively triggered the release of alkyl radicals and EPI, improving intracellular drug levels and effectively killing various breast cancer cell lines while demonstrating low toxicity to non-cancerous cells. We demonstrate that novel core–shell CuS-EPI-AIPH@SF-PDA-FA NPs have been successfully designed as a multifunctional nanoplatform integrating PTT, PDT, and chemotherapy for targeted, synergistic breast cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Nanoscale Materials for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy)

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14 pages, 23596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the In Situ Effects of Whole Protein Coronas on the Biosensing of Antibody-Immobilized Nanoparticles Using Two-Color Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

by Heeju Joung, Gwi Ju Jang, Ji Yeon Jeong, Goeun Lim and Sang Yun Han

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030220 - 30 Jan 2025

Abstract

The formation of protein coronas around engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in biological environments is critical in nanomedicine, as these coronas significantly influence the biological behavior of ENPs. Despite extensive research on protein coronas, understanding the in situ influence of whole (soft plus hard) protein [...] Read more.

The formation of protein coronas around engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in biological environments is critical in nanomedicine, as these coronas significantly influence the biological behavior of ENPs. Despite extensive research on protein coronas, understanding the in situ influence of whole (soft plus hard) protein coronas has remained challenging. In this study, we demonstrate a strategy to assess the in situ effects of whole coronas on the model biosensing of anti-IgG using IgG-conjugated gold nanoparticles (IgG-AuNPs) through fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis (F-NTA), which enables the selective tracking of fluorescent particles within complex media. In our approach, anti-IgG and IgG-AuNPs were labeled with distinct fluorescent dyes. The accordance in hydrodynamic diameter distributions observed at two different wavelengths verifies the successful capture of anti-IgG on the IgG-AuNPs. The counting of fluorescent anti-IgG within the size distribution allows for a quantitative assessment of biosensing efficiency. This method was applied to evaluate the effects of four protein coronas—human serum albumin, high-density lipoproteins, immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen—as well as their mixture across varying incubation times and concentrations. The results suggest that the physical presence of whole protein coronas surrounding the IgG-AuNPs may assist the biosensing interaction in situ rather than screening it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Bionanomaterials)

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12 pages, 7566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deterministic Fabrication of Fluorescent Nanostructures Featuring Distinct Optical Transitions

by Marijn Rikers, Ayesheh Bashiri, Ángela Barreda, Michael Steinert, Duk-Yong Choi, Thomas Pertsch and Isabelle Staude

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030219 - 29 Jan 2025

Abstract

The precise and deterministic integration of fluorescent emitters with photonic nanostructures is an important challenge in nanophotonics and key to the realization of hybrid photonic systems, supporting effects such as emission enhancement, directional emission, and strong coupling. Such integration typically requires the definition [...] Read more.

The precise and deterministic integration of fluorescent emitters with photonic nanostructures is an important challenge in nanophotonics and key to the realization of hybrid photonic systems, supporting effects such as emission enhancement, directional emission, and strong coupling. Such integration typically requires the definition or immobilization of the emitters at defined positions with nanoscale precision. While various methods were already developed for creating localized emitters, in this work we present a new method for the deterministic fabrication of fluorescent nanostructures featuring well-defined optical transitions; it works with a minimal amount of steps and is scalable. Specifically, electron-beam lithography is used to directly pattern a mixture of the negative-tone electron-beam resist with the europium complex Eu(TTA)3, which exhibits both electric and magnetic dipolar transitions. Crucially, the lithography process enables precise control over the shape and position of the resulting fluorescent structures with a feature size of approx. 100

n

m

. We demonstrate that the Eu(TTA)3 remains fluorescent after exposure, confirming that the electron beam does not alter the structure the optical transitions. This work supports the experimental study of local density of optical states in nanophotonics. It also expands the knowledge base of fluorescent polymer materials, which can have applications in polymer-based photonic devices. Altogether, the presented fabrication method opens the door for the realization of hybrid nanophotonic systems incorporating fluorescent emitters for light-emitting dielectric metasurfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

25 pages, 1978 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gamma Radiation in the Synthesis of Inorganic Silica-Based Nanomaterials: A Review

by Andreea Simona Baltac and Raul-Augustin Mitran

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030218 - 29 Jan 2025

Abstract

Gamma radiation offers a versatile approach for the synthesis of silica-based nanomaterials, leveraging high-energy radiolysis to produce pure and finely structured composites without the need for surfactants or capping agents. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of γ-ray-induced radiolytic reduction, detailing the interaction [...] Read more.

Gamma radiation offers a versatile approach for the synthesis of silica-based nanomaterials, leveraging high-energy radiolysis to produce pure and finely structured composites without the need for surfactants or capping agents. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of γ-ray-induced radiolytic reduction, detailing the interaction of radiolytic species with silica matrices to synthesize metallic and hybrid nanomaterials. Emphasis is placed on the synthesis of silver and noble metal composites, which demonstrate promising properties for catalytic, antimicrobial, and sensing applications. The influence of synthesis parameters, such as dose, pH, and matrix characteristics, on nanoparticle size and yield is discussed. Emerging applications of these materials in biomedical devices and environmental technologies are presented. While γ-ray synthesis circumvents issues of contamination and scalability inherent in chemical methods, challenges such as accessibility to radiation sources and control over nanoparticle morphology remain. Future research directions are proposed, including the extension of this technique to multimetallic systems, sulfide-based nanocomposites, and hybrid materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Mesoporous Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Applications (2nd Edition))

20 pages, 4670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Single/Polycrystalline Iron

by Tianyu Zhang, Jinjie Zhou and Jinchuan Shen

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030217 - 29 Jan 2025

Abstract

The fatigue plastic mechanism and dislocation characteristics of engineering materials are the key to studying fatigue damage. In this study, the molecular dynamics (MD) method was employed to investigate the microstructural characteristics and fatigue mechanical properties of both single-crystalline and polycrystalline iron under [...] Read more.

The fatigue plastic mechanism and dislocation characteristics of engineering materials are the key to studying fatigue damage. In this study, the molecular dynamics (MD) method was employed to investigate the microstructural characteristics and fatigue mechanical properties of both single-crystalline and polycrystalline iron under varying strain amplitudes associated with cyclic hardening, cyclic softening, and cyclic saturation. The occurrence, accumulation, and formation process of the local plastic fatigue damage of monocrystalline/polycrystalline iron under fatigue load are discussed. The local plastic initiation and accumulation of single-crystal iron occur at the intersection of slip planes, which is the dislocation source. The 1/2<111> dislocation plays an important role in the fatigue plastic accumulation of single-crystal iron. Polycrystalline iron undergoes grain rotation and coalescence during cyclic loading. The grain size responsible for plastic deformation gradually increases. The initiation and accumulation of local plasticity occurs at the grain boundary, which eventually leads to fatigue damage at the grain boundary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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